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G. Nettler?s ?Explaining Crime?, 2002.
This paper is a review of G. Nettler?s ?Explaining Crime?, which defines crime and its causes rather than ways of stopping crime.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains Nettler?s analysis of crime and the response of society to crime, beginning with definitions of crime and continuing through an analysis of different types of crime leading to a consideration of socio-psychological explanations for crime. The author states that morals change over time, so the precise definitions, even of generally accepted crimes like theft and murder, will vary at different times, as reflected in the criminal code of a society. The paper points out that Nettler addresses the question of crime statistics, both how crimes are counted and reported and how society reacts to a rise and fall in numbers.
From the Paper
"The concept of rational crime is interesting as defined by Nettler--rational crime includes the wrongs we do one another in order to get what we want. Crime is thus defined as rational because it has a purpose, even though that purpose may be immoral. A rational act is something done consciously, and crime is something done from volition and so consciously. Rational crime can also be seen to have some reason for existence, and Nettler states that an "immediate implication of the conception of some crime as rational is a challenge to the popular psychiatric assumption . . . that crime is a 'symptom' of social and personal sickness". This is thus a counter to the medical image of crime and instead sees crime as a rational choice, a balancing of possible punishment against potential gain. Certain kinds of crime more readily fit into this view than others. Organized crime as it is usually envisioned would be a rational choice balancing these competing interests, while a crime of passion would not fit into this mold. A medical symptom would not explain high crime in poverty areas, but a sociological view of a symptom as a social lack that crime seems to fulfill would."
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"Explaining Crime", 2003.
Discusses the response of society to crime.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses G. Nettler's analysis of different types of crime and explanations. Examines crime as a moral determination, the concept of no crime without intention or capacity, and issues affecting how society views crime.
From the Paper
"Nettler (1984) offers an analysis of crime and the response of society to crime, beginning with definitions of crime and continuing through an analysis of different types of crime leading to a consideration of sociopsychological explanations for crime."
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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Natural Crime vs. Legal Crime, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts the concepts of "natural crime" and "legal crime", using each of the crime classifications on the FBI's crime index.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the seven classifications of crime listed in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The paper determines which crimes might be considered "mala in se", crimes that are inherently dangerous or "mala prohibita", crimes not inherently wrong, but are considered criminal because their prohibition is necessary to regulate the general welfare. The paper asserts that the crimes in which human life is lost, in threat of being lost or violated in any way, should be considered "mala in se." The paper posits that crimes in which property or belongings are lost or taking away, should be considered "mala prohibita" because property is less valuable than human life.
From the Paper
"Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, as defined in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, is the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another. (www.fbi.gov) There are some homicides that are reduced to a lesser crime because there was no intent evident in the act. The intent to kill is where the defendant consciously desired to cause death or where the defendant intended to cause great bodily harm. There are other crimes of murder that are justified or excusable. An example of this is if an intruder entered a home with a gun, the occupants could murder the intruder and not be charged with a homicide. The occupants could argue that they were protecting their family from being murdered by the intruder."
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Natural crimes and legal crimes, 2006.
Looks at the distinction between natural crimes and legal crimes.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the distinction between natural crimes, also known as mala per se crimes, and legal crimes, also known as mala prohibita crimes. It looks at the FBI crime index and assesses whether these crimes are mala per se or mala prohibita.
From the Paper
T"here are two major types of crimes natural crimes and legal crimes which are now referred to as mala per se crimes and mala prohibita crimes respectively. Crime A crime is defined by law as an act ..."
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Hate Crimes: Crimes Against Man or God?, 2006.
A discussion regarding hate crimes and the reasons that such acts are incited.
1,139 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at hate crimes. The paper defines hate crimes, provides statistics and provides modern day examples of hate crimes. The paper further explains that hate crimes are not only against the laws created by man, but also that of God.
From the Paper
" We now know the term "hate crimes" was introduced in 1985: clearly an act of commission, but how far back do we need to go to realize that these hateful acts have been apart of society since the beginning of mankind. In the bible, when we read about "The Parable of the Good Samaritan" (Luke 10:25-34); dating back to about A.D. 62, which has me to believe as a Christian, to be in a state of omission, and do nothing about a crime that has taken place is just as much a sin as the crime itself. It's printed in black and white for me in 1John 4:20, "If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen but love God whom he hath not seen?" When we read Gospel passages like those in the bible from Luke and 1John, Jesus' message is direct and uncomplicated: love God, love neighbor....Go do it. Looking at the details in these passages can help us understand how Christianity and hatred get mixed up together. It provides us with clues about how to stay clear and focused on God's calling to love. "
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White Collar Crime and Organized Crime, 2006.
A look at the reality of organized crime.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how organized crime is heavily involved in activities that are traditionally considered white collar crimes. The paper also discusses how there are several misconceptions surrounding the concept of what types of criminals are considered white collar. The paper goes on to describe the symbiotic relationship between organized crime and the surrounding society.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most worrisome group of organized criminals is composed of the various terrorist organizations that operate within the United States. While they have some of the same goals as other criminal organizations, terrorist groups are not motivated by profit, but by a desire to harm individuals. This makes them more dangerous than other groups of criminals. In addition, terrorist organizations often use traditional means of criminal activity to develop their incomes. Most notably, Al Qaeda's funding has been linked to illegal drugs and weapons distribution."
"Fraud takes a tremendous toll on society each year; millions of people are victimized and billions of dollars lost each year to schemers and hucksters. Furthermore, modern technology has made fraud increasingly possible and profitable. Any person with an e-mail inbox should have an understanding of how pervasive fraud is on the internet. In fact, internet and telephone fraud is a tremendous underground issue, which "victimizes hundreds of thousands of consumers annually and indirectly affects our entire society by causing a loss of confidence in the e-commerce economy of the 21st century." (Morgan and Johnson, 2005). In fact, telecommunications fraud may be the most lucrative white collar criminal enterprise."
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Racist Crime in Light of Criminal Theory, 2005.
A survey of criminal theories in an attempt to explain the racist crime motivation.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This study seeks the origin and causes of a racial homicide in Jasper, Texas. Three schools of crime theories help explain various dimensions of the crime. The classical school advances the social contract theory and the theory of proportionality. The Marxist school presents the labeling and conflict theories. Finally, the paper shows how Vernon Geberth and Erich Fromm advance the psychology of evil or malignant narcissism to explain the origin and cause of James Byrd's lynching.
From the Paper
"The proponents of the proportionality theory claim that the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if the punishment for stealing a doughnut were the same for stealing a car, many would see no added risk in stealing the car. Therefore, crime would increase if the punishment did not fit the crime. For several generations in Jasper, law enforcement looked the other way and/or participated in racist crimes. The risk for committing these crimes was next to nonexistent. Therefore, these unchallenged crimes increased in our tragic history of racism, over the decades. (Hoffman, 1999) This theory helps explain the racist crime trends from the 1920s to the 1960s. Jasper in 1998 was seen as a vestige of that era. Another paradigm may help explain the events at Jasper."
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Crime in America: Theoretical Explanations, 2004.
Attempts to explain crime through sociological and criminological theories.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents several sociological and criminological theories, including Labeling, Differential Association, Control, Strain and Differential Opportunity theories to explain crime in the United States. The paper argues that citizen involvement must increase in order to decrease crime. Those who are labeled fall into a niche of secondary deviance and will continue to commit crimes. The paper shows the difference between white and blue collar crime. Anomie and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) are also looked at in detail.
From the Paper
"Now labeled and ostracized by the public, the person begins to view this label as central to their identity and the label soon becomes the person's master status. So what can this person possibly do? Society has shunned them, they no longer feel connected with the regular community and they are most likely to be completely enveloped by this little label. An option that often comes up is for the person to join a deviant subculture and be around others with similar labels."
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Street Crime and White Collar Crime, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the harmfulness of street crime and white collar crime.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether street crime is more harmful that white collar crime. The author discusses psychological and physical aspects of these crimes and analyzes short-term and long-term harm in evaluating which is more harmful.
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Personal Criminological Theory, 2007.
A description of the writer's personal criminological theory, explaining the occurrence of crime and why people commit crimes.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the writer's perspective of criminological theory. It focuses on why people commit crimes and why people act the way that they do. It then describes the variables that the writer would consider and the methodologies he would use in order to evaluate his theory. The paper concludes that there are many theories that can assist in determining the reasons why things happen and there will be many more theories that will either agree or disagree with previous theorists.
From the Paper
"Criminological theories in my perspective are theories from various individuals who have experience or education in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, science or biology. This is due to being able to read people behaviors and understand the mindset of why individuals would commit crimes. I believe everyone who had a theory studied and observed different cultures, communities, and family parenting to get the proof he or she needed to show that their theory has some merit. "Then others tested the theory and either added or improved the findings by using more sufficient information through their research. In other words, criminological theory is the study of criminal thinking and criminal behavior. If criminological and theory is broken down, it gives the definitions of theory is a speculation or abstract thought or contemplation, an ideal of or belief about something arrived through speculation, and a scientific principle to explain phenomena (Webster's New World, 2002). Criminological is the sociological study of crime, criminals and punishment of criminals (Webster's New World, 2002)."
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Theories of Crime, 2004.
This paper reviews and compares psychological and sociological theories of crime at the level of the society, the community, the group, and the individual.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the psychological theories of crime relate to the mental programming and functioning of the human brain and the way it is programmed; whereas, the sociological theories relate to the functioning of a society and its value system that can create criminals. The author points out that the psychological theories of crime are better at explaining some kinds of crimes, such as violence against women; but other kinds of crimes, such as picking pockets in a rough neighborhood, are better explained using the sociological theories of crime. The paper explains that biological theories are related to the inherited genetic influences and any abnormalities due to a defective construction of the brain or the body, such as a hyperactive thyroid gland or other malfunctions of the human body and their effects on the behavior of individuals.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Psychologist?s Theories of Crime
Sociological Theories of Crime
The Incompatibilities between the Psychologist and Sociologist Theories of Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If a person rejected by the society maintains contact through necessity with people constantly attempting to destroy that individual by making him develop a low ego and self-image and calling him a thief, killer or rapist; the person is likely to develop a criminal behavior. This behavior takes the form of a desire to take revenge on a society that gave him absolutely nothing. This process, called the Labeling theory, explains that, if a society is made up of people with sick deviant minds where they are constantly bent on destroying each other, then that society is likely to produce more criminals."
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Hate Crimes Exist in America, 2002.
An overview of the origins of hate crimes in the U.S. and the Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is on "Hate Crimes in America". It gives a brief introduction to the term "hate crimes". It further explains how racism and hate crimes were introduced in America, and how these two terms attach to one another. It also explains how the Hate Crimes Prevention Act is treating this issue.
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Cyber Crime, 2004.
An analysis of the relationships between Internet crimes, intellectual crimes, and cyber-crime.
824 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Internet crimes, intellectual crimes, and cyber crimes are related to a large extent. It provides a definition of each of the terms and attempts to show how, in actuality, the use of the term 'cyber crimes' subsumes both the Internet crimes and the intellectual crimes. The intellectual crimes can occur without having the Internet, but with the application of the Internet, the intellectual crimes occur faster, often leaving no physical trace of such crimes.
From the Paper
"Cyber crime is an umbrella term that covers both the Internet crime and intellectual crime. In other words, cyber crimes are those crimes that can be done with or with the help of the Internet. For example, to gain unauthorized access to someone?s computers in order to deleting files, altering web pages, posting stolen credit card numbers, and making unauthorized purchases. In addition, the cyber-crime involves child Pornography or exploitation, computer fraud, Internet harassment, and Internet bomb threats. Cyber crimes also include money laundering and unlawful banking transactions, use of organized crime records or books, and bookmaking. For example, in one case, a suspect committed murder by changing a patient's medication information and dosage in a hospital computer."
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Crime and Inequality, 2003.
A summary and assessment of the first chapter of "Crime and Inequality" by John Hagan and Ruth D. Peterson.
1,072 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the first chapter of "Crime and Inequality" attempts to explain the patterns of inequality found in research that connects disadvantaged and subordinated groups to crime and delinquency. It shows how Hagan and Peterson explain the correlation between socioeconomically depressed areas and patterns of high delinquency rates that occur there.
From the Paper
"Those who experience crime and violent crime most frequently are found to be young, disadvantaged, minority males. Hagen and Peterson attempt to explain this phenomenon with two points: 1.) race-linked discrimination produces and influences crime and 2.) treatment of minorities by the criminal justice system perpetuates discontentment and distrust of the system and authority in general. In order to fully explain this trend, the authors focus on the details and nuances associated with street crimes. Street crimes are described as ?common-law crimes of murder, assault, robbery, rape, burglary, and larceny that are widely considered serious law violations.? (Hagen, pg. 15) African-American juveniles are the most common offenders of street crimes. Hagen and Peterson explain the reason for this is because the FBI has been reporting crimes committed by juvenile African-Americans separately for many years, and has accumulated in-depth records regarding this occurrence."
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