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Exchange Rates and Western Economies in the Post War Era, 2002.
A histiry and analysis of exchange rates in the post war era from the fixed rates established at Bretton Woods to the flexible rates of today.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue the reality of exchange rates in the modern world is much more complex than popular wisdom would suggest. Through a discussion of the history of exchange rates in the postwar era - from the fixed rates established at Bretton Woods to the flexible rates of today - it will be seen that exchange rates are one of the most complex features of modern economics. As the Canadian experience demonstrates, control of the exchange rates is beyond the power of governments to significantly influence in the long term. Indeed, given the complexities of the relationship between exchange rates and market forces, exchange rates are a feature of modern economics that defy easy analysis and prediction.
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The Role of Exchange Rates, 2002.
An overview of the different types of exchange rate regimes available to a country and their effect on macroeconomic stability, with a focus on Poland and Russia.
4,150 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper will look at the role of exchange rate regimes in creating macroeconomic stability and progress towards the development of the market economy. By comparing and contrasting the exchange rate regimes used in both the most and least successful transition economies, it might be possible to isolate their role and provide hints about the most appropriate system for the economies in question. This paper will begin with a very brief discussion on different types of exchange rate regimes available to a country. This will be followed by an application of this knowledge to the post-communist states. The paper will concentrate mostly on Poland and Russia, two countries that provide a good contrast both in terms of the type of exchange rate stabilization program they have used, and also in the relative successes of their transitions to market.
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Determination of Exchange Rates, 2004.
This paper conducts tests to provide a clearer picture of the accuracy of estimation of exchange rate modifications.
2,615 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the rational expectation hypothesis relating to the foreign exchange market modifications using various statistical methods and survey data, including three very important exchange rates: German Mark / U.S. Dollar, G.B. Pound / U.S.Dollar, and Japanese Yen / U.S. Dollar. The author points out that overlapping forecasting causes the serial correlation problem, which is corrected by estimating the forecast errors as a moving average process. The paper concludes that the expectations of spot exchange rates at various horizons and the actual rates have unit roots, all exchange rates showed stationary forecast errors for the one-month and three-month ahead estimations and the GB Pound / US Dollar proved stationary for the six-month ahead estimation, which was consistent with the results of the unit root tests.
Table of Contents
Problem Identification
Objectives
Hypothesis
Methodology
Literature Review
Findings and Results
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Testing the rational expectation hypothesis in realtion to the estimation of the Mexican Peso in this time frame is biased beyond doubt. Therefore, applying the standard assumption of normality of the distribution, currently used in statistic tests, will not yeald any valid results. This statistical defect may also be observed in other circumstances, such as the probability (even quite small) of a major modification of the exchange rate in the studied period, a speculative bubble or an important change in fundamentals, especially iF the sample size is not sufficient in order to correct such faults (by applying the central limit theorem)."
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Exchange Rates, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of the role that foreign currency exchange rates play in affecting business decisions within international corporations.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the researcher proposes the use of combined qualitative and quantitative techniques to review how exchange rates affect the level of foreign direct investment and capital flow across borders. The writer notes that more and more business enterprises are realizing that to remain competitive in the global marketplace, they must adapt their processes and policies to reflect the economic environment surrounding them. This study examines this phenomenon in greater detail and provides a theoretical framework for explaining the relation between exchange rates and international business processes. The writer provides a comprehensive review of the literature available on exchange rate volatility, influence and mobility and combines this information with data gathered from primary research.
Outline:
Introduction
Significance of Research
Methods
Theoretical Foundation
Research Design
Implications of Research
Results/Discussion
References:
From the Paper
"Streissler points out that the role of exchange rates in international business relations and operations remains one of the more controversial issues in international research and literature. Because this issue is controversial and as yet unsettled, it is important that more research is conducted to help solidify theoretical propositions describing the influence exchange rates have on decision making in business. This study will help achieve this aim, determining the exact effect exchange rates have on foreign direct investment and capital flow across borders."
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Exchange Rate, 2005.
A look at factors affecting the exchange rate of a country adopting a floating exchange rate regime.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary factor affecting the exchange rate of a country adopting a floating exchange rate regime is the supply and demand of the respective currency on the international market. The paper then goes on to discuss the various factors that make the demand and supply vary, thus affecting the exchange.
From the Paper
"In the respective announcement, the public found out that the US economy had produced only 21,000 new jobs and none in the private sector, from the 150,000 that had been predicted previously. The signal this send the investors was quite clear: the US economy is not performing as well as we may have thought, it is not producing new workplaces (which would be a sign of rising business, as new employees would be needed). The subsequent devaluation of the US dollar was a natural psychological reaction from the investors."
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Exchange Rates, 2002.
Looks at exchange rates between Britain, Australia and Japan over a period of 18 months.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper compares exchange rates between Australia, Great Britain, and Japan from February 28th, 2003 and August 28th, 2002. Analysis of where a company could focus its export business based on past, current and 180 days forward exchange rate trends and other factors is then examined. Finally, a memorandum to convince management that establishing an export business to one of the countries is a good idea is included. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"A basic precept of economic theory is that currency depreciation encourages exports and improves a nation?s trade balance. (Blaine, 1996) However, currencies began to float freely, more or less, in 1973 thus causing the link between exchange rates and trade flow to become very tenuous. (Blaine, 1996). The rapid increase in international capital flows is one reason attributed to this tenuous condition; capital flows are much more sensitive to minor changes in exchange rates compared to trade flows, especially in the short run. Therefore countries that attempt to boost exports by making their currencies weaker can experience negative results such as large inflows of foreign direct investment, large outflows of foreign portfolio investment and domestic flight of capital. (Blaine, 1996) The growing importance of multinational corporations in determining international trade patterns is another factor. Global production and distribution networks act to replace exports from the home countries of the multinationals thus replacing exports with local production in foreign markets."
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Exchange Rates, 2002.
An analysis of the exchange rate system in Canada.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
An explanation of exchange rates including how they hinder business. The paper provides a focus on the Canadian Exchange Rate System.
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Economics: Exchange Rates, 2006.
A definition of exchange rate from the perspective of the Canadian dollar.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how an exchange rate, in terms of the Canadian economy, is the value of the Canadian dollar as compared to the currencies of other countries (Bank of Canada website). The exchange rate has many functions, including the determination of the cost of imported goods and the money Canada receives for exported goods. The paper further discusses how in real terms, when the value of the Canadian dollar drops, imported goods become quite expensive. In effect, the volume of Canadian imports is reduced. However, when this occurs other countries pay less for Canadian products and export sales in the nation are increased (BOC).
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Exchange Rates, 1996.
Examines impact of Bretton Woods Conference, flexible & floating (free & managed) exchange rates, volatility and the impact on developed & emerging economies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Technology has brought about changes in the global environment, including changes in the currency markets. Where currencies were once fixed to the price of gold, and the dollar was the measure of the world's currencies (since the Bretton Woods Conference), most currencies now "float," meaning that they are able to vary in their relationships with other currencies. This has led to speculation not only by private investors, but also to manipulation by governments seeking to maximize the performance of their currencies on the world market. In a global marketplace, this can have serious consequences. The Japanese discovered during the early 1990s that a strong currency makes their exports more expensive relative to other products, with the result that there can be a downturn in the quantity of goods demanded. This research .."
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Foreign Currency Exchange Rates, 2002.
A discussion of exchange rates.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of major currency exchange rates and its implications on economic indicators.
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The Impact of the Trade Act on Euro Exchange Rates, 2002.
A study of the impact of Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974 on the steel industry and the Euro exchange rates.
5,460 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This is an in-depth analysis of the risks and pitfalls of possible U.S. tariffs on European Steel products, as in Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974. It examines the global trade agreements, and their goal of creating a level playing ground for both industrialized and emerging countries. The paper argues that U.S. tariffs on imported steel will not have a direct effect on the exchange rate of the Euro and the U.S. dollar, and that the solution for the steel industry depends on the ability of the world to act as a global community in solving a global problem. Irrational presidential manners and international trade wars may cause a ripple effect that is more dangerous than the damage to one industrial sector. This is precisely the situation that we face with the steel industry. The paper includes statistics and tables to support its thesis.
Table of Contents
Size of the US-European import-export trade.
Mass Media Reactions to the Tariffs
Other Countries? Reactions
History of the Steel Industry in the US
The Situation from an Economist?s Standpoint
Conclusion
Works Cited
Appendices
From the Paper
"Free Trade has been a key agenda for the past three presidents. In an expanding global market, tariffs and trade policies are more important today than they have been in the past. More and more countries are forming alliances such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Asian Alliance, and the European Union (EU). These trade agreements are meant to level the playing for all countries, both industrialized and emerging countries.
President Bush?s trade policy is aimed at helping to generate American jobs, open markets to American products, and provide economic growth. Sometimes massive increases in imports can have a devastating effect on US industries. [This has been the case for the US steel Industry and is the issue addressed in Section 203 (B) (1) of the Trade Act of 1974. Foreign steel makers have had the luxury of government support which allowed them to have large capacity for expansion and as a result they have flooded the US market with cheap imports. Since 1998, thirty percent of all US steel producers have filed for bankruptcy as a result of falling steel prices in the US. The World Trade Organization allows countries who have been severely effected by changes in trade policy to take temporary actions to provide ailing relief to suffering industries. This is the premise behind the Presidential Proclamation issued by President Bush (Congressional Report, 1974).]"
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System Of Fixed Exchange Rates, 1973.
This paper reviews the modern history of international currency exchange rates by focusing on the system of fixed rates based on the gold standard.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
There is important historical precedence for arguing that a system of fixed exchange rates is most advantageous for the purpose of economic stability. Such international monetary stability was quite apparent in the Western World during the period between 1875 and 1914. The core mechanism for this stability was the gold standard. Most major countries then set fixed values for their currencies in relation to gold. These countries also allowed the relatively free movement of gold across their boundaries and agreed to convert their currency into gold at the established price.
The exchange rates between currencies were allowed to fluctuate in response to market demand. This meant that if country A were spending more abroad than it was taking in, the overabundance of its currency abroad might lead to a fall in its ... "
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U.S. Trade Balance and Exchange Rate, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of the U.S. trade balance and its significant impact on the exchange rate in America due to the burgeoning trade deficit and declining value of the dollar against other major world currencies.
1,922 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the trade balance and the exchange rate. The writer details the general rule of economics that states a negative trade deficit normally leads to a weaker currency while trade surplus results in enhanced value of currency, although there are exceptions to the rule, which are detailed in this paper. This paper discusses the issue of the U.S. trade balance and its effect on the exchange rate of the country's currency which is currently in the limelight due to the burgeoning U.S. trade deficit and the declining value of the dollar against other major world currencies. The writer of this paper delves into America's economy against that of China's and questions whether the U.S. dollar will retain its status of the reserve currency in the long run. This paper touches on the opinions and views of economists and U.S. treasury officials who contend that the current trade deficit is nothing to be alarmed about as the country's economy and the U.S. dollar survived a similar slide in the late 1980s. This paper also discusses the opinion of the U.S. administration that believes the alleged under-valuation of the Chinese Yen is a prime source for the deficit problems since there is a huge and growing trade imbalance between the U.S. exports and imports to China. The well-researched and well-written paper clearly define the terms: Trade balance, exchange rate and reserve currency.
Table of Contents:
What is Trade Balance?
What is Exchange Rate?
The Extent of Trade Balance Deficit in the U.S.
What is a Reserve Currency?
Can the U.S. Dollar Retain its 'Reserve Currency' Status for Long?
Is the U.S. Trade Deficit Sustainable?
Is China the Source of the Deficit Problem?
Possible Solutions to the Trade Deficit Problem
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The key question is, can the US dollar retain its status of the resrve currency for long? History suggests that it may not. Before the advent of the dollar as the world's reserve currency, the British Pound had enjoyed such a status. Between the two World Wars and the post-World War II period saw the weakeing of the British economy. As a result, the British Pound was devalued by 30% in 1949, effectively ending its run as the world's reserve currency and the start of the dollar's reign. Dollar has been able to retain its status as the reserve currency since it was relatively stable, was backed up by the formidable economy of the US, low interest rates and the absence of an alternative currency."
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Fluctuating Exchange Rates, 1995.
An analysis of the financial, economic and political consequences of fluctuating exchange rates.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The Problem
Before the Smithsonian Agreement in 1971, which ended the fixed exchange rate system of the Bretton Woods era, currency values were maintained by government economic policies that often included substantial controls on capital and trade. But when the breakup of Bretton Woods did finally occur international economists were not dismayed. Not only did they believe that greater flexibility of exchange rates was a good thing, they also believed that they understood reasonably well how the new system worked (Krugman, 1979).
But over the past twenty-five years the international monetary system has been subjected to one surprise after another, including greater and greater volatility in exchange rates and the potential for dramatic political and social consequences."
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The United States and Fixed Exchange Rates, 1989.
A discussion of the pros and cons of the proposition to return to system of fixed international currency exchange rates.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
Introduction
"The purpose of this research is to examine the question: should the United States (US) return to a system of fixed international currency exchange rates? Both the pro and the con positions are addressed in this research.
The Position Opposed to a Return to Fixed Exchange Rates
At the outset of this discussion, it must be understood that the US cannot unilaterally discard the floating exchange rate system, and return to a system of fixed rates. The system to be used must be acceptable to all of the participating countries, unless, of course, one country is both willing and capable of defending a fixed exchange rate for its currency in the face of a system which neither recognizes nor supports such a rate."
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