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The Evolution of Musical Notation, 2006.
A discussion regarding the evolution of musical notation, focusing specifically on classical versus jazz.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
A review of the history of musical notation, the way that musical compositions can be passed from one generation of performers to the next generation of performers. According to the paper, musical notation makes musical training both more diverse as well as more practical. This paper discusses the development of classical and jazz musical notation.
From the Paper
"Fake books and jazz notation originated with illegal transcriptions of overheard music, although most fake books today copyrighted with the permission of the artist. The original fake book transcribers were not trained musicians, however, merely persons who had overheard or played a particular song they liked and wished to improvise from the tune's base. The books began with music 'of the people' and were designed for musicians who were not often formally trained themselves, perhaps could not even read music very well, but knew enough to use the notes and skeletal information to create music in the context of a performance. Unlike a large orchestra, the musicians knew one another well, and could communicate with one another musically during a performance, unlike musicians across a large concert hall."
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Music Notation, 2002.
The differences between European and Chinese muisc notation.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper depicts a comparison of the traditional European and Chinese music notation of the past.
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Negative Impact of Popular Music and Music Videos, 2003.
Investigates the negative impact of popular music and music videos on youth in the United States today.
3,623 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The music industry spends enormous amounts of money to create music videos that will make a profit, and the one ingredient they have consistently found that helps sell their products is violence; this violence is usually directed toward women. The AAP notes that there is a paucity of research concerning the impact of such gratuitous violence on children and adolescents. To this end, this paper demonstrates this relationship through a critical review of the literature, followed by a summary of the research and recommendations in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The definitions concerning what constitutes entertainment and what is protected by the 1st Amendment do not necessarily address the underlying problems of violence in the media and sometimes only serve to merely contribute to the statistical haze that surrounds an already complex situation. The recent appearance of national leaders on MTV attests to the importance and power of music videos in shaping the nation?s conscience. Further, while many non-black observers feel that rap music is just ?so much noise generated by angry black youths,? rap music or simply ?rap,? is in actuality a reflection of the current affairs within the communities in which it is performed. Rap is a ?genre of rhythm-and-blues music that consists of rhythmic vocals declaimed over musical accompaniment. The accompaniment generally consists of electronic drum beats combined with samples (digitally isolated sound bites) from other musical recordings? (Bowman, 2003). From this perspective, rap is an extension of the Black Power movement of the 1960s, and has embodied the essence of the young black culture. The first rap recording was made in 1979 and the genre rose to prominence in the United States in the mid-1980s. Although the term rap is often used interchangeably with hip-hop, the latter term encompasses the subculture that rap music is simply one part of. The term hip-hop derives from one of the earliest phrases used in rap, and can be found on the seminal recording ?Rapper?s Delight? (1979) by Sugarhill Gang. In addition to rap music, the hip-hop subculture also comprises other forms of expression, including dance methodologies, art, vocabulary (in the form of slang) and fashion affectations. Despite these contributions to the popular culture, many observers suggest a connection between the music and personification of violence evinced in music videos and rap as a factor contributing to the incidence of violence by young people in the United State today."
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Guillaume Dufay Music from Medieval and Renaissance Music, 2006.
An examination of Guillaume Dufay's music and its origins.
34 words (approx. 0.1 pages), 6942 sources, MLA, $ 17.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at what Guillaume Dufay's music meant in terms of music history. The author starts with a look at the Gregorian chant from Medieval times which was the main form of sacred music, how it developed and what it gave to modern music. The paper continues with a look at the other forms of music that have developed over the years and contributed to the work of Guillaume Dufay. In particular the author highlights the development of church music in the Renaissance period which, as he points out was the basis for Dufay's music compositions. The author discusses the life and works of Dufay's music as a move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure. The author believes that this helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments in music of the following century. In conclusion the author reminds us that we are lucky to have the musical pieces that have been curated and restored. A number of Dufay's as well as other composers from that era had masterpieces destroyed because of the political climate.
Outline:
Table of Contents
Introduction
Gregorian Chant
Motet
Troubadour Influence
The Development of Musical Notation
Polyphony
Machaut
Guillaume Dufay a Biography
Dufay's Music
Dufay and Faux-bourdon
Dufay's Motets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Dufay began composing at a time when musical style was in a period of relative stability and changing that style was not readily accepted. Dufay cannot be thought of as one of the great revolutionaries in Western music; the term 'originality' in the classic sense of the word was not familiar to him. This is not to say, however, that Dufay was in any way lacking of originality or he was in any way reactionary. Quite to the contrary, he played an integral role in the development of faux-bourdon and the cyclic mass. He was one of the first composers to handle four-voice texture with any kind of convincing skill before the end of the 15th century. Furthermore, his attempt to move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments of the following century. Dufay's works and compositions have come to be known as the supremely polished works of a long period of slow and serene stylistic change."
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African Music's Influence on Pop Music Culture, 2005.
An ethno-musicological study of African music's influence on western society's popular music culture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper by examines various western artists, such as Paul Simon and David Byrne, and shows how African music plays an important part in how popular music is interwoven within the western musical tradition. The paper concludes that western music in North America has been greatly influenced by the music of South Africa and other traditional musical traditions from the African continent.
From the Paper
"This ethno musicological study will examine the various African music influences that have become imbued within western pop music culture. By examining various western artists, such as Paul Simon and David Byrne, one can realize how African music plays an important part in how pop music is interwoven within the western musical tradition. In essence, western music in North America has been greatly influenced by the music of South Africa and other traditional musical traditions from the African continent."
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Tuning Musical Instruments, 2007.
An overview of the tuning of musical instruments using electronic devices.
1,594 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how electrical engineering helps musicians to identify the precision of musical notes, record their albums, and finally modify what has been recorded. It provides background context about the theory associated with various devices with an emphasis on critical analysis of the current solutions to the problem of having a standard measure for pitch of instruments. It also looks at how currently the "adaptive filter" devices and digital signal processing ("DSP") tuners are the most common and available solutions in the market. The paper includes diagrams and equations where relevant.
Outline:
Introduction
Sounds and Music
The Tuners for Musical Instruments
Latest Developments
Suggestion for Improvement
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A musical note refers to a specific frequency, "A note is a sign used in music to represent the relative duration and pitch of a sound" [1]. Every sound is a wave and as such is characterized by its frequency. However, listening to only one, single frequency is not that enjoyable. The truth is that human ear is more sensitive to a frequency difference rather than a single frequency. Therefore, a musically desirable sound is the one rich in harmonics. "The harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency." [2] For example, consider a sound having a fundamental frequency f, its harmonics are then 2 f, 3 f, 4 f, 5 f, 6 f, etc. Another sound with the fundamental frequency 2 f would have 4 f, 6 f, and 8 f etc. as its harmonics. "
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Musical Theater, 2005.
Examines the history of musical theater in the United States.
1,371 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Musical theater is almost as old as America itself. From the 1700s to the present day, the stages across the United States have come alive with the voices and instruments of dramatic, romantic and comedic musicals that have delighted audiences of all ages. This paper shows that the United States is known for its mixture of cultures, beliefs and traditions and where freedom of expression is not only allowed but encouraged. American musical theater is a prime example of this ethnic and cultural eclectic creativity and presentation. The paper traces the history of musical theater in the United States from the 1700s to the present day.
From the Paper
"Rodgers and Hammerstein started their run of hits with "Oklahoma." The seemingly impossible mixture of murder, suspense and music worked because the characters were characterized in depth. The creative team took other risks as well: Instead of opening with the usual stirring ensemble number, the curtain rose on a farm woman churning butter as a cowboy enters singing a solo about the beauty of the morning. Further, Hammerstein wrote lyrics for all the songs in a conversational style, each fitting specific characters and storytelling needs. In addition, since the characters would be dealing with emotions that might sound awkward if verbalized by cowboys and farm girls, Rodgers and Hammerstein decided to use dance as an integral element."
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Musical Genres, 2005.
Examines the development of several contemporary musical genres.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an understanding of certain musical genres. The research includes various examples of formats such as rap, techno, disco, and other musical outreaches. By examining the likes of these various genres, we gain an insight into society's trends at the time the particular musical style was most popular. For example, the foundation of rock was strongly influenced by the Vietnam war, 'free love,' and a drug experimentation era. The paper shows that disco, rap, and techno are no exceptions. There were cultural situations that greatly increased the chances of these styles' success.
From the Paper
"The entire movement revolved around a new way to dress, dance, talk and even walk. "The way they danced, dressed, walked, and talked was unique, as opposed to most of the disco artists and fans of the time, which were not as in touch with the urban streets of America." (Blow, Kurtis) Hip-hop represented the new generation of blacks suffering in urban poverty. The passion and truth generated were really cries for help and today those cries are being answered by middle class whites all trying to be as cool as the original B-Boys."
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History of Musical Theater, 2004.
An examination of the history of musical theater in the United States from 1864-1950.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explores some of America?s most important musical styles, which were usually found outside of the concert hall and represented such genres as comic opera, operetta, and other types musical revues. It looks at how these were usually located in the major cities like New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and San Francisco. This paper provides a brief discussion of the history of these musical styles.
From the Paper
"The ?Great Depression? years, circa 1929 to 1940, created a huge impact on American music, for some long-existing institutions were forced to close their doors due to financial difficulties. The genre of the musical revue was also affected because of nationwide radio broadcasts that severely limited the number of people that attended live musical performances. As an example, ?between 1929 and 1934, about 70 percent of all musicians in the United States were unemployed? (Crawford, 2001, 590). Thus, with the advent of radio and later television, the true musical revue and its related genres were doomed, and in light of today?s technology have never fully recovered."
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Musical Theatre History, 2004.
An analysis of the history of musical theatre in the United States.
1,158 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly looks at the history of American musical theater traced back to the 18th century. It looks at various types of musical theatre pieces, such as rock musicals, revivals, classics, and others.
From the Paper
"In the 1790?s, theaters in New York City offered much more musical entertainments than mainstream theater drama. During this time, musical performances were flourishing in many other cities and commonly took place in the theater. This gave way to a the beginnings of a variety of entertainment including puppet shows, ballad operas, circuses, dances, all of which had some type of musical involvement."
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Classical and Baroque Musical Styles, 2004.
A comparison of the Classical and Baroque musical styles.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts two musical forms - Classical and Baroque. The paper explains that besides the distinctive use of dynamics, tonality and rhythm, it is also important to remember that despite the fact Baroque and Classical music sound similar today,there were distinct differences in the instruments played and the venues where these musical styles were performed.
From the Paper
"In common musical parlance today, the word 'Classical' is often used to connote any kind of music, other than contemporary or popular music, from an earlier period of Western music. However, it is important to remember that the Classical period of music is actually a distinct musical period, usually confined to the 19th century. The Classical musical period, which reached its zenith in Beethoven, came directly after the 18th century Baroque periods of Bach and Hayden. Thus, both periods were great, if distinct periods of musical development that fed into one another. "
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The Musical: "Les Miserables", 2006.
This paper analyzes six crucial songs in the musical "Les Miserables".
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in Act I of the musical "Les Miserables", the entire company, who represent factory workers, sings "At the End of the Day", which sets the scene of the misery and poverty of the majority of the French populace and helps explain why the revolution will occur later in the musical. The author points out that the song "Master of the House", sung by the Thernardiers, provides a welcome note of comic relief from the tragedies of the play. The paper relates that, in "Bring Him Home", Jean Valjean prays by the half-alive body of Marius for God to "bring him [Marius] home", to bring the "boy" home to health and happiness, so that Valjean's adopted daughter Cosette can marry and live a happy life.
Table of Contents:
"At the End of the Day" (Community)
"I Dreamed a Dream" (Fantine)
"Master of the House" (Thernardiers)
"Stars" (Javert)
"On My Own" (Eponine)
"Bring Him Home" (Valjean)
From the Paper
"In this Act I song, ["Stars" ]the audience gains an important bit of insight into the psychology of Inspector Javert. Without this song, the audience might see Javert only as a cruel and relentless persecutor of Jean Valjean. However, Javert explains that he thrives upon the idea of order in the cosmos, like the stars "filling the darkness." Javert clearly sees the misery of the world around him, but rather than revolution, he hopes that a law and order society will bring about a better world. Javert is not an aristocrat, benefiting from the system, ..."
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Major Musical Periods, 2001.
An interesting look at music through the ages with examples of music from the periods and their composers.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the characteristics of different time periods in music starting with Medieval music and cites examples in each category. The author then moves on to look at some prominent composers, including, (to name but a few), Purcell, Vivaldi, Shutz, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, and shows how their works demonstrate the traits of the periods previously mentioned. The author concludes with a brief discussion of form and structure looking at various examples such as song form, themes and variations and sonatas.
From the paper:
?Franz Liszt
Liszt was a composer of the Romantic period and was among the first to arrange entire programs of solo piano music. He composed piano miniatures, solo piano music, transcription pieces, symphonic poems and symphonies. Some of his best known pieces include Mephisto Waltz, Totenanz,Leibestraum and the Hungarian Rhapsodies.?
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Musical Therapy, 2007.
An experiment to determine the effects of musical therapy upon the learning process.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the therapeutic value of classical music. The paper presents an experiment to observe if musical therapy actually increases performance in learning. The paper shows how the results were inconclusive, in that they showed no statistical correlation between learning and classical music itself. The writer notes that he/she has, however, identified many errors that could be attributed to the poor results.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Purpose statement
Methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
From the Paper
"People tend to think that any type of background music will cause them to become calm and focused, receiving the therapeutic effects of music. Quite to the contrary Dr. Oliver Sacks, a neurologist writes that there is a strong difference between recreational music and therapeutic music. He explains, "the power of music to integrate and cure is quite fundamental. It is the profoundest non-chemical medication" (Sacks, npg). The beauty of music in general is that music is very easily absorbed by our minds. Since it is such an easy integrating method with our brains, we can achieve a sense of greater peace and tranquility when fully concentrating on music."
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Islam's Musical Contributions, 2003.
Examines the influence of Arab music on the Western world.
1,352 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
With the age of expansion and exploration in both Europe and Asia, there would come a time when the two worlds would inevitably converge. That junction between Europe and Asia came to be called the Middle East. This paper explores the influences of the Arabic culture on Europe, more specifically, the effect of Arabian musical traditions on the world?s musical tastes. In examining the musical development of Western cultures, it becomes evident that the nations of Islam contributed, not only to its advancement, but also its direction, chiefly in preserving and spreading the scholastic ideas on music held by Greece, Rome, and the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, the invasion and fall of the Byzantine Empire by the Muslim nations brought about a migration of intellectuals from the capital, Constantinople, to the island of Crete and the great seaports of Venice. It was the influx of these intellectual thinkers coupled with the invention of the printing press that served as a catalyst for the Italian renaissance. The scholars that fled the turbulent scene of Constantinople brought with them not only many texts in both Greek and Latin, but also the ideas that facilitated the Renaissance movement."
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