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Evolution of Language, 2005.
This paper examines the various models of how language developed.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses language acquisition and the evolution of language, describing models that have been proposed for the evolutionary development of the human language faculty and for the processes involved, with some empirical support for the different models. The paper concludes that the issue remains unresolved as far as deciding on one specific model over all others.
From the Paper
"Language acquisition has been much studied as to ways in which speakers learn language in the first place, then learn other languages if they do and add words to their store of knowledge as an ongoing process. Another issue has been the origins of language of any sort, extending back as far in the historical record as possible and then considering how human beings may have first started communicating using a language. Different models have been proposed for the evolutionary development of the human language faculty and for the processes involved, with some empirical support for the different models. The issue remains unresolved as far as deciding on one specific model over all others. One view of the origin of language is discussed by Hewes 1992 and the idea that the first human language was primarily gestural, following the way various primates communicate (1992:65)."
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The Evolution of Language, 2006.
A look at how language has evolved and the factors that influence these changes.
2,103 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history and evolution of language. The paper discusses the various factors that influenced the changes in our language. According to the paper, one of the biggest influences on our modern language, was the development of the computer and related technologies. The paper further discusses how words are adopted from other languages to become an accepted part of another tongue.
From the Paper
"The next huge change in language was also due to technological change, but instead of printed books, it was a great change in our environment. Technological development was accelerated by the development of the personal computer. All this "new stuff" had to have names. Sometimes, a new name might simply be a new meaning for an old word. One such example is the word "bug". In the 1940s the only computers in use were huge machines: Eniac, Univac etc. These machines were made using vacuum tubes, some of which burned out every time the computer was used. People on roller skates would replace the burned out tubes after every use. One day, the machine stopped working, and no burned vacuum tubes could be found. A concerted search of the entire machine turned up a large moth fried on the wires behind one circuit panel. That is how the word "bug" became a problem in computer functioning, both mechanical and digital. (AskOxford.com 2006)"
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Language, Media and Power, 2008.
An analysis of the origins of language and its evolution across time and media from linear text to visual political hegemony.
3,151 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the origins of language and its relationship to human societies and media. The paper argues the thesis that language is not simply a vehicle for communication but also a means for the control of the world around us and its social orders. The paper then looks at contemporary mass media, popular culture and their employment for political purposes. The paper explains that the complex structures of signification of language texts in mass media is essential to understand and resist their deployment as vehicles of power and control. In conclusion, the paper shows that as political culture draws upon popular culture to achieve its mythologizing effects, it becomes imperative that media literacy be achieved in order that the mass media audience at least has the possibility of interrogating media messages and asserting their identities as citizens rather than consumers.
Outline:
Introduction
Language and the Earliest Human Societies
Language, Media and the Construction of Human Societies
Visual Mass Media and Multi-textual Communication
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This insight is critical to understand the structural convergence of media and language in human civilization. Language is more than simply a system whereby particular vocal utterances contain socially-agreed meanings. From this perspective, the origins of language and media of communication have been recognized as being key determining factors in the construction of human societies from earliest times. Whether in oral, literate or digital societies the manner by which language is used to communicate thoughts and ideas has played a major role in the design and workings of those societies. While most people use the term language in reference to the various spoken languages developed in societies around the world, in reality language is much more complex. It is a system of signs - communicated usually through vocal speech - which are commonly agreed to have an "objective" reference (Berger and Luckmann 36)."
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Evolution, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the theory of evolution, belief in evolution, and its effect on student behavior.
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution, on the behavior of students by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. The paper presents the considerable debates on the issues of evolution and creationism. The writer claims that evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers.
Introduction
Evolution or Creation
Evolution and Ethics
Evolution and Morality
Evolution and the Value of Human Life
Co-Existence of Evolution and Religion/Morality
Belief in Evolution and Behavior of a Student
References
From the Paper
"The theory of evolution that man is just another animal in the line of living forms, attaches the same value to a man's life as the value that is attached to an animal. As a result, in presence of evolutionary claims, there is no rule that could regard a man's life as more important than an animal's and therefore worth treating any differently. Such a belief tends to lead, inevitably to unethical code of conduct. For instance, in January, 1973, the United States Supreme Court, in a 7-to-2 vote, decided that the human embryo growing within the human womb cannot be defined as "human" and as a result, it can be subjected to any kind of maltreatment. According to Darwin, an evolutionist, since the weaker members of society are unfit and, by the laws of nature, cannot survive, a baby growing in the womb cannot survive either unless helped by a stronger being. Unless the mother, a stronger being, is bound by a moral code, she will not help a baby grow. This will, in the long run, inevitably lead to extinction of human race."
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Idiosyncrasies of the English Language, 2007.
An analysis of the evolution, flexibility and irregularity of the English language.
4,022 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the developmental history of our ever-changing English language. It includes French, British, Spanish and Italian influences on English. The paper discusses differences between written and spoken language and how slang, jargon, euphemisms, cliches and idioms can make English a difficult language to learn. The paper cites several examples of well-known cliches and jargon and explains their origins.
From the Paper
"In most languages there is a distinction between that which is written and that which is spoken, a difference between literature and colloquial speech. In written literature we can see the broad outlines of history, but the language of literature has historically been that of the ruling class. The spoken language, the common everyday speech, reveals the intimate, familiar lives of the people, even when reading and writing were limited to the upper classes. In his 1888 book, The Queen's English: A Manual of Idiom and Usage, Dean Henry Alford described the difference between written and spoken English at that time:
We must distinguish between the English which we speak, and that which we write. Many expressions are not only tolerated but required in conversation, which are not usually put on paper. Thus . . . everyone says 'can't', . . . 'won't' [and] 'isn't', . . . but we seldom see these contractions in books, except where a conversation is related. (Alford 57)"
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Chomskian Linguistics, 2002.
A review of chapter 13 of the book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" by Daniel Dennett, on the evolution of language.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes chapter 13 of Daniel Dennett's book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" which speaks on the evolution of language. The paper discusses how the book presents a lengthy discussion of many opposing arguments to language creation based on Darwin's theory of evolution. The paper shows how Dennett particularly focuses on Noam Chomsky's refutation of the existence or involvement of Darwinism ideas on language creation. Dennett's position asserts that language has evolved because of the many processes organisms, particularly human beings, had experienced. - based on Darwin's popular "natural selection process."
From the Paper
"After Dennett has presented his position in the first part of the chapter, he shifted the book's discussion to the opposing arguments of philosophers and scientists about the creation of language. Dennett particularly focused on Noam Chomsky's ideas and theories on how language was created. The main argument presented by Noam Chomsky against the Darwinian theory-based evolution of language is that "... language didn't really evolve but just rather suddenly arrived, an inexplicable gift, at best a by-product of the enlargement of the human brain." Chomsky presented his argument based on the "adaptations" that the human brain had undergone, later developing what Chomsky termed as "specialized organ" solely functioning to facilitate language and its processes. Chomskian Linguistics centers on "language learning", or the learning of language through a set of rules already set in human minds. This set of rules came from the "specialized organ" of language faculty Chomsky has formulated, and is labeled as the "Universal Grammar." "
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Evolution, 2004.
A discussion of the definition of evolutionary theory, as well as the causes and evidence of evolution.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the term 'evolution' evokes varied connotations and how, in simple and direct terms, it is a process of change or development over a long period of time. It looks at how, in general, evolution refers to biologic or organic evolution, which is the formation and development of life on earth.
Outline
Theory of Evolution
Causes of Evolution
Population Dynamics and Evolution of Population
Evidence of Evolution
From the Paper
"The evolutionary theory explains these aspects. Evolutionary theory proposes that all species probably evolved from a single form of life, which existed about three and half billion years ago. Over the ages, the original basic form of life is considered to have evolved into more species and these, in turn, into many other species. This 'speciation' process as it is called led to the development of over 10 million species that live on earth today. The idea of speciation leads to another essential idea underlying it - the idea of common ancestry. As all species evolved from one basic life form, it is implied that any two species once had a common ancestor. But how can the idea of common ancestry are explained in the light of widely varying species? "
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"Dancing to Evolution's Tune", 2004.
This paper reviews Robert Wright's "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," which examines the neurobiological concept of evolution.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in his book, "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," Robert Wright elucidates on the important role of motivation in evolution and how the genes are self-programmed to achieve this. The author points out Wright's concept that our genes have deliberately destined us to dabble in a world of pleasure and pain for evolutionary reasons, all the time keeping us well absorbed in the illusion because they cannot be satisfied. The paper relates that this evolutionary genetic scheme seems to confirm the truth in our spiritual doctrines because all the religions of the world have one thing in common; they all have propounded the futility of chasing after desires and fleeting pleasures.
From the Paper
"Nature has used happiness as a bait to motivate living beings and to propel them into action. Happiness is thus a reward that man receives when he carries on the duties of maintaining his bodily functions- nourishing himself, procreating and extending his heritage. The genes control the neurochemistry behind the feelings of happiness. On cogitation it is revealed that our basic impulses are meant to serve the main purpose of gene proliferation rather than for our psychological well being as it appears at the outset. Over the last decade scientists have found out the significant role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in giving the feeling of happiness and satisfaction."
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Language and Gender, 2007.
A look at how language reflects the social inequalities between genders.
1,963 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that language, a highly social tool, reflects the social reality men have created. It discusses how, by reassessing their power, women have begun the battle for linguistic equality, thus triggering change and variation in language. The paper attempts to give an overview of the evolution of this particular area of research, and in the second part of the paper, details the linguistic androcentricity.
From the Paper
"But before going into further detail, the notion of gender must be defined precisely, because it is at the heart of our discussion. Gender is a very complex concept that is completely different from that of biological sex; while the latter is something given when a baby is born, the former is a construct, something that a person develops all along his/her lifetime. In The Second Sex, Simone De Beauvoir famously wrote, "one is not born a woman, but becomes one." It could actually be argued that it is the same for a man. This quotation exemplifies the notion of gender inasmuch as it shows that it is a social construct, that an individual will 'receive' from the social order an idea of what it is to be a man or a woman, and he or she will take what s/he judges good. "
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Evolution of Police Work, 2006.
This paper discusses the evolution of police work and the evolution of American communities over the past fifty years.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how policing has evolved over the last half-century. Along the way, the paper examines organizational developments, changes in the relationship between the general public and police officers, and changes between rank-and-file officers and their superiors. Not to be overlooked, the paper pauses to reflect on changes in personnel and also delves into some broad theories which have proved influential. In the end, the paper concludes that policing today is better than in the past and adjusted capably to a half-century of change.
From the Paper
"American policing has undergone many profound changes over the past several decades. From being authoritarian, punishment-focused and top-down only a couple of generations ago to being a more collaborative, educative and bottom-up organization today, policing in America's urban centers has changed in ways that mirror the broader changes in American society. The following paper examines the evolution of police-community interaction over the past half-century and also examine how the attitudes of police officers have changed as the world around them has changed."
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Language in Contact: Spanglish, 2005.
Examines the evolution this combination of English and Spanish.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the evolution of Spanglish; a combination of English and Spanish. Spanglish is also reflective of Anglo and Hispanic civilizations not only in the United States, but throughout the entire continent and possibly Spain. The paper shows that Spanglish is the way of communicating where a speaker starts in one language, then switches back and forth to another through code switching and loanwords. Author Ilan Stavans' opinions on Spanglish is discussed.
From the Paper
"In contemporary society increased assimilation and multiculturalism have led to the creation of hybrids of English throughout North America. Some Americans are the first generation in their family born in the U.S.; thus, they have grown up speaking two languages -- English and their parents' mother tongue. According to some researchers, 'Spanglish' defies any tight definition, has few rules, and is considered by some linguists to be a new dialect of English (Toribio 89). The southwestern United States borders Mexico; thus, the immigrants coming here over the years has led to the spread of Spanglish, a language that is a combination of Spanish and English."
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God and the Theory of Evolution, 2007.
A look at the defense of the cosmological argument for the existence of God against the theory of evolution
1,444 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to defend the cosmological argument for the existence of God against the theory of evolution by presenting arguments in favor of the cosmological argument, refuting some of the major objections against it and elaborating the weaknesses of the evolutionary theory.
Outline:
The Cosmological Argument
Criticisms of the Cosmological Argument & their Refutation
The Theory of Evolution
Does the Theory of Evolution Negate the Cosmological Argument?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Man has sought to unravel the mysteries about the origins of the universe, life, and mankind itself since times immemorial. Philosophers, theologians, and scientists have thought hard and deep through the ages and put forwarded divergent theories about the mystery. These have eventually boiled down to two major and contrary ideas, i.e., the "evolutionary" theory that life was created by pure chance and has over time evolved into ever-more complex forms of life through a process of natural selection, and the theist argument that an outside supreme force (God) was responsible for the start of the universe and life. The "Cosmological Argument" for the existence of God and the "theory of evolution" best represent the two divergent schools of thought on this important argument."
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The History and Evolution of Programming, 2004.
Focuses on the development of the C programming language.
854 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the development of the C programming language, factors that influenced its development, and the conditions under which it was created. Also discussed are changes made to the language and programming languages that are based on C.
From the Paper
"Conclusively, halfway 1980s, the language was formally regulated by the ANSI X3J11 group, which made additional modifications. Until the early 1980s, even though compilers existed for various machine structural designs, as well as operating systems, the language was more or less entirely connected with Unix; more of late, its utilization has increased much more extensively, and at present times it is amid the languages most frequently employed all trough the computer industry."
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The Evolution of the Giraffe, 2005.
Traces the evolution of the mammal known as the giraffe, examining different views on the topic.
874 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Since the giraffe was first used by Lamarck to rationalize his theory of evolution, the organism has been a textbook example of the most simple and obvious applications of evolutionary theory. This paper examines theories relating to the evolution of the giraffe. It examines the processes of natural and sexual selection to see how they apply to the theory of the giraffe's evolution.
From the Paper
"The elemental difference between natural selection and sexual selection is that the latter form takes place within a population. Sexual selection can often result in characteristics that hinder an organism's chances of survival, but simultaneously increase their chances of finding a mate. Since evolution is driven by the amount of offspring produced, both forms of selection are extremely important to the process of evolution."
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The Evolution of Thought, 2008.
A comparison and contrast of the views on the evolution of thought by Isaac Asimov in "Those Crazy Ideas" and Plato in "The Allegory of the Cave."
1,812 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Isaac Asimov's "Those Crazy Ideas" and Plato's "The Allegory of the Cave," in which the evolution of thought is respectively described in the experience of the intellectually elite individual and in the experience of a society. The paper analyzes and compares their two views on the evolution of thought and then looks at their commonality in the assessments on the evolution of thought and their mutual regard of the whole of society.
From the Paper
"Asimov and Plato do, herein, have a fundamental difference of perspective on the fashioning of the pursuit of knowledge. Asimov seems to adopt his approach as he proceeds in his discussion, later amending an assertion that the creative evolver must make it a point to be 'as educated as possible' to contending that this pursuit should also be supplemented by the pursuit of as vast an array of disciplines as possible from which to have derived said knowledge. Falling in line with his notion that the re-combination of 'bits' of information, as it occurs in each individual, is the way in which an idea is formed, he reveals that the ability of a person particularly prone to the intellectual revelation of achieving a 'new idea' as a result of the re-combination of informational bits in a fashion as yet untried must be facilitated by a gathering of knowledge that, in its breadth and diversity, achieves informational permutations theretofore having not occurred in a capable vessel."
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