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Evolution and Progress, 2001.
An analysis of the different theories of evolution of Herbert Spencer, Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward Tylor and Franz Boas.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the theories of the evolutionists regarding evolution and progress and compares them to the criticism presented by Frank Boas on the theory of human progress.
From the Paper
"Herbert Spenser, Lewis Morgon and Taylor all depended strictly on the theoretical dimensions of the theory of evolution and social progress and did not take into account the statistics that would have upheld their theories. They suggested that the theories were infallible on their own but Boas had other thoughts. In the earliest years of anthropology, words and things were treated as objects to be collected: the Linnaean concept of material objects as natural history specimens parallels the folklorist's notion of narrative plots as collectible, mappable, comparable things (Chapman 1985). Boas, early on, considered them to be 'pre-existing' attributes of culture, somehow pure because they seemed to him less influenced by the ethnographic observer than other aspects of culture. While the evolutionary theorists depended on cultural changes for proof of development Boas demanded statistical evidence and therein lay the main point of dissent for without evidence the evolutionists became just another fragment of society offering a theory with no evidence."
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Human Evolution, 2008.
Describes human evolution beginning with the separation of hominids from anthropoids about 5-6 million years ago.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as human evolution progressed from the australopithecines to Homo sapiens, early man began to walk upright, use fire, tools and language and create culture. The author describes the main species known in the evolutionary tract but omits other intermediates for which very few fossils have been found. Of these know species, the paper discusses distinguishing characteristics, what type of tool culture they had, and if they had any type of socialization. The author presents briefly famous archaeological finds. Includes many figures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Australopithecines
Homo
Homo Habilis
Homo Erectus/ Homo Ergaster
Homo Neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Cro-Magnon
Homo Sapien Sapien
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most famous Australopithecine fossil is Lucy. The A. afarensis fossils were found in Hader, Ethiopia and were about 40% complete, including bipedal kneecaps and molars and front teeth similar to humans rather than great apes. Another famous fossil find was the Taung infant, found by Raymond Dart in Taung, South Africa. The A. africanus fossil consisted of the face, mandible, and a natural endocast of the brain case. Another famous find was the set of three footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey."
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Evolution and Religion, 2005.
An overview of the evolution versus creation debate.
1,818 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
Science and religion have become dominant forces in today?s world, and the battle between these two topics continues to affect many aspects of modern society. Although opinions have changed since the days of Charles Darwin and the time of the famous ?Scope?s Monkey Trial? in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, science and religion, especially in the area of evolution, continue to seek answers to some very basic questions, such as exactly how life originated on earth and the direction in which life is heading. The paper shows that the fact that scientists and theologians frequently arrive at different answers to these questions does not seem to be the problem; in essence, the true problem lies in the vastly divergent approaches used by each in finding the answers to these seminal questions. The paper shows that, essentially, science utilizes the power of reason and logic in its search for the truth, while religion depends almost wholly upon faith. In addition, science incorporates experimentation and observation, while religion embraces revelation as found in the Holy Bible and other religious doctrines. Thus, the scientist may attempt to explain human origins through progressive evolution, while the religious scholar looks to the creative process described in Genesis. The paper explains that attempting to discover which pathway is correct seems to be the most important aspect of this entire debate, yet it remains unclear whether science or religion will prevail in the end.
From the Paper
"In nature, artificial selection usually involves the best and strongest genes in an organism that are then used to maintain growth and control to the most extreme. These selections always act upon the whole organism and not just a single gene, and all desirable features and any potentially unwanted features are balanced by the process of selection. As a result, artificial selection influences all of an organism?s genes and makes them work together to produce the various physical features of an animal or a plant. When artificial selection is thwarted by what is known as a mutation, being a radical and often quick alteration in an organism?s general appearance or function, it may take many generations for this mutation to alter the entire population."
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Evolution, 2007.
This paper looks at evolution and discusses some of the controversies and other theories of how life evolved.
2,865 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that by looking at fossil records over the history of life on earth, it is possible to see a progression from the earliest microscopic fossils three and a half billion years ago, which were similar to blue-green algae and bacteria, to homo sapiens that live today and came into being at least 50,000 years ago. The writer maintains that most scientists believe that this progression is what Charles Darwin hypothesized as an evolution of life that continued or died out due to natural selection, which consisted of many small gradual changes as the organisms adjusted to their environment. The writer notes that it is human nature, however, to continually see how new scientific research or even personal values equate with a theory. The writer concludes that in the future, one could actually say that the study of evolution will evolve as new information is found through advances in science such as genetics and brain imaging, as well as ongoing archaeological and geological finds.
Outline:
Argument One: Saltation
Argument Two: Punctuated Equilibria
Argument Three: Creationism
References Cited
From the Paper
"Darwin's Theory of Evolution states that life evolved through natural selection gradually over millions of years. Small changes eventually led to new species. According to natural selection, animals, organisms and plants adapt to their environment. This is called artificial selection, because it is nature not humans that chooses the animals that multiply. Random chance determines the traits that are passed on from one generation to another."
"For example, in England prior to the Industrial Revolution, peppered moths were light colored with tiny dark patches that were the same color as the lichen on which they landed. Because they were this color, they could blend in with the lichen and not be noticed by birds and eaten. Darker moths that were more easily seen by their prey were eaten before they could reproduce. However, when the lichen started to become darker because of the soot in the air from the increasing industry, the light-colored moths began to stand out. Now they were vulnerable, instead of the darker moths. The dark moths became more abundant, and the white moths became a rarity."
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The Evolution Of Windows, 2002.
This paper details the progression of the Windows 3.1 operating system to Windows 95 to NT 4.0.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper details the progression of the Windows 3.1 operating system to Windows 95 to NT 4.0. Windows 3.1 is first discussed, along with a description of its advantages over both the previous operating system, DOS (Disk Operating System) as well as previous versions of Windows. The limitations of the OS are also discussed to explain the natural progression to Windows 95, a far more powerful OS. The development of Windows NT 4.0, a major milestone in the evolution of the operating system in corporate and network environments, is discussed along with its necessity in the market. Sources.
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Progressive Iranian Youth, 2007.
An analysis of the social revolution by the progressive youth in Iran.
2,188 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the "new revolution" among the youth of Iran in order to come to a comprehensive understanding of the reality of the Iranian situation. It discusses some of the numerous variables influencing the complex society of Iran, including the revolt and the demographics of the population. The paper looks at the signs of change and indications of the refusal by the majority of young people to accept the mores and norms of formal Iranian society and discusses how this is changing the face of Iran.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Overview
The Evolution of Revolt
The New Revolution and the Progressive Youth
From the Paper
"Opinion polls conducted in the country indicate that the vast majority of Iranians are in favor of reform. There is a growing belief that change in the country is inevitable and that the desire for reform, especially among the youth, cannot be halted. "One reformist academic, who asked not to be named, believes the longer hardliners block reforms and fail to ease the social restrictions of the Islamic state, the more problems they are storing up." (Judah T.) The suggested inevitability of this reform is linked as well to the growing number of well-educated young people in the country. On the one hand a well educated young population is an important asset for Iran, on the other hands "... it also poses a risk if economic and political reforms do not provide them with better opportunities." (Youth shapes Iran's economy)"
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Progress and Justice, 2005.
This paper discusses whether progress always destroys the environment and explores the meaning of justice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that progress will not lead to the destruction of the environment because we merely need to think through what our understanding of progress is, or should be and encourage the young to work for progress of kinds other than financial progress. The paper also refutes as a statement that justice is the will of the weak over the strong, noting that justice is an ideal and in many human situations, injustice is counterproductive.
From the Paper
"Human ideas of progress do not lead ultimately to the destruction of the earth's environment. The paper explains that the earth's environment has been harmed because of ideas of what progress is that have been incorrect. For example, the Industrial Revolution in Europe happened in ways that made human beings believe that they were conquering nature and that this was a good thing and that it would keep bringing new prosperity. In the same way, the Western business world rose up in this long idea of progress, in much larger markets, in the search for new products and markets and a total mindset that was geared to making profits by conquering new challenges."
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Progress in Philosophy, 2005.
Examines the views of two philosophers, John Stuart Mill and Niccolo Machiavelli, on the theme of progress.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
Philosophers throughout history have looked at progress within individuals and society differently. In this essay, the views of two of the most renowned philosophers are addressed. John Stuart Mill and Niccolo Machiavelli both have opinions that describe how the individual should be governed and what liberty should be given to them. Though only Mill describes in his writings that progress is indeed possible, this paper interprets Machiavelli's beliefs to disagree. This essay examines whether progress is possible, how it can be achieved, and if it cannot, why that is.
From the Paper
"Progress is defined as improvement or development, and in this context, progress is the idea that we are moving forward towards the truth or a greater understanding of the truth. "I affirm no such thing. As mankind improves, the number of doctrines which are no longer disputed or doubted will be constantly on the increase; and the well-being of mankind may almost be measured by the number and gravity of the truths which have reached the point of being contested." (Mill 42) In this quote, Mill believes that we are on a road to the greater understanding of the truth. Mill has an overall idea that liberty is the catalyst for progress in a society and within an individual. He believes this is possible even through states that are not as developed. "
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Wright's - "A Short History of Progress", 2005.
A discussion of the book "A Short History of Progress" by Ronald Wright.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the book "A Short History of Progress" written by Ronald Wright. Wright argues that progress, as an ideology, is merely a myth. The paper describes how humans see their own progress and advancement in the rapid transition from an industrial economy to information based one, while the reality is that the food technology of the late Stone Age is the only one we cannot live without. The writer explains that the crops of about a dozen ancient people feed the 6 billion people of the world today.
From the Paper
"Ronald Wright is a British historian and the author of "A Short History of Progress", an interesting and challenging read. The book is small in appearance, but packs a big punch in terms of jamming the pages with historical facts and antidotes that are informative and intriguing. In his book, he examines the progress and downfall of ancient civilizations. Wright's purpose for writing the book is to warn people of the potential loom and doom facing contemporary society if no attempt is made to avoid the same disasters of civilizations past."
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The Progressive Era, 2004.
A discussion on the Progressive Era from a social and political viewpoint
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Progressive Era in American History, incorporating Sinclair's The Jungle and Doctorow's Ragtime. It relates Progressive ideals to the election of 1912 and explores social motives and ramifications of the Progressive Era.
From the Paper
"The historical time period in the United States preceding the Progressive Era often called the Gilded Age was a time of growing industrialization and conglomeration of corporate interests into trusts. Many grew rich during this period and many more were left poor. As immigrants moved into the country from Southern and Eastern Europe filling cities and factories and bringing their old-world ways to America many among the blue-blood upper and middle classes who had pulled themselves up by their bootstraps to economic success in ..."
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The Illusion of Progress, 2004.
A detailed and historically based investigation of models of social progress.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
Progress is something we tend to take as unproblematic in our day to day lives, yet for the sociologist, it is anything but. This paper intends to explicate where our ideas regarding social progress originate and where they are headed. Are things better today than in the past? Before we are capable of meaningfully questioning our current state of affairs, we must first immerse ourselves in the question - "what does it mean to progress?"
From the Paper
"Sociology took its first steps following the Enlightenment. Embodied in Marx, Durkheim and Weber, the ?Enlightenment Paradigm? has been an unyielding and defining presence in the discipline. More recently, sociology has appeared to have developed a kind of discursive ?hangover? from this phase in its maturity. It is this hangover that is to be the topic of this essay. To begin, we must consider what the Enlightenment Paradigm means for sociology, what sociology was originally defined as being. Then, we must examine the pivotal idea in dispute, progress. To have a full grasp on this battle over an idea, we must look at progress as both Enlightenment and post-modern thinkers have understood it. Also worthy of note is Immanuel Wallerstein?s world system theory, which posits progress as deeply relational, and this too will be explored. It is only from this foundation that we can see what sociology has retrieved from the Enlightenment, and can offer us for the future."
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The Progressive Era, 2008.
This paper studies the progressive era and looks at the United States and Latin America, labor and nationalism in this regard.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the progressive era in the United States meant that there would be regulations that controlled industry and that no one industry would be capable of driving up prices or negatively impacting the common consumer. The writer notes that the chief proponent of the progressive movement was President Theodore Roosevelt. The writer then points out that Roosevelt felt, as many Americans of the time did, that large industries were beginning to control the lives of citizens and that unless some form of control was placed on these industries people would not be capable of having any hope of achieving success. The writer concludes that ultimately the impact of the American progressive era on Latin American countries was felt in the labor force, as well as in the nationalism that began to arise.
Outline:
United States Impact Abroad
Latin America: Labor and Nationalism
From the Paper
"President Roosevelt further believed that the manner in which many industries were operating would eventually cause environmental concerns throughout the United States. Because of this, Roosevelt moved to limit the amount of land that could be used by businesses and protect the natural environment in the country. This meant the creation of national parks and preserves, as well as the protection of national forests. By 1902 Roosevelt was also focusing on the protection of rivers and waterways within the country to protect the natural habitat of wildlife and ensure that there was adequate irrigation. This was because it was evident that industries were failing to comprehend the impact that their mining, oil drilling, use of timber and use of waterways was contaminating the environment. Roosevelt felt that the only way to ensure that these natural areas were safe in that time and in the future was to forcibly make industries to comply with federal laws."
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Business Progress, 2006.
In this paper the author examines how businesses have progressed in America and what they have had to face.
3,148 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the progress that businesses have made over the past few decades. He highlights how American corporations were responsible in the past for many innovations and inventions, from the railroad to the telephone to the automobile. But as he points out, this progress has slowed down. The author proceeds to examine the changes, not as a result of lazy workers or inept management, but rather the technological changes that have taken place. He discusses the theories of Michael Hammer and James Champy, that there are three forces which are driving company managers and executives into unfamiliar territory, customers, competition and change. The author describes some specific companies and technologies which are now lagging behind. In conclusion he states that it has become necessary not only for companies to become technologically savvy, but also re-engineer their corporations to reflect the trends in technology. He advises that business plans needs to be structured to be marketable in this new age and convenient for the customer.
From the Paper
"The bottom line according to the authors is that if a company wishes to survive into the next century, then drastic change is necessary. The negative factors, which are causing problems for companies that continue to do business the old way are not new ones, but in the past there was not much reason to worry about them, but today could destroy them. The authors suggest that the company needs to be reengineered. Reengineering is "the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance..." Contained in this definition are four key words. Companies need to ask fundamental questions about themselves and their operations without assumptions or givens. The focus is on what must be done then on how to do it. "It ignores what is and concentrates on what should be."
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California Politics: The Progressive Movement, 2002.
A look at California state and local politics during the Progressive Era.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This ten-page undergraduate paper discusses California state and local politics during the Progressive Era and the impact these events had on the national government scene. Much of the content of the paper focuses on California Governor Hiram Johnson, who led the Progressive movement in the state.
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"Pilgrim?s Progress", 2006.
A review of the story "Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan.
2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the multi-faceted story "Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan. The paper explains that Bunyan wrote the story while he was in jail and claims it came to him a dream. The author of this paper neither accepts nor rejects that claim, however, he does show how the story itself is written in a dream-like manner. The paper examines "Pilgrim's Progress" from a variety angles, starting with its Christian-based metaphors and religious/spiritual message. Next, the paper critiques the story's characters, who, with names like Obstinate, Atheist, Prejudice, and Ill-Will, are also symbols for Bunyan's story of humanity and Christianity. The paper concludes that while the book is clearly imprinted by Bunyan's Puritan background and life in 17th century England, the modern reader can still appreciate this fantastical story.
From the Paper
"The Pilgrim's Progress is written in the "similitude of a dream"; Bunyan recounts a dream in which he views the progress or journey of Christian (and later Christian's wife Christiana) from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. Along the way, Christian passes through places bearing names like Vanity, Beulah, Doubting Castle, and Beautiful. He also encounters physical obstacles like the Slough of Despond, the Hill Difficulty, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, and the river before the gate to the Celestial City. As the names suggest, the setting of The Pilgrim's Progress consists of places that represent different spiritual and mental states and temptations. The Hill Difficulty may appear as a real hill to be climbed on Christian's journey; just as surely it represents the spiritual obstacles that must be overcome if Christian is to make progress on his journey to the Celestial City. The keeper of the Doubting Castle, Giant Despair, may appear to be a fairy tale monster who keeps his captives under lock and key. He also represents the particular psychological condition one will fall prey to when one's faith begins to slip."
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