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The Evolution of the Roman Theater, 2005.
The history and development of the architecture of the Roman theater building. An in-depth look at how the ancient Romans borrowed heavily from the Greek example, but improved upon it to create a building that was uniquely Roman.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.
From the Paper
"Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."
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Roman Theatre, 2006.
This paper discusses Roman theatre and its history.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Roman theatre and explains that it was vastly influenced by the Greek theatre although they have many differences. The paper provides an outline of the general history of Roman theatre and discusses how the Roman theatre gives us an insight on the Romans and their culture. The paper relates that it has played an important part in the beginning and evolution of the European theatre.
From the Paper
"The Roman theatre faced some problems in the beginning due to the fact that the audience was distracted by other events. The first performance of Hecyra was a ruin because the audience was distracted by the boxers and the rope dancer. The second performance was again a disaster as people heard of a rumor that a "gladiatorial display was about to take place" (W. Beare, p.165). The stage was a wooden one and some people hold the view that at a time the Romans had created a revolving stage. This is not considered as an authentic historical record of the history of Roman theatre. The actors and their dressing rooms were located behind the stage."
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The Roman Theater, 2005.
This paper discusses the Roman theater using Terence's "The Brothers" as an example.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Roman theater differs in many ways from the Greek theater. It explains that while Greek comedy is political and tries to tackle large issues, Roman comedy is of a more circumstantial, of everyday nature and may be versed with a lot of ethical ideas but it does not blatantly criticize the government or the Republic; nevertheless, the ethical valor of Roman comedy should not be overlooked. The author points out that Terence's "The Brothers", first performed at the funeral games for Lucius Aemilius Paulus in 160 B.C., is the only documented instance of dramatic performances at games outside the regular calendar of public festivals although theater historians believe that there may well have been others. The paper relates that Terence introduced the mixed-metre recitative for some passages instead of the single-metre as in Menander and Plautus; Terence's spoken scenes are all in iambic senarii, which is a six-foot line similar to the English blank verse but with an extra foot and is closer to ordinary speech.
From the Paper
"The facade in Roman comedy invariably consisted of three doors, which were the doors to three neighboring houses. In front of them, where the stage action took place, was a road. The stage also had one door on each side. These side entrances had a fixed conventional significance. The right hand entrance (from the audience's point of view) led to the city center and the left hand entrance led to the country. When characters entered through these entrances, they were announced by characters on stage prior to their actual entry. If two characters entered together, they usually did so in mid-conversation. When a single character entered, he/she usually uttered a monologue before being accosted by the people on stage. In both cases, the bystanders on stage made asides, commenting on the newcomers' conversation or monologue, before letting the newcomers be aware of their presence. "
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Roman Slavery and Roman Comedy, 2004.
An analysis of Roman literature's comedic view of enslavement.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review of such works as Plautus?s two comedies, ?The Pot of Gold? and ?Pseudolus?, how Roman drama is not a seamless construction of slave identity, or even a seamless construction of a world of upside-down power relations between master and servant. It shows how it is an uncertain negotiation of real life tensions where harsh realities and punishments of slaves existed simultaneously with portrayals of individuals in the Roman media of the day who were clearly human.
From the Paper
"Clearly, slavery in the ancient Roman world was socially stigmatized. However, what is so fascinating about the Roman?s version of this ?peculiar institution,? as slavery was often called in the American South, was that slaves did not occupy a stigmatized racial class, as they did in the American South. That is to say that in the racist, antebellum South, a free black man was still stigmatized by his race. However, in Rome, an individual who was a slave might be highly regarded as well as treated like chattel, if he or she possessed special educational or artistic skills. Slaves were often captured prisoners of war, and valued for their social contributions as well as socially despised."
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Impact of Gothic Tribal Warfare on Late Roman Empire, 2001.
Foundations of Roman imperial security. Rome's Balkans' frontier. Origins of Goth migration. Roman-Gothic relations. Decline in effectiveness of Roman Army & victories of Goths.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines the relations between the late Roman Empire and the Gothic tribes which pressed upon Rome's frontiers in the southeast Balkans in the late 4th century A.D. The focal point is the period covered by Ammianus Marcellinus in his The Late Roman Empire (A.D. 354-378) which culminated in a devastating defeat by the Goths of the Romans outside Adrianople in Thrace in 378. The vulnerability of the empire to barbarian pressures in this area was revealed by the Gothic wars of the mid-3rd century. Despite the efforts of its reforming Illyrian emperors of the late 3rd and early 4th centuries, which temporarily restored an uneasy peace on its Balkan frontiers, Rome found itself militarily overextended and internally weakened by a series of developments which rendered it incapable..."
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Ancient Roman Literature, 2008.
A discussion of the worth of Roman literature and a comparison of the meter and themes of Roman literature to Greek literature.
851 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the value of the works of the great Roman poets and prose authors. The paper specifically discusses how Roman literature and poetry is criticized because it lacks originality, being greatly indebted to the Greek texts. It describes the meter and themes of Roman literature and discusses how these, and even the mere details, are most of the times only imitations of the Greek writings.
From the Paper
"Thus, Roman art can be characterized by the lack of spontaneity and speculative power. The Romans were a logical and practical people, usually engaged in political affairs or warfare. The greatest conquerors of the antiquity, the Romans were also the greatest civilizing power. Their systematic and disciplined spirit laid the foundations of the Western civilization. As it is obvious from the lyric, dramatic and epical works of the Roman writers, they Roman people was certainly not inclined to philosophy as the Greeks had been. Indeed, the only writer who can be said to have contributed meaningfully to the realm of antique philosophy is the multidimensional Cicero, who is the only Roman methodological philosopher: "Philosophy was not a natural growth at Rome: indeed, it was regarded by the average Roman with definite mistrust, and we hear that philosophers were banished from the city in 161 B. C....The Roman, essentially a man of action engaged in the practical business of war or politics, was not given to pausing on his way to reflect deeply on the nature of the world or the ultimate meaning of human life."(Bailey, 183) The Romans were thus less preoccupied with the ultimate meaning of the universe and of life, as the Greeks were, but rather with the world of action and human behavior. Usually associated with imitation rather than creation, Roman art had nevertheless its own force precisely through its absolute conformity to classicism."
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The End of the Western Roman Empire, 2002.
An overview of the downfall of the Western Roman Empire through a review of Edward Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper is written about the end of the Western Roman Empire. The classic work in the field is provided by Edward Gibbon in "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". Gibbon's essential argument was one that attributed the "fall" (the use of this term today being itself a source of controversy) to "Christianity, which he claimed had undermined the ancient warrior traditions of the Romans and, through the influence of monasticism and asceticism, turned them away from earthly things".
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Non-Roman Christians: Texts, 2004.
Examines how Roman Christian authors viewed non-Roman Christians through their writings.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The view of non-Roman Christians as constructed by Roman Christians is examined in this paper through three texts. The first two are texts by anonymous authors, both translated by Kenneth B. Wolf and dated 750 and 850, respectively. These two texts represent two widely diverse views of the Muslim faith and the Arab people. The third text concerns the view of the Greek Orthodoxy and is translated by Ernest F. Henderson.
From the Paper
"The initial Roman intention was to achieve peace by means of a marriage between Otto II and a Greek princess. Despite the fact that Liutprand arrives in peace as an emissary to conduct negotiations, by his account, his reception is nothing short of hostile and even barbaric: Liutprand and his companions were held prisoner without food or drink, and in terrible conditions (Henderson, 1910, p. 442). Things never improve throughout the narrative, and the Greeks; most especially the orthodoxy, are shown to be stingy and hypocritical: ?In all Greece - I speak truly and do not lie - I found no hospitable bishops. They are at the same time poor and rich; rich in gold, with which they play from full coffers; poor in servants and implements.? (Henderson, 1910, p. 475)."
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"A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors", 2002.
A review of Anthony Blond's book, "A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors", characterizing the Roman era.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book, "A Scandalous History of the Roman Emperors" by Anthony Blond, who seems to have written a history of Rome for the current tabloid age. The paper illustrates the book as both a history of the Emperors and a characterization of the age. The paper describes the picture created by the author of the Roman era, and the stories he tells of the emperors, from Julius Caesar to Nero. This is followed by a discussion of Rome as a city and an empire. The paper claims that although the author of the book states that there is nothing original in his book, the paper shows that the approach he takes to the material is original.
From the Paper
"One monument that Blond gives special attention, as did the Romans, is the Colosseum, notable for the money, effort, materials, and time spent on construction. This space was central in Rome, providing an arena for the Games and so far watching the slaughter of men and beasts. The base of its pillars consist of blocks of seventy cubic feet of stone, each weighing five tons. Some 50,000 wagonloads of tavertine were brought to the site."
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Roman Republic Power, 2002.
An examination of the lack of central power in the Roman Republic.
1,616 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer argues that if Rome had not transferred power to one man it would have fallen far sooner then it did. The writer discusses the lack of centralized power in the rapidly expanding Roman Republic. It examines the reasons for the fall of the Roman Republic and why it was necessary for the Roman Republic to become the Roman Empire.
From the Paper
"The ancient Roman Republic, which was established with the expulsion of the last Etruscan king in 509 BCE and ended around 31 BCE with the start of the Roman Empire, was generally very successful, but especially toward its fall was plagued by internal and external conflict which would lead to the necessity of an Empire. When looking at an achievement of the Roman Republic such as its expansion of great amounts of territory, one can see that one main element the Roman Republic lacked was centralized power. This lack of a central power would eventually lead to great unhappiness among the masses and to the downfall of the Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire."
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Germanic Royal Authority in the Roman Empire, 2002.
This paper is a scenario: A Germanic member of Clovis' court explains to a Gallo-Roman bishop why the Germans were given Royal Authority in the Former Roman Empire.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the central treatise that Clovis, unlike his contemporaries, was a leader who stressed unity on a political, cultural and military level to further his reign and to create a sense of peace within the territory to which his reign expanded. The paper continues that Christianity created a further sense of unity in his kingdom, but it was not alone responsible for this unity. The paper points out that Clovis extended the spoils equally to his army, regardless of ethnicity and behaved without prejudice.
From the Paper
"This was true even before Clovis converted to Christianity in 496 after his marriage to the Christian Clotila after his glorious victory in the battle of Tolbiac. Clovis was always willing to unite with people of diverse nature, including the Gaelic episcopate, even when he was a pagan. His military structure was primarily determined upon loyalty to himself, rather than upon a soldier?s ethnic character. Lastly, the common military respect and fear long shared between the German and Roman people must be taken into consideration as well. Despite many cultural differences, since the great emperor Julius? time, Germanic military fierceness and unity was respected by all."
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Development of the Roman Alphabet, 2006.
This in-depth paper delves into the historic origins of the Roman alphabet which is also known as Western or Latin alphabet.
2,842 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details the characteristics of the Roman alphabet which is comprised of 26 letters, ranging from A-Z. This paper discusses how this particular form of communication came into being by tracing its roots back to the Roman empire. The writer contends and explains the manner in which the Roman alphabet came to represent the development of phonetic alphabets in early society in which the Greeks and Romans were considered equal cultures. This paper discusses the ongoing disagreements of various historians in regards to the actual birth of the Roman alphabet which has been adopted by many societies and countries around the world. This paper examines the phonetic aspects of this alphabet and how it's used in numerous world languages. This paper also analyzes the manner in which the alphabet relates to general speech and communication and its relevance in a literate society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Characteristics and History
Speech, Writing and the Roman Alphabet
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Roman alphabet is not recognizably hieroglyphic like some examples of hieroglyphic alphabets like ancient Egyptian, in which you can really see the pictogram and say that it is supposed to look like a hawk, or a person, or a temple. Looking at the letter A for example you couldn't really say that it is supposed to look like anything because it just looks like a symbol. Also the Roman alphabet is not syllabic. Some alphabets, such as Korean, have character symbol that means a whole syllabic word or can be combined with radicals to form other wirds. But the Roman alphabet is arranged in a different manner in terms of suggested sounds instead of syllables. There are many perspectives on how the alphabet has helped us."
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Tacitus: An Interpretation of Roman History, 2003.
An examination of the writings of Roman historian, Tacitus, focusing on his work, "The Annals of Imperial Rome".
2,935 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of the work of Tacitus in "The Annals of Imperial Rome" and his bias on the government of the Roman Empire. It explains that, as a former official within the imperial regime, Tacitus had a bird's-eye view of the goings-on within the Roman Empire, beginning with the reign of Augustus Caesar; his experience within the Empire, however, influenced his opinions on the history of Rome. Tacitus had a tendency to change the speeches of Roman leaders to enhance his arguments about the effectiveness of leadership within the Roman Empire. This leads to many questions about the nature of his interpretation of Roman history.
From the Paper
"Modern historians constantly grapple with the dilemma of accuracy and objectivity, or the lack of it, in the antiquated documents that their predecessors painstakingly devised for future examination. While many written documents of antiquity do not survive to reveal their obligatory tales, those that do are often miserably translated or fail to elaborate upon the subjects with which modern historians are concerned. However, these invaluable primary sources are, in some cases, the only evidence available of the events occurring during periods that have been obscured by contemporary affairs. The era of the notorious Roman Empire has fallen prey to this occurrence; the remaining documents of this period are few, and some are simply portions of the original works. Tacitus? work, The Annals of Imperial Rome, is especially intriguing since it is one of a few surviving reports chronicling a group of individuals who rule during the early empire. Herein lies the unavoidable question: because his work is one of a scarce group, against what scale may its exactness be measured?"
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The Hero: Greek vs. Roman View, 1982.
This paper compares Greek and Roman views of a hero: Zeus is the Greek name for the leader of the gods, and Jupiter is the corresponding leader of the Roman gods.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to compare Greek and Roman views of a hero. Zeus is the Greek name for the leader of the gods, and Jupiter is the corresponding leader of the Roman gods. The Greek gods of Olympus were well represented in Greek art and literature, and the influence of these works was so great in Rome that ancient Roman deities were changed to resemble the corresponding Greek gods and were considered to be the same. Because the Romans did not have personified gods of their own, they easily adopted the Greek gods. The Romans had great religious feeling, but they also had little imagination and could never have created the Olympians, each a distinct, vivid personality, on their own. Before they adopted these personalities from the Greeks, the Roman gods were vague entities, called the Numina, which means the Powers of the . "
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The Roman Empire, 2004.
This paper discusses the Roman Empire from the period of 6000 BC to its collapse in 476 AD, focusing on the more ancient period.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after the Stone Age, the earliest known Bronze Age culture of Europe and the Mediterranean was the Minoan, an ancient civilization on what is now Crete in the Mediterranean prior to classical Greek culture. The author points out that the advances in building construction led to the widespread use of the arch by the Romans and to the invention of durable cements and concrete for structures that have survived to the present times. The paper clarifies that, although Rome possessed a collection of tribute-states for centuries before the autocracy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state conventionally is described as the Roman Republic; the difference between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic lies primarily in the governing bodies and their relationship to each other.
From the Paper
"In discussing history over such great spans of time, historians rely on what is known as the classic three-age system. The system divides early human history into three distinct phases based upon the level of technology developed and the materials used in forming tools. These three ages and their exact placement in time vary according to geographic region; some regions developed the use of bronze and iron before others. Indeed, there are still Stone Age cultures extant on the planet, although that is becoming more and rarer as the years pass. Other ages than the ones mentioned are used by archaeology to delineate ?sub-ages? that distinguish when a particular material (usually a metal) began to be used in tool-making and industry (examples include the Copper Age, the Silver Age, or the Gold Age)."
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