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"Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force", 2002.
A review of Jerome Skolnick's and James Fyfe's "Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force" on police excessive force and police brutality.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews James Skolnick's and James Fyfe's "Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force". It discusses the authors' examination of police excessive force and police brutality. In their view, the answer to this problem lies in better accountability. The paper adds a sociological perspective, arguing that police excessive force is related to the phenomenon of social control. The existence of prisons, for instance, necessitate police excessive force, since social elites have a need to criminalize a certain portion of the population.
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Excessive Use of Police Force, 2006.
This paper analyzes the issue of police brutality while also discussing the role of the media in depicting cases of unwarranted excessive force on the part of law enforcement officers.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of excessive police force primarily among minorities. This paper discusses the various reasons excessive force not only occurs but continues to grow at an alarming rate. This paper contains data and statistics relevant to this particular topic. This paper discusses the issue of police brutality from the point of view of law enforcement officers who insist that excessive force is used in less than 1% of contacts with civilians and suspects. This paper also delves into this issue from the point of view of African-Americans who contend that police brutality is significantly higher than the claims made by law enforcement officers. The writer analyzes the systematic biases that are present when debating this controversial topic. This paper discusses the fact that officers are rarely convicted for improper use of violence which indirectly contributes to this growing problem. This paper examines the role of the media in depicting police brutality while also detailing the case of Tyisha Miller, a young black woman killed by police in California.
Table of Contents:
A National Pattern
Systemic Bias
Media Ownership
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Many members of various minority groups feel that they are unfairly targeted, especially with regard to the use of excessive force and the differences that white and black residents ascribe to these incidents. In many cases, such as the cases of Wilson and Oregon, the incidents are sparked by non-violent offenses. In addition to fatal shootings, many police officers are also resorting to the use of TASER or stun guns, in situations which were previously resolved without the use of force. Statistics from the Orange County Sheriff's Office in Florida, for example, show a stunning increase in the use of TASERS. In 2000, there were only three reported uses of TASER guns. a mere two years later, that figure jumped to 295."
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Excessive Use of Force, 2006.
An examination of potential alternatives to the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three alternatives and their potential to thwart the unjustified use of excessive force by police officers. The alternatives are additional specialized training for police officers, use of a "force" form and the use of a police psychologist. It looks at how these alternatives are in actuality feasible and recognized ways to help control and prevent the use of excessive force by police officers.
Outline
Decision Making Criteria
Feasibility
Alternative 1 - Specialized Training
Alternative 2- Use of Force Form
Alternative 3 - Police Psychologist
From the Paper
"Over the past few years, however, greater attention has been given to the issue. Recent research has identified multiple determinants of the use of excessive force, raising questions about whether police departments should rely exclusively on pre-employment screening to identify violence-prone candidates and predict future officer performance. In fact, two reports that followed the Rodney King beating-the 1991 report of the Independent Commission To Study the Los Angeles Police Department and the 1992 Los Angeles County Sheriff's Report by James G. Kolt and staff-questioned the effectiveness of existing psychological screening to predict propensity for violence (Scrivner, 1994)."
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Excessive Force, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine the outcome of excessive psychological and physical force on victims and the public.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a preliminary literature review suggests excessive use of force by police agencies is very much an issue in modern society. The author outlines the proposed research questions: (1) To what extent is excessive force problematic within policing agencies? (2) What impact does excessive violence have on victims/families (short and long term) and on the public?s opinion of police agencies and attitudes/responses to police efforts? (3) What can police agencies do to minimize use of excessive force within their organizations? The paper proposes an exploratory study that uses surveys to examine public opinion of the police force and a literature review from which the researcher will draw comparative conclusions with the information reaped from the survey results.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Study Objectives/Methodology
Preliminary Literature Review
Conclusion
Proposed References
From the Paper
"A Gallup poll conducted in March of 1991 suggested that 20 percent of citizens knew someone who had been ?mistreated? or abused by police? and estimates of excessive force from observational studies ?range from 1.05 to 5.1% of citizen contacts?. Other studies suggest that excessive force may be used more frequently. The aim of this study will be in part to examine to what extent use of excessive force is problematic. Some studies suggest that police are out of control and use excessive force in unnecessary situations. There is a large body of research to support this opinion. The survey conducted will in part measure public opinion regarding this issue."
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Police Brutality and Excessive Force, 2008.
An analysis of the prevalence of police brutality in society and different ideas that have been implemented to prevent it.
2,731 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
Police brutality is defined as the excessive use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats by police officers. This paper discusses how police brutality has existed as long has law enforcement has been around and how many different tactics to prevent it have been instituted. In particular, the paper looks at the public's perception that police misuse and abuse their power, citing the Chicago disturbance of 1919 and the Los Angeles riots following the controversial Rodney King trial as examples.
From the Paper
"There are many different reasons to why police brutality exists, one of them which is commonly used by police departments, is the "bad apple paradigm". This reason for brutality is often used by departments because it alleviates most of their responsibility for the brutality because they can simply blame that individual and say that it is an isolated incident caused by a bad apple. Criminologist and Author David Friedrich once said "Police work is likely to attract at least some individuals who enjoy bullying others or join the force with the intention of exploiting special opportunities to enrich themselves. At one time this was the most widely accepted cause of police brutality, but within recent years, research has proven otherwise. Profiles of officers that had used excessive force were examined by psychologists and what was discovered, is that there was such a wide range of profiles that it did not support the 'bad apple' stereotype."
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Excessive Force, 1996.
Ethical & legal analysis of necessary & unnecessary use of force by police & corrections officers.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 15 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the use of excessive force by law enforcement and corrections officers within a context of ethics. Sensational incidents involving the use of force by law enforcement and corrections officers are reported frequently by American media. Considering the prevalence of violence in American culture, ?and given the rote adoption of the ?war? model or paradigm for law enforcement by the government, such incidents are likely to be less rare. In fact, researchers estimate that police officers kill about 600 criminal suspects yearly, shoot and wound an additional 1,200, and fire at and miss another 1,800. This being the case, the issue of the use of force, especially deadly force, by law enforcement officials in..."
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Intermediate Use of Force and Police Management, 2007.
A discussion of the excessive use of force by police officers while apprehending criminals and the alternative, intermediate use of force.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of excessive force used by police officers, a constant concern of the worldwide community, government, political entities and police officers for decades. The alternative to excessive force that the paper presents is intermediate force, which allows officers to capture suspects with the least amount of injury when force is required and ensure their own safety as well. The paper concludes that training and monitoring of law enforcement officers in the intermediate use of force, weaponry, and tactics will provide all police departments with more positive outcomes and ensure that the safety and protection of the society is achieved successfully. The paper includes detailed tables showing examples of force used and charts of assailant/officer action, mapping out the legitimate amount of force to be used.
From the Paper
"In 2002 the city of Detriot, Michigan underwent an investigation regarding police use of force and found that no definitions of force or the procedures that specified types of force were found in the city regulations ("Investigation", 2002, sec. 1). This led to multiple cases of excessive force that were reported to the city, civil rights organizations and the United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan. In addressing these concerns, the city attorney advised that the police department of Detroit develop stages of force that were applied to different situations, with intermediate force being a vital inclusion in those stages ("Investigations", 2002, sec. 1). The city attorney stated that intermediate force was significant because it allowed police to use chemical sprays and weapons other than guns as a means of maintaining peace and ensuring that arrests were made."
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The Use of Force Within Law-Enforcement, 2006.
This paper details the strategies and achievements by the state of Illinois when new laws were instituted to limit the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers.
903 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the success of the 1982 Illinois Criminal Justice Information Act which steadily reduced the use of excessive force in the law enforcement field. This paper also proves that through rapid mass communications there are ways and means to deal with specific situations without officers needing to resort to violence.
From the Paper
"This program along with another entitled "Safe-cities Network: Performance Partnerships to Reduce Gun Violence," are enjoying a quite remarkable success. While the latter Initiative is not a Grant Program the Network does provide some very useful information. For example it connects with other communities and law enforcement agencies with peers working on similar issues. It supports partners and shares lessons learned via its own Web-site."
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Employee Use Of Force, 1995.
A legal study of force used on guests, patrons and other employees in the private industry. Discusses atypes of torts, assault and battery, examples, reasonable vs. excessive force and self-defense.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 34 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"EMPLOYEE USE OF FORCE
Introduction
This paper will address the issues involved with employee use of reasonable and unreasonable force in the field of private industry. The discussion will explain the applicability of both federal and state case law and statutes to employee use of force on patrons and other employees. Moreover, the paper will analyze private employee use of force which constitutes assault and battery, as well as explain instances where self-defense is a justification for the employee. The paper will also define and explore issues related to false-imprisonment, detention, unnecessary use of excessive force, and searches conducted by private industry employees on guests and patrons.
Finally, this paper will make some recommendations as to what employers should do to make sure that ...
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Police Use of Force, 2002.
A discussion of where the limits lie for police use of force to be considered excessive.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the use of force by police officers is a serious issue both for the police and for the community they serve and protect. It looks at how the Constitution?s Fourth Amendment protects us from excessive force during an arrest, but since our police officers often have to deal with suspects willing to go to great lengths, including using deadly force, to evade arrest, it is inevitable that police will have to use force. It analyzes how it may be considered a balancing act: police are entitled to handcuff suspects to maintain control even if the person is later cleared. It looks at how the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1989 that use of force is central to law enforcement.
From the Paper
"The police have to walk a fine line, particularly in communities where excessive force or even police brutality have been an issue in the past. Particularly in sensitive communities, the perception of excessive force can be enough to trigger public outcries and demonstrations even when it is ultimately shown that the police officers acted with restraint given the circumstances they faced at the time. The Department of Justice has prepared a booklet for use by community police departments titled Police Use of Excessive Force: A conciliation Handbook for the Police and the Community. They make the point that communities must believe that justice will prevail if they are to have confidence in their police force (DOJ, 2002)."
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Differential Police Treatment, 2004.
This paper discusses the police use of excessive force in African-American communities.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although surveys done by the Bureau of Justice Statistics report that police officers have used excessive force in less than 1 percent of contacts with civilians and suspects, blacks perceive excessive force as a problem. The author points out the common thread of their complaints is that many members of various black communities feel that they are unfairly targeted, especially with regard to the use of excessive force, and to the differences white and black residents ascribe to these incidents, especially in nonviolent offenses. The paper concludes that, while grassroots political action can call attention to the problem, many black leaders believe that the problem can only be solved through recognition of the problem and a strong political will.
From the Paper
"Definitions of "excessive force" differ from community to community. In two middle-class communities outside of Washington, DC with a majority of black citizens, the practice of "proning out" a suspect on the ground was common during street arrests. This involves putting the individuals on the ground with their arms behind the back. Many black residents charge that individuals are proned out on the ground even when the suspect presents no danger to the officers."
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Police, Force and Race, 2004.
This paper examines the role that race plays in the police use of force.
5,650 words (approx. 22.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the role of race in police use of force. The paper explains what is necessary force vs. excessive force and discusses the conditions under which excessive force is permissible. The paper also discusses police attitudes toward African Americans and other minorities.
From the Paper
"Few people would argue about the statement that police officers have a tough job. Law enforcement officers must deal with some of the worst problems in our society. Police also have a significant amount of discretion and power which some abuse. Critics of police abuse suggest that one of the most effective tools for dealing with police abuse of power is the existence of an independent watchdog agency empowered to handle citizen complaints and armed with enough power to publish its findings and enforce its recommendations."
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Excessive Internet Usage, 2008.
This paper explores whether excessive use of the Internet should be considered an addiction.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper clarifies that the real question regarding excessive Internet use is whether or not Internet addiction is an actual condition, or if it should just be considered "Internet dependence". The paper relates that Internet addiction and other addictions have some traits in common. The paper reveals that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) does not include Internet addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The paper emphasizes, however, that more and more people are becoming dependent on technology and the Internet everyday.
From the Paper
"Should excessive use of the Internet be considered an addiction? That is what several researchers have been trying to figure out, since the internet has become such a big part of our lives. Technology is more available than just the internet. Almost everything we do today uses some kind of computer. People rely more and more on technology every day, to run their lives. Many of our human behaviors are changing, just due to our use of the internet. A few of these behaviors are gambling, gaming, sex, and communication. Potential internet addicts also portray several other disorders/addictions that can lead to internet addiction."
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Excessive Pay For Top Executives, 2002.
A discussion of the issue of top executives receiving excessive pay.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the topic of compensation of top executives. Is the pay for these executives excessive? What laws or legislation have been written concerning this topic?
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Excessive CEO Compensation, 2008.
This paper provides an ethical analysis of excessive CEO compensation.
1,728 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the ethical elements of the discussion regarding bonuses and compensation for the CEO of an organization. The writer maintains that it is ethical for CEO's to receive large compensation packages, but only if it is inclusive of benefits for all stakeholders, not at the expense of them. The writer notes that the best way to do this is through long-term compensation packages that focus on long-term commitment and vision. The writer discusses that these packages must also focus on long-term profitability and growth for the organization, job security for employees, and return on investment for shareholders and other investors. The writer concludes that ultimately, CEO compensation should realistically follow measurable performance that benefits all stakeholders, not just a few.
From the Paper
"The argument designating increasing CEO pay and decreasing shareholder value as unethical is an easy one to make. There is, however, a case to be made on the other side of the issue. Some argue that increasing CEO compensation is a simple matter of supply and demand and is driven by market forces. Others argue that the transition costs of replacing a CEO could be considerably more than the bonuses they receive. Yet another argument is that market fluctuations are inevitable and increasing bonuses are needed to retain top talent and that the investment will pay off over time. Eamonn Walsh goes as far to say that some CEO's are actually underpaid when comparing CEO compensation to stock value. It should be noted that this article focuses on the European market were CEO compensation is generally lower than in the United States. Research has shown that organizations in which their CEO's are compensated in the top 10% have an 80% percent chance of their stock outperforming their peers. Of this group the gains in market capitalization far exceeded the CEO compensation package about 80 percent of the time. On the other hand, organizations offering the lowest compensation had only a 50-50 chance of outperforming their peers."
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