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Expert Systems and Neural Networks, 2004.
An analysis of the development and limitations of expert systems and neural networks.
4,924 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 32 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an examination of the concepts and technologies needed to develop, implement and integrate expert systems and neural networks. The limitations of expert systems and their alternatives are discussed, followed by an analysis of the relevant and scholarly literature covering neural networks. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Expert Systems
Neural Networks
Constraints to Effective Use of AI Applications
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a formal discipline is certainly not new, having been around for more than 50 years (Gozzi 1997). Nevertheless, AI remains a term that frequently "conjures images of HAL's refusal to open the pod bay doors or Deep Blue winning the world chess championship. But artificial intelligence (or Al) is not a phenomenon restricted to science fiction movies and chess tournaments; it has rapidly, if silently, become a fixture of daily life" (Gibson 2003:83). In fact, Kapoor (2003) emphasizes that there can be no dispute that machines with greater-than-human intelligence will be built in the next 50 years, and the creation of such AI empowered creations will have far-reaching implications for all aspects of society, science, technology, and the environment."
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Expert Systems & Neural Networks, 1994.
Compares pros & cons of two approaches to artifical intelligence applications.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence came to be largely synonymous with "expert systems" during the 1980s (May, 1991, p. 118). Expert systems are rule-based computer programs that enable users to take advantage of a vast array of information in order to make decisions. The system compares the current situation to a list of rules and determines the appropriate solution. Expert systems have been used in legal practices, physicians' offices, education, insurance and a variety of other fields. However, there are drawbacks to expert systems, including the availability of an expert, which make them unsuitable for all applications. Neural networks offer a solution to this problem and are being implemented in a number of different applications and environments. Determining whether a neural network is the appropriate response to an artificial intelligence application is the.."
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Neural Networks, 2008.
This paper discuses the use of neural networks especially in the area of finance analysis.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a computer science phenomenon called neural networks, similar to the part of the brain, consist of ways to connect information to produce output that is consistent with the processes. The author points out that recent interest in neural models stems primarily from its nonlinear models that can be trained to map past and future values of the input-output relationship, thus extracting relationships between the data that were not obvious using other analytical tools. The paper stresses that, unlike conventional computers, neural networks have the unique capability of learning. The author relates that the fact that neural networks are trained without the restriction of a model to derive parameters and discover relationships, driven and shaped solely by the nature of the data, has profound implications and applicability to the finance field. The paper includes equations.
Table of Contents:
What are Neural Networks?
Figure 1: Neural Networking and Similarities with the Workings of the Human Brain
The History of Neural Networks
Figure 2: Multilayered Neural Network Model adapted from Stergiou and Siganos
Why Use Neural Networks?
Neural Networks Versus Conventional Computers
Figure 2a: Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network
Neural Networks in Finance
Time Series Analysis
Figure 3: Stock Market Data from the New York Stock Exchange for Newmont Mining: Random Walk?
Stock Market Analysis
Capital Budgeting and Risk
Figure 4: General Modeling of Neural Networks for Financial Capital Markets (Inclusive of Capital Budgeting and Risk Analysis)
Financial Forecasting
The Future of Neural Networks: A Critical Review
From the Paper
"Capital budgeting is one of the most important functions of financial management. It encompasses a process of planning expenditures on assets whose cash flows are expected to extend beyond one year. A company with growth rates and profit margins such as that are dictated by capital expenditure and investment cannot afford to ignore the importance of capital budgeting. Erroneous forecasts of asset requirements can have serious consequences, Therefore there is always a need for complex and accurate models to dictate the relationship between variables."
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Neural Networks, 2002.
An examination and explanation of the technology known as neural networks - also known as an artificial neural network (ANN).
1,952 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining this unique technology, which has already started altering the way people think about artificial intelligence. It says that this computer provides a unique computing architecture whose potential has only begun to be tapped. Artificial neural networks take their name from the networks of nerve cells in the brain, which they are trying to imitate.
From the Paper
"The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that stump the most advanced supercomputer such as recognizing a face or reading a handwritten note are child's play for the 3-lb. organ. This is because the brain operates through a serried of interconnected neural networks made up of dendrites, rather than the typical computer program that performs operations through elaborate series of individual steps. Unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes, and forge new network connections. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to mimic the brain's abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an overgrown calculator; it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons."
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A Neural Networking Model of Cognition, 2002.
Attempts to answer the question of how to account for the purposes of affect in a neural networking model of cognition.
2,316 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a review of the literature on the cognitive and affective bases of behavior. The review is followed by a brief description of neural networking model of cognition. The paper concludes with an attempt to answer the central question, the purposes of affect in the neural networking model.
Introduction
Cognitive and Affective Bases of Behavior - Sampling of literature
Neural Networking Model of Cognition
How can you account for the purposes of affect in a neural networking
model of cognition?
From the Paper
"Neural network (NN) modeling has developed as a major component of science's attempt to understand the brain. NN modeling attempts to answer the fundamental question of how does the brain's formidable information-processing abilities emerge from the self-organizing behavior of a collection of relatively simple neurons?"
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The Emergence of International Neural Networks of Interconnectivity, 2002.
An analysis of the emergence of a global conciousness around the world of technology and its use for further extension of the abilities of the human species.
5,180 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper is an objective observation of the development of the human species. It discusses the implications and effects of the principals of cybernetics based on spontaneous emergence of an international neural network of interconnectivity which is swiftly evolving to being of equivalence to a global consciousness and its exponential growth. It explores the evident implications of systemic development and growth of the internet as an international forum of connectivity and its direct effect on the species with views of its systemic principals, their interaction and the potential threat of external moderation of such information distribution.
From the Paper
"As time progresses the accessibility of the Internet is situating itself in a form of networking which allows a vaster quantity of people to 'get connected' every day and the forced moderation of the Internet has potentially dire consequences. This paper shall outlay the physical emergence of a neural network of interconnectivity, the implications of its overview and of the downward trend of the species, stipulating negative trends towards any form of inherent obligations to genetic selective retention."
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Neural Networking Computers, 1989.
Discusses computers designed to solve problems as humans do. Focuses on uses, theory, advantages, compared to human brain, memory, reading, experiments, industrial & military aspects and future outlook.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
" When artificial intelligence was first being developed, scientists hoped for impressive new achievements, the most prominent and ambitious of which was the creation of computers with the ability to equal or even surpass human thought. These hopes turned out to be wildly optimistic. Today, conventional artificial intelligence has many glaring flaws, including an inability to make decisions in slightly unfamiliar areas and a demanding need for tediously precise instructions to perform required tasks. However, a new type of computer, the neural network, may displace the conventional artificial intelligence program, because neural networks attack problem solving in a very different manner, allowing these network computers to work successfully on problems that regular computers cannot. "
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Braingate Neural Interface System, 2007.
A research paper on the Braingate Neural Interface System, which allows quadriplegics and otherwise impaired people to control external machines through an implanted device in the brain.
2,846 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Inc's advances in technology have created a device that makes controlling simple devices, like television remotes and computers, possible through the implantation of a small sensor. It looks at how through decoding the brainwaves recorded with this sensor, paralyzed people may be able eventually control limbs and body parts of which they had formerly lost control.
From the Paper
"When a person becomes paralyzed, neural signals from the brain no longer reach their designated site of termination. However, the brain continues to send out these signals although they do not reach their destination. It is these signals that the Braingate system picks up, and they must be present in order for the system to work. After an extended amount of time, the brain usually does not send out these signals anymore, since they do not actually cause anything to happen in reality. It is not known for how long after paralysis occurs that these signals continue to be sent, so Cyberkinetics does not yet know if people who are paralyzed from birth will be able to benefit from future technological advances in the technology. (Cyberkinetics) Matthew Nagel had been paralyzed for about 4 years before he received the surgery, and experienced great results although scientists were skeptical about the amount of time that had passed since he first became paralyzed. "
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Wireless Networks and Initiatives, 2004.
An analysis of the rapid increase in the market for wireless networks.
3,140 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses wireless network technologies, with a focus on the protocols, standards and operations of the various types. The paper examines personal area networks, as well as local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The advantages and disadvantages of wireless networks are explored in the paper. The paper also illustrates the importance of safety features in wireless networks.
Outline
Introduction
Wireless Network Technologies
Wireless Personal Area Networks
Wireless Local Area Network
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
Wireless Wide Area Networks
Wireless Networking Initiatives in Business
Advantages of Wireless Networks
Disadvantages of Wireless Networks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"At present there are a range of protocols in use for wireless technology. Perhaps the most common is 802.11b. It is moderately cheap in using equipment 802.11b. The free 2.4 Ghz is the frequency range in which 802.11b wireless communication standard works. But there are many systems like cordless phones and baby monitors which obstruct the wireless traffic. For 802.11b communications, the maximum speed is 11 mbps. The new 802.11g standard is an improved version of 802.11b. Though it uses the same busy 2.4 Ghz shared by other common household wireless devices, 802.11g is competent of transmission speeds up to 54 mbps. The equipment intended for 802.11g communicates with 802.11b equipment, but combination of two standards is not suggested. (Quick Tip: Wireless Networking Protocols)"
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Demand-Driven Supply Networks (DDSN), 2007.
This paper is a complete research project including an extensive literature review that analyzes demand-driven supply networks (DDSN) in an increasingly globalized marketplace.
37,730 words (approx. 150.9 pages), 49 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that demand-driven supply network (DDSN) is an IT strategy that uses a system of technologies and processes to sense demand and react to it in real time, across a network of linked customers, suppliers and employees. The author uses both a case analysis methodology and quantitative surveys. The paper states that the hypothesis of the study is that, because physical supply chains in a global economy operate at the speed of ocean-going ships, U.S. manufacturers should re-engineer their supply networks to remove bottlenecks from the system and match the speed of innovation that operates in a flat world by adopting appropriate demand-drive supply networking techniques. The paper includes many charts, figures and tables and the survey questionnaires.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Rationale
Overview of the Study
Literature Review
Background and Overview
The Flat-Round Dichotomy
Supply Chain Tactics for a Round World
Different Approaches Used to Deliver Round-World Returns
Level One: Business Process Improvement
Level Two: Business Process Redesign
Demand-Driven Supply Networks
Four-Stage Maturity Model Helps to Plot Long-Term Track
DDSN Implementation
Sensing and Consolidating Demand
DDSN Methods
Alignment is Key
Existing Supply Chain Initiatives and Techniques that Contribute/Mirror Demand-Driven Supply Network Approaches
Efficient Consumer Response (ECR)
Time-Based Competition (TBC)
Product Development
Strategic Importance
Product Life-Cycle Times are Getting Shorter
Product Development Considerations
Cross-Functional Teams
Strategies for Cross-Functional Team Management
Concurrent Engineering
Japanese Paradox
Supply Network Strategy
Just in Time (JIT), Just in Time II (JIT II) and Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
Case Vignette - Pure Vendor Managed Inventory in Action.
Agility in the Supply System, Agile Manufacturing, Strategically Flexible Production or Proximity Manufacturing
Case Vignette - Agile Manufacturing
Virtual Operations Strategy
Strategic Outsourcing
Case Vignette - Strategic Outsourcing
World-Class Manufacturing (WCM)
Lean Production and Lean Thinking
Strategic Postponement
Case Vignette - Strategic Postponement.
Logistics Strategy
Strategic Purchasing or Sourcing, Strategic Procurement, Network Sourcing, Materials Management
Case Vignette - Strategic Purchasing and Sourcing
LL Bean Replenishment Schedule
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR)
Case Vignette - CPFR at Levi Strauss
Methodology
Data Analysis
Part I: Case Studies
Case Example No. 1: Rexam
Supply Chain Strategies
Case Example No 2. Dell Computer Corp
Dell Geographic Business Segments
Action Strategy
Supply Chain Control
Strategy Applications
Case Study No. 3: Wrangler Jeans
Action Strategy
Selecting Distributors
Most Common Selection Criteria for Developing a Strategic Relationship
Evaluating Distributors
Case Example. Owens & Minor Inc.
Action Strategy
Innovations in Supply-Chain Strategies
Case Examples. United Technologies Corp.
McAfee's Strategy
Results
Action Steps
Defining a Global Perspective
Product Design
Online Survey Results
Survey No. 1. Survey of Distributors
Section One: Distributor Overview
Number of Employees
Annual sales revenues (MM$)
Supply Chain Management Techniques Used in Past
Supply Chain Management Techniques Now Using
Most Valuable Initiative in Streamlining Supply Chain
Key to Likert-Scaled Questions
Familiar with Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Company Currently Uses Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Section Three: Open-Ended Comments.
Survey No. 2. Survey of Manufacturers
Section One: Manufacturer Overview
Number of Employees
Annual sales revenues (MM$)
Past Initiative
Current Initiative
Most Valuable Initiative
Familiarity with Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Company Currently Uses Demand-Driven Supply Network Techniques
Section Three: Open-Ended Comments.
Conclusion
Results
Discussion
Recommendations
Explore Technologies That Deliver Demand
From the Paper
"Therefore, one of the most important elements in CPFR is the forging of proactive links between partners or allies at different stages of the supply pipeline. These need to be both strategic and tactical and require proper management as one of the resources of the organization. An excellent example of this in action is to be found in the approach that Levi Strauss and Company take with its main suppliers and customers. According to Lowson, since the mid-1980s, the firm has constantly been trying to establish closer working links in the supply in a coordinated pipeline with the aid of its 'Levilink'..."
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Wireless Networks, 2005.
Examine the history and operation of wireless networks.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Wireless communications and networks very possibly represent one of the greatest technical innovations of the twentieth century. The effect that this kind of technology is having on the development of Western society at the dawn of the twenty first society is truly fantastic, especially for those who can still remember a time before wireless networks and technology, or at least a time when they were much more a novelty than a way of life. This paper shows how wireless networks quite literally have integrated themselves with many aspects of society from work to play to communications. The paper examines some of the basic history of wireless networks, the simpler-than-it-sounds operation of these networks, and some of the applications that these networks have to offer.
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Virtual Private Networks, 2002.
An examination of VPN's - private networks configured within the public networking environment of the internet.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The internet has allowed much in the way of increased freedom for information collection and exchange. As a public medium of communication, transactions conducted over the internet are often subject to the scrutiny of unauthorized individuals. The paper explains that the ease with which the internet is utilized has forced the issue of secure communication and secure transaction down to the smaller size enterprise. Unfortunately, to obtain the same level of security brings with it a high cost of investment and continued ownership. The Virtual Private Network (VPN) has changed all of this. VPNs are able to connect remote users and remote LANs into functional networks. This paper describes the VPN in terms of what it is, how it functions, the protocols utilized and its future direction.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is a Virtual Private Network
How it Works
What Type of Protocols are Used
PPTP
L2F
L2TP
IPSec
Socks
The Future for Virtual Private Networks
Conclusion
Endnotes
From the Paper
"More specifically, two architectures exist for setting up a tunnel. They are client-initiated and client-transparent. The client-initiated tunnel requires tunneling software reside both at the client end as well as on the associated gateways, although the software could reside as well at the ISP POP that serves as the central site. Client software initiates the tunnel and the gateway-resident software terminates the tunnel. In this scenario, the ISP would not have to support the tunneling and the client and tunnel server establish the tunnel using authentication that is based upon a user ID and password. Similarly, the tunnel server and client can also negotiate an encryption sequence. Regardless, once the tunnel is set up, the communication proceeds as if the ISP were absent."
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Networks, 2005.
An examination of different aspects of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and switches.
4,830 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks and switches including the problems associated with the old existing networks and the introduction of Broadband Integrated Networks. The paper also compares ATM networks with the traditional circuit and packet switching systems as well as discussing different categories of ATM switches and buffering schemes.
Outline
Origins of ATM
Evolution to a Broadband Integrated Network
Service Characteristics
Information Rate and Burstiness
Service Examples
Transfer Modes
Extreme Transfer Modes
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Benefits of ATM
ATM Cell Structure
Cell Size
BISDN Protocol Stack
Transmission Delay
Header Functionality
Virtual Paths
Statistical Multiplexing
Making an ATM Call
ATM Switching
Classification of Switch Fabrics
Time Division Switch Fabrics
Shared Medium Single Bus Structure
Space Division Fabrics
Single Path Self Routing Switch
Switch Problems
Buffering
From the Paper
"Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a digital technique for high speed switching. The unit of multiplexing and switching is a cell which comprises a short fixed length information packet with a fixed length header to carry signalling information. By offering access at the cell level, information from many sources with widely differing activity patterns and transmission rates can be interleaved on a single transmission link or switched through an ATM node. As in other packet switching environments capacity is used only when it is needed."
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Expert Systems, 1999.
Examines artificial intelligence technology, definitions, methods, objectives, natural language processing, benefits and problems, user issues, neural networks, products and vendors. Uses tables and diagrams.
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Expert systems are best known for attempting to imitate human experts through the use of artificial intelligence technology. These systems handle information symbolically rather than as numerical symbols (as in conventional data processing). Expert systems use a knowledge base created by a knowledge engineer containing facts and rules upon which experts in a particular field base their decisions. Expert systems can increase productivity within organizations, and decrease training time for new employees, but such systems require educating those individuals targeted to use the system if the institution is to receive the maximum benefit. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been in development since the 1950s. AI seeks to have higher mental tasks normally done by humans done by computers. The limitation ..."
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Wireless Communication Networks, 2004.
An analysis of wireless communication networks.
3,848 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the concept of wireless communication networks and all the mechanisms involved in making them effective. The paper discusses the history and development vision of mobile networks. The paper presents the main characteristics and design issues and provides a description of wireless communication networks. In addition, the paper focuses on advantages, disadvantages, current and future applications, and developments.
From the Paper
"Wireless communication was developed while wired communication was being expanded. Guilermo Marconi was one of the first to experiment with other ways to communicate besides a wired system. According to the book Marconi used Einstein?s theory of relativity to create a system of wireless telegraphy. The book goes on to say that the early development of wireless communications was the stepping stone for today?s wireless communications networks. (Regli) In the past wireless networks were unreliable and expensive. The old system was often criticized for not being fast enough and not providing users with the benefits associated with the traditional wired systems. However, today there have been many technological advances that have allowed these networks to become more efficient."
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