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Executive Power and the Federalist Papers, 2002.
A summary of one of the federalist papers - Federal 15, and political commentator Alexander Hamilton's views.
1,296 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Federalist 15. It shows how Hamilton argued that a strong executive power is desirable,and that it would be prevented from coming to resemble a monarchy due to the checks and balances of a republican form or government. It discusses why Hamilton believes that a strong executive would allow the United States to enjoy the best of both worlds.
From the Paper
Hamilton argues in Federalist 15 that the government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation lacked ?energy.? What Hamilton meant was that the government was a paper tiger; it had no power or authority to back up its laws and rulings with force. In Federalist 70, Hamilton argues that ?[d]ecision, activity, secrecy, and dispatch,? are more likely to be found in an executive consisting of a single person in power. Hamilton suggests that there is no contradiction between republican liberty and a strong executive power because the checks and balances of Republican government would keep the President from wielding absolute power as in the case of monarchy. What Hamilton argues is that a strong executive would allow the United States to enjoy the best of both worlds.
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The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, 2002.
This paper discusses the issues that divided the leadership of the early United States of America into the Federalists and the Anti-federalists camps and the resulting structure of the United States of America.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Anti-federalist leaders -- Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, Eldridge Gerry, and Patrick Henry -- opposed the ratification of the Constitution because they believed the states should be the primary protectors of individual rights. The author relates that the Federalists leaders -- John Adams, James Madison, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton -- supported a strong government that would reign in selfish human instincts and channel them toward the pursuit of the common good. The paper reports that the Federalists won the debate: Therefore, the Constitution provides a strong federal government; but the Anti-federalists were important because they prevented the federal government from gaining too many powers and saw to inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
From the Paper
"The Federalists began seeking to reform the Articles in 1783. In 1786, the financial hardships that the states were facing became apparent when Daniel Shays led a rebellion against the courts. This scene was an example of how the people could take matters into their own hands and it instilled fear in the hearts of the ?propertied class? (170). This fear leads to the Federalist belief that a stronger federal government was most certainly needed. (170) In all fairness, the Federalists were looking for a type of government that was not as oppressive as the type of rule they had in British, but a little stronger than the current weak American government."
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Federalists and Anti-Federalists, 2004.
A discussion of the different visions of the Federalists and Anti-federalists for the young country before the American Civil War.
2,101 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the different views of Federalists and Anti-Federalists, or Jeffersonian Republicans, and how the two parties emerged. It analyzes how their opposing political agendas led to such event, such as the War of 1812, industrialization, and the development of the Monroe Doctrine. It also examines how the political visions of the parties were extremely different and how each had accomplishments that changed the country forever.
From the Paper
"The Federalists felt that there should be a loose interpretation of the Constitution, and they saw a need for a unified nation. Federalist leaders were concerned with a loss of social and political power due to excessive liberties for the people. They scorned democracy and did not think that states should have too many powers. The reason for this is that America would be many separate states, not one unified nation. Also, if people were given too many liberties, they could be abused and it could end in chaos. In the case of Shay?s Rebellion, it was looked at as a threat to social and political order. Because of the poor economy, farmers and merchants were using credit. However, when merchants were in need of cash, they called for the repayment of the money owed. Farmers were brought to court, and this brought outrage among them. "
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The Role of the American Executive, 2003.
An examination of the role of the Executive (president) from "The Federalist Papers".
2,489 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper is an analysis of Alexander Hamilton's arguments on the Executive and executive power from the Federalist papers. It examines also how Hamilton's ideas on the role of the Executive have changed from the time of the nation's founding to the present day.
From the Paper
"Hamilton?s primary argument in The Federalist Papers, where he defends the institution of the executive branch has to do with what he calls the ?energy of the executive?. He notes in Federalist 70 that energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good government while at the same time noting that some my find the idea of an executive to be inconsistent with the principles of Republican government. Those that opposed the executive might have looked to Federalist 37 where Madison claims that the genius of republican liberty assigns power to many hands for short terms while energy requires that power be invested in a single hand for a presumably longer term. This ?single hand? referenced by James Madison is, in all likelihood, a reference to the kind of monarchy that the founders opposed. Among Hamilton?s tasks in The Federalist Papers are not only to prove that the President is not a monarch, but in doing so to create a strong executive that will help lead to a more stable Republic."
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Lincoln?s Wartime Actions: An Example of the Tyranny of the Executive, 2005.
Argues that Abraham Lincoln's Civil War suspension of the writ of habeas corpus represents a quintessential example of the breakdown of separation of powers and checks and balances.
3,137 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that the danger of tyrannical abuses of power that had once so deeply concerned the Anti-Federalists was realized by Abraham Lincoln's abuses of his executive power that took place during the American Civil War. The paper argues that the most important of these was his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Other actions that may have exceeded the limits of presidential authority included the closing of mail services to publications considered to be treasonous, the imprisonment of individuals who had merely exercised their First Amendment rights to free speech by publicly opposing the war and Lincoln's actions, and several financial arrangements in support of the war, such as paying civilians a total of $2 million to assist in military recruiting. The paper explains that under the Constitution, Congress rather than the president has the authority to declare war and to control the mails, the military and the purse.
From the Paper
"During the critical formation stages of our government, several issues on which many of the Founding Fathers disagreed still demanded to be resolved. One of the major problems that bothered the Anti-Federalists was the amount of power provided to the executive, which they believed was too extensive and far-reaching. They feared that this excessive authority might eventually allow the executive to become tyrannical, and a tyrannical executive power was exactly what these men had managed to escape from in England through the Revolutionary War. Less than a century after the Founders had abandoned the Articles of Confederation and the states had ratified our Constitution, the executive did in fact demonstrate this dangerous foray into tyrannical abuses of power that had once so deeply concerned the Anti-Federalists."
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Congressional-Executive Rivalry in Foreign Policy, 2006.
An examination of the congressional-executive rivalry in foreign policy in the Bush administration.
7,806 words (approx. 31.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 169.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the congressional-executive relationship and distribution of power in the area of foreign policy. It discusses the George W. Bush administration as a case study to demonstrate the expansion of executive power at the expense of Congress. The paper begins with an overview of the relationship between Congress and the President in the realm of foreign policy. It then examines the presidency of George W. Bush and describes the role the Bush administration has played in expanding its own powers, as well as Congress' role in allowing the administration to do so.
Table of Contents:
The Two Presidencies Thesis
The Modern Era of the Strong Presidency
Explaining the Congressional-Executive Distribution of Power and the Decline of Congressional Power--Delegating Authority in International Affairs
Rise of Assertiveness by Congress in Foreign Affairs
President George W. Bush: A Case Study in the Expansion of Executive Power in Foreign Policy
The Importance of September 11 to the Bush Presidency and the Increase in Executive Power
An Increase in Executive Power through a Reduced Congressional Role and Reluctance of the Executive Branch to Work with Congress
The Iraq War and the War Powers Act Resolution-Congress Permitting an Increase in Executive Powers
Expansion of Presidential Powers by Ignoring and Bypassing Congress
Expansion in the President's Role as Commander in Chief
Spending Powers in the War Against Terror and Iraq
From the Paper
"For Wildavsky, the key to presidential power in foreign policy does not lie in constitutional foundations, but in changes that had taken place in the world since 1945. He cites the growth in the number of Third World nations, the existence of nuclear weapons and the threat of holocaust, and the cold war as reasons why foreign policy tends to drive out domestic concerns. Reasons for this are the speed of international events and their irreversibility. The presidential advantage in foreign affairs is derived from institutional and informational advantages, as the president has greater access to information that other actors and has greater control of expertise, as well as at times widespread public consensus on foreign policy that reflected the Cold War threat. The interconnectedness of foreign policy necessitates that presidents actively engage in all facets of international affairs. Unlike domestic policy, a single foreign policy failure could lead to an array of catastrophic disasters. Wildavsky also suggests that policy preferences are more varied in the domestic arena and therefore more likely to lead to conflict. Moreover, he argues that presidents are successful due to the weakness of other rivals. Rivals for power in foreign affairs not only have fewer resources at their disposal but are "weak, divided, or believe that they should not control foreign policy." The list of potential rivals he includes are: the public, special interest groups, the military, the military-industrial complex, the State Department, and of special interest here, Congress."
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Executive Information Systems, 2002.
An analysis of current market and applications for Executive Information Systems software solutions plus details of a small company and how it benefits when implementing such an executive information system.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines how L.L. Bradford and Company, a regional CPA firm, decided to offer its clients full financial services. This paper discusses how such a company that wishes to effectively service their customers and maximize the value of the benefits they can provide, needs to find a software package that can integrate all the existing ?legacy systems? on a relational basis, and allow information that previously had been available only to the auditors through their software to become available to all. The writer also examines how L.L. Bradford chose to buy and customize an off-the-shelf Executive Information System called ?Goldmine?;which allows all departments to have access to the same customer information, allowing for marketing of services, billing, follow-up and other services the company wishes to provide its clients. This paper goes on to prove that the above is a good example of the benefit of Executive Information Systems, as it shows basically what can be done, and how business and communication between business and clients, departments and management, owners and employees can be facilitated to build business and stimulate growth.
From the Paper
"Internet technologies and applications have grown more rapidly than anyone could have envisioned, even as recently as five years ago. They have opened up new means and frontiers of communication, collaboration and coordination between customers, businesses and trading partners.Executive Information Systems, also known as Enterprise Software is an explosively-growing $23 billion a year sub-industry of software for companies looking to use technology to improve virtually every key corporate function ? manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing, human resources and supply-chain management. Executive Information Systems, or Enterprise Resource Planning software, solutions are software solutions that provide a common, consistent system to capture data organization-wide to integrate information across corporate functions and to provide tools for planning and monitoring the various functions and processes towards a common purpose. To compete effectively, companies are challenged to create new products, maximize efficiencies in service, processing and administration, and increase penetration within existing markets, all the while keeping customers satisfied with high levels of service which may span several time zones. While the profitability of corporations is typically measured in dollars, overall success can be measured in terms of profitability plus the attainment of organizational goals. This success derives from a synergy of inputs, including the work of employees who are dedicated, skilled and knowledgeable, and a management team that understands how to inspire competent and motivated performance through sensitive and responsive management of a continually changing workplace."
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Executive Privilege, 2002.
A discussion of the concept of executive privilege for government officials and whether this is being abused.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to the executive branch of government at the federal level. Part II examines the definition and applicability of executive privilege as seen by both the executive and legislative branches. In Part III, past and present controversial use of executive privilege in cases such as Enron and Watergate are outlined. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for improving the use of executive privilege.
From the Paper
"After Vietnam and Watergate, the issue of executive privilege had not registered much of a blip on the radar. However, the recent Enron scandal has allowed Congress to question the validity of the executive privilege argument. In January 2002, Comptroller General David Walker, head of the non-partisan Government Accounting Office, announced that he would sue Vice President Dick Cheney in order to obtain information about the National Energy Policy Development Group that Cheney chaired last year. Walter contended that the unprecedented lawsuit was made necessary by Cheney?s refusal to cooperate voluntarily."
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How to Reach the Senior Executive Service Employee Level, 2002.
This paper outlines how to reach the Senior Executive Service (SES) employment level in the U.S. - the most prestigious level of managerial position any government-based executive can attain.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper is a description of the process of reaching Senior Executive Service (SES) employment level formed by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) by comparing the OPM's management's process to that of real world experiences.
From the Paper
"The mixed nature of the merit based system makes it difficult for candidates to enter the SES. Criteria like leadership for instance are mandated according to the need of management trend. Robert Franco, Associate Deputy Director for Civil Rights of the Agriculture Department, has served on the selection panels for SES jobs and SES candidate development programs. Leadership is the core qualifications mandated by the Board because it ?is more important than managerial or technical qualifications," according to Franco. "Most of the problems in government today aren't technical or managerial, but problems of leadership." Having served the SES since 1991, Franco is considered an expert in the application programs. He differentiates managerial and leadership mandates as: "[Leaders] can't sit around and wait for the people upstairs to say what they want," Franco says. "An executive will step right up and say, 'Follow me.' You're moving the organization to something you see way down the road versus focusing only on today's problem." SES aspirants must sell their technical and leadership skills and experiences to all those involved in selection. "The deadliest mistake applicants make is writing solely for the official with the job opening," Franco says [Government Executive, 06-01-1998]. According to this executive, there are 27 core competencies in the core qualification guide but not all of them achievable. The applicant can spend years to prepare for the application of the executive corps but he/she should not aspire to achieve all the 27 competencies."
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Executive Compensation and Stock Performance, 2004.
Evaluation of the "Agency Theory" that led to expansion of stock options in executive remuneration packages.
5,024 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This report evaluates whether or not the hypothesis at the heart of the "Agency Theory", which states that if an executive is given an ownership stake, it will have a positive effect on stock performance, works as expected. Furthermore, this paper tracks the increasing use of the "Agency Theory" in executive compensation and enumerates and evaluates the effects that the increasing use of the "Agency Theory" has had on American business and on stock performance. The paper also evaluates the effect of what has been described as ?over the top? use of increasingly generous, stock-dependent, executive compensation packages, both on stock performance and on other business evaluative factors. The effect of the scandals involving executive compensation/stock performance on the social/commercial fabric of the U.S. is discussed briefly, as well.
Outline
The "Agency Theory", Executive Compensation and Stock Performance
The Effect of Pay on Executive Motivation
The Effect of FASB Rules on Compensation/Stock Performance
From the Paper
"In the wake of the Enron, ImClone and WorldCom financial scandals, the increasing use of stock options as part of executive compensation packages came under public scrutiny. Because of the lax was in which FASB guidelines are written, it was possible, lacking adequate corporate governance, for CEOs to use their stock options to increase their personal wealth while diminishing the strength of the corporation and decreasing?or completely negating?benefits for shareholders. In addition to the problematical FASB rules, also operative was a management theory, the Agency Theory, formulated by academicians and economists in the last century. The theory held that giving executives a financial stake in the financial health of the company would increase their motivation to run those companies for maximum profits for shareholders; in short, this form of executive compensation was thought to be able to produce superior stock performance. The findings of several researchers even before the scandals of the past few years, however, revealed that results often departed wildly from what the theory predicted."
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Executive Powers in Germany and the United States, 2007.
A comparison of the executive power awarded to the Chancellor of Germany and the President of the United States.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the formation of the executive powers in both the United States and Germany. It looks at the power that the laws provide to each leader, as well as the limitations that exist in order to prevent the acquirement of excessive power. The paper compares the executive power of the Chancellor in Germany to that of the President of the United States.
Table of Contents:
German Government and Executive Powers
United States Government and Executive Powers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Checks and balances in the United States begin with the formation of the United States Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Laws of the nation must be passed by a majority vote in both houses before they can be sent to the president for approval. However, the president also has the authority to veto any legislation that he or she does not approve of, creating a situation in which the Congress must redesign the bill and seek approval again. However, the Congress can "override" the veto if there are enough votes in both the House and Senate to do so ("Checks", 2006)."
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Executive Compensation, 2004.
An analysis of different types of executive compensation.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the seemingly ludicrous executive compensation packages. The paper attempts to distinguish the relationship between company success and executives' efforts, claiming this to be an indication of how much an executive should earn. The paper examines the different components of high level executive compensation packages: High salaries, large bonuses, generous perquisites and so-called golden handshakes and parachutes.
From the Paper
"Sometimes it seems that the salaries executives make at big corporations are entirely out of proportion with the value added to the firm by their being on the payroll. It makes sense that if someone, anyone, makes a certain wage, then they should be making at least that much money for the company. If someone is pumping gas for $7/hr, then he should be pumping at least $7 worth of gas every hour. If someone else is making $30 million/year at a big corporation, then he should be bringing in at least that much revenue, even if only indirectly. If a $30 million/year executive starts programs at the company that make $100million, then the $30 million the company pays him is well-worth it. The trouble is that it is sometimes hard to decide the degree to which company performance is the result of an exec's contribution."
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The Role of the Nurse Executive, 2008.
A discussion of effective executive leadership in nursing.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines nursing leadership, a highly valued attribute in healthcare. The paper asserts that the visible role of the nurse executive in healthcare organizations is dynamic and evolving. Nurses are well-positioned to take the lead in strategic planning and organizational development. The paper maintains that effective nurse leaders look ahead, monitor trends, and engage others in conversations about strategies that influence change. It adds that nurse leaders represent patient care and nursing practice perspectives at the executive level, influencing both the organization's leadership team and the governing boards. The paper concludes that advancing knowledge related to quality, customer service, information technology, patient safety, and care delivery will be the key to success for executive nurses in the future.
From the Paper
"The presence and impact of nursing on nursing administration can be traced back to Florence Nightingale. She was born in England in 1820 and lived until1910. Her work gained recognition during the Crimean War (1854 to 1956). It was just the beginning of her life efforts towards army sanitation reform and unofficial government advisor. Florence Nightingale is remembered for her qualities of hard work, anonymous service, and as the founder of modern nursing. Her influence and achievements formed a generation of change. She demonstrated leadership and administrative qualities that are still important today. The literature describes a range of definitions, theories, and beliefs in relation to clinical supervision, and suggests that "it is perhaps intrinsic to the nature of clinical supervision that no single definition or theory exists" (Ryan, 1998, p.3). Early American authors defined this new idea of clinical supervision for nurses as a democratic process focused on professional growth (Day, 1925). Hollis (1938) expanded the description to include it as a collaborative process based on participatory discussion."
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The Executive Branch, 2007.
An analysis of the role and operation of the executive branch of the United States government.
1,257 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the United States government. Specifically, it analyzes how the United States executive branch works in theory and then looks at how it actually operates in reality. The paper also discusses the President's role in the executive branch and how his power has changed over time, within this structure.
From the Paper
"Political process is at the heart of the changes in the Executive Branch. There is much division between the two political parties, and many of their decisions can be based on partisanship rather than sound political sense. In addition, special interests and big business also have a much larger influence on the three branches of government today, and this seems to be another area the founding fathers did not anticipate or plan for. While the overall relationship between the three branches of government still works, there are things that could strengthen the entire fabric of the government, including banning lobbying and special interests, and centering on governing rather than politicking for the next election or pointing fingers at the other party."
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Executive Privilege, 2001.
This paper looks at the concept of "Executive Privilege" in the American political system.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the concept "Executive Privilege". It discusses the history and origins of the term and proceeds to detail examples of when this concept was instituted and practiced. It analyzes the constitutional basis for this law and provides pros and cons.
From the paper:
"The actual phrase, ?Executive Privilege,? was not a part of the common language until the Eisenhower administration. The first time the term was used occurred in 1954 when Senator Joseph McCarthy was investigating the Eisenhower administration. McCarthy had planned to subpoena Eisenhower's chief of staff, but Eisenhower told his advisers that Congress had no right to ask White House personnel to testify in any manner concerning conversations with the President "at any time on any subject."
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