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Examining the Twin Earth Thought Experiment, 2007.
A look at four philosophers' theories on the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment' and an analysis of the definition of water.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at four philosophers' theories on epistemology. It discusses their views and understanding of the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment. The paper then describes each of the philosopher's commentaries on their individual philosophy and analyzes their points and counterpoints. It also analyzes their logical reasoning with regard to their philosophy of the 'Twin Earth' thought experiment. The paper explores exactly what it is that defines water, and further, what defines a definition. It is written in a narrative form from the writer's perspective.
From the Paper
"What defines a definition? How can something be defined, and that definition be wrong? If a definition is indeed definite, what constitutes a "correct" definition? Or, what makes one definition more accurate than another? I have been presented with four different philosophical answers to the question raised of how words and definitions relate to each other. And here I am trying to come up with a definitive answer to what seems like a simple question: What is water? And as new ideas and new ways of conceptualizing come pouring in, one after the other, I am just trying to stay afloat. My mind floods with new thoughts and ideas - without letting the old ones wash away. I try not to think I'm in over my head, but I can at least skim the surface of profound thought as long as I don't hold back. Because fortunately for me, it's philosophy; there is no right and wrong answer."
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The Stanford Prison Experiment, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the prison experiment at the Stanford university.
1,011 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a study on the psychological effects of being a prisoner as well as a prison guard that was conducted at Stanford University. The paper relates that although in theory the experiment of the Stanford Prison held much promise to find what the psychological effects of being a prison inmate and guard would be like, it severely failed at several levels. The paper explains that this was due to the independent variables as well as the inappropriate relationship of the main researcher participating in the actual experiment.
Outline:
Introduction
Independent Variable
Dependant Variable
Sampling
Reliability of Experiment
Validity of Experiment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The independent variable for the Stanford Prison research study were the male college students that were chosen to participate in the study. Twenty-Four males out of seventy applicants comprised of local Stanford University students as well as other college students that were in the area were carefully screened and chosen to participate in the study.
"During the screening process for the experiment applicants that had a history of criminal behavior or criminal record as well as any mental illness or psychological disorder were immediately eliminated from participating in the study."
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Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras, 2008.
A comprehensive description of the creation of a true experiment for the use of stationary cameras in a high-risk crime area.
3,241 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras
True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment
Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper
"One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
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Tuskegee Experiment, 2006.
A brief review of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, between the years 1932 and 1972, the U.S. public Health Service (PHS) conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis in which the men did not receive treatment, were not told of the experiment, or even that they had the disease. The paper discusses how this experiment violated the ethical standards regarding human subjects in research even during that time period and how it can be considered one of the most racist, inhumane, and unethical human experiments ever conducted in the United States.
Outline:
Ethics
Position
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This experiment violated the ethical standards regarding human subjects in research even during that time period. In 1943, less than 10 years after the study began The Henderson Act was passed that required medical treatment to humans for venereal diseases, but the experimenters continued to not tell their clients that they had syphilis or that their was a cure. At the start of the study, there was no proven treatment for syphilis. But even after penicillin became a standard cure for the disease in 1947, the medicine was withheld from the men because the Tuskegee scientists wanted to continue to study how the disease spreads and kills (NPR, 2002). Even at the start of the experiment many ethical issues could have been brought up by the researchers such as why human lives were being sacrificed when no empirical evidence about syphilis was being found. The researchers had no reason to continue the study for forty years."
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Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment", 2008.
An overview and discussion on Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment" with a focus on the issue of prejudice.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment" explored issues of social roles and obedience and how the experiment utilized about 20 college-aged men who were divided
into groups of guards and prisoners in a prison-like environment. It looks at how the experiment eventually went out of control and was cancelled and contends that it was research into the nature of prejudice, with ethical flaws which could have been solved in various ways.
From the Paper
"In Zimbardo's famous experiment, the researcher divided a population into guards and prisoners and extreme prejudice developed between the groups, leading to violence and the cancellation of the experiment. The experiment became extreme, went out of control, and yielded results that could be considered unethical, but it was set up as an ethical experiment. The participants were assured that there would be no physical harm because the guards were told that this would be forbidden. Even though taking prisoners' blankets, using the fire extinguishers, and making them do physically punishing exercises constituted only minor physical harm, many of the prisoners fell apart psychologically. And one guard stated that "I lashed out with my stick and hit him in the chin (although not very hard, and when I freed myself I became angry. Acting authoritatively can be fun" (Zimbardo, 2008)."
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The Tuskegee Experiment, 2008.
A discussion of the infamous U.S. Tuskegee syphilis experiment from an ethical and scientific point of view.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the 1930 United States Public Health Service's (PHS) study on the long-term effects of untreated syphilis, known as the Tuskegee experiment. The paper reveals the shocking ethical and
human rights violations and compares them to the horrific experiments conducted by the Nazis on concentration camp prisoners in the Holocaust. The paper notes that this study was authorized,
administrated and perpetuated by the highest levels of U.S. government. The paper discusses how, ironically, this experiment was practically worthless scientifically.
Outline:
The Tuskegee Experiments
Scientific Value
Ethical Analysis
From the Paper
"In 1930, the United States Public Health Service (PHS) initiated a large study into the causes and treatments of syphilis and gonorrhea, which had to be substantially reduced in size and expense once the Great Depression took hold of the country shortly thereafter. Since insufficient funding was available for the original study, PHS officials scaled back the original study in 1932 and shifted its focus from treating the diseases to simply studying the long-term effects of untreated syphilis (Lehrer 1997)."
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The Stanford Prison Experiment, 2004.
A critical analysis of the Stanford Prison Experiment.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a critical analysis of an experiment, known as the Stanford Prison Experiment, that was conducted in order to study the psychological mechanisms relevant to human aggression. The paper explains that the study involved a single treatment variable and random assignment to either a guard or prisoner.
From the Paper
In Zimbardo, Haney and Banks conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment or the Zimbardo experiment. For this study an experimental design was used. The experiment involved a single treatment variable and random assignment to either a guard or prisoner condition. The purpose of the research was to investigate the influence of factors that are situational on the behavior of participants. Specifically, the experiment was designed to study psychological mechanisms that underlie human aggression."
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Piaget Experiment, 2003.
A summary of a Piaget experiment with young children and adolescents.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes a classic Piaget experiment with young children and adolescents. The paper begins with a discussion of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Next the paper describes the sample and procedures used in the experiment. The paper concludes with observations, analysis and implications of the results.
From the Paper
"The following research paper presents an early middle childhood and adolescent Piaget activity. An experiment with young and adolescent children was performed and findings are presented..."
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"The Perils of Obedience? and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment?, 2002.
A paper which draws comparisons between the books "The Perils of Obedience? by Stanley Milgram and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment? by Philip Zimbardo.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that both ?The Perils of Obedience? by Stanley Milgram and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment? by Philip Zimbardo essentially demonstrate the potential for ?evil? in ordinary citizens when placed in situations where stark authority is pitted against the individual?s own moral imperatives (Milgram) or when deindividuated potential perpetrators are given total power over powerless victims (Zimbardo). The paper shows that although the experiments differed vastly in design and methodology, the point of both experiments was to observe how far an individual would go in inflicting increasing pain on a victim.
From the Paper
"There were several common ethical issues thrown up by both experiments. As Zimbardo says, ?The line between Good and Evil lies in the center of every human heart?not in some abstract moral, celestial space?? (Sonoma State University Web site) Similarly, Milgram observes, ?Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience.? (Vanguard University Web site) Therefore, the same issue of ethics as in ?the individual conscience? is at the heart of both experiments on human psychology."
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Psychology Experiment: The Lucky Penny, 2000.
A psychology experiment created by the author to determine whether or not the human eye is attracted to shiny objects and motion.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
A detailed account of a psychology experiment that examines the human eye using several objects such as a shiny penny and a tarnished penny. The Hypotheses: If people were presented with either a shiny penny or a tarnished penny on the ground, then more people would pick up the shiny penny rather than the tarnished penny. The human eye is naturally attracted to light as well as light movement and the shiny penny would reflect light more efficiently than the dull penny. A penny, either tarnished or shiny, would be set in a specific spot on a sidewalk and a walking tour would guide the participants of the experiment over the pennies to see which penny gets picked up the most. Conclusions: People will look at the shiny penny and pick it up. A corroded penny will reflect no light therefore people will not see it unless they are looking directly at the ground.
From the Paper
"Walking around, place to place in this busy world, you might sometimes come across a stray, shiny penny on the ground, pick it up and say to yourself, ?This is my lucky day!? or something of that nature. However, would you pick that same penny up and pocket the lucky treasure if it were tarnished, corroded, or imperfect? If people were presented with either a shiny penny or a tarnished penny on the ground, then more people would pick up the shiny penny rather than the tarnished penny. I?ve come up with this hypothesis because the human eye is naturally attracted to light as well as light movement and the shiny penny would reflect light more efficiently than the dull penny. In addition to this reasoning, shinier objects are more appealing to humans rather than dirty or tarnished objects."
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Walking Experiment, 2005.
This paper is a complete simple experiment measuring the relative physical intensity rates related to stride requirements for level and inclined planes.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper is a report of a simple experiment to familiarize the student with the process of doing and reporting research. The author reports that the procedure for the study, using twelve volunteer subjects ranging in age from 18 years to 24 years, consists of walking experiments on a sidewalk situated on a mild 15-degree hill and a treadmill set at a comparably difficult pace, with measurement by a pedometer. The paper reports that the results of the study did confirm the hypothesis that walking uphill on an inclined sidewalk would require approximately the same amount of time within a statistically significant measure as walking on comparably set treadmills situated indoors. Many tables and graphs included. Includes a Power Point presentation of the study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Procedure
Results
Sidewalk
Treadmill
Correlations: Pearson 2-tailed
Conclusion
Appendix A: Sample Worksheet for Field Data Collection
Appendix B: Power-Point Presentation
From the Paper
"The stopwatch was also stopped at this point by the researcher and the time required to take this many steps recorded on a worksheet by the researcher who was present and observing the experiments (a sample copy of such a worksheet is attached at Appendix A). In the event of inclement weather such as rain, snow or other elements that would impede the sidewalk field experiment, the walk should be postponed to another day with better weather; furthermore, attacks by stray dogs, interference by bystanders or other pedestrians or acts of God will invalidate any given subject's walk, which would then have to be repeated to ensure the reliability of the results. "
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The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, 2004.
Looks at both sides of the debate concerning the results of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment.
1,903 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of several questions about domestic violence. The writer of the paper explores mandatory arrests, victim?s questions, and the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment to discuss the topic and solutions.
From the Paper
"The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE) has been critical in changing policy responses toward domestic violence.
The experiment tested the outcome of arresting assailants in domestic violence cases. The results of the experiment concluded that future violence was much less likely to occur when arrests were done. The experiment provided answers that had been questions for a long time regarding the actual impact being arrested had on domestic violence abusers. The experiments conclusions helped lead to many of the current mandatory arrest and mandatory prosecution laws that are in place throughout the nation today. When the experiment results were publicized, states and towns rushed to use them to underscore the importance of passing mandatory arrest and prosecution laws. Experts have lined up on both sides of this debate. Some argue that it was the only logical conclusion while others believe the study results should have been replicated before charging forward and acting on those results."
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Experiment for Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, 2005.
Presents an experiment relating to the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA).
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an experiment that tests the hypothesis that the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) presents a problem for regular education teachers in public schools as it detracts from the time that they are able to spend instructing and aiding regular students because they are busy with the integrated disabled students. Hypothesis testing ideas included in this table are those of null hypothesis, alternative (statistical) hypothesis, significance, level, Type 1 and Type 2 error and internal validity threats.
From the Paper
"In the United States of the 1970s, there was educational legislation passed by the U.S. government under the name of the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, or the IDEA. The IDEA strove to level the playing field for the nation's many children suffering from disabilities, be they physical or mental in nature, by requiring that these students be incorporated into the "least restrictive" environment of regular classrooms, instead of their traditional setting of special education classrooms (The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) 1-2). However, this legislation has been thought to be somewhat detrimental to the educational environment of the "regular" students in classrooms, as teachers might be diverted from helping these students while attending to the many and varied needs of the disabled students."
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Velocity Experiment Using a Thin-Walled Cylinder, 2000.
A report on an experiment designed to demonstrate that the radius r of a thin-walled, rigid-body cylinder, when neglecting friction, has no effect upon the velocity of the center of mass vcm of the cylinder down an inclined plane of constant angle q.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 2 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This is accomplished by showing that vcm of the cylinder is a function of gravity g down an inclined plane and the height h of the inclined plane, unaffected by the radius of the cylinder as given in the equation
vcm = (gh)1/2
The lab is an original comprehensive work with a full theoretical background of derived equations, and tables and graphs displaying all pertinent experimental data. "
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Experiment Using Newton's Second Law of Motion, 1998.
A report of an experiment investigating the relationship between the acceleration a of a dynamic cart of constant mass M, pulled up a 300 inclined plane, and an independent variable found with the force of a falling weight hanger of mass m.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 52.95
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From the Paper
" From Newton's Second Law of Motion, F = ma, it was determined that
a = [(2m ? M) / (m + M)](g / 2).
The lab is an original comprehensive work with a full theoretical background of derived equations, and tables and graphs displaying all pertinent experimental data. Several illustrations are also used to convey the details of the experimental method."
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