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Evolution or Design: Philosophy, Theology and the Universe, 2002.
Explores the arguments of philosopher David Hume as to the meaning and origin of the Universe.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper compares David Hume's arguments with contemporary philosophy and theology as a way to consider the question of whether the universe exists by chance, evolution, or by design.
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Philosophy and Christian Theology, 2008.
An overview of the relationship between philosophy and Christian theology.
1,502 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how it has been acknowledged widely among scholars that later Greek philosophy and Christian theology share a close relationship and how Neo-Platonism, as represented by Plotinus and its pioneer Philo, developed along with Christian theology in almost the same political, economic and cultural context. The paper contends that the greatest difference in philosophy and Christian theology is that philosophy seeks to 'explain' God while Christian theology seeks to 'know' God and to align with the power, love, and will of God and that it ultimately seeks to have spiritual union with God.
Outline:
Introduction
The Philosophical System of Plato, Philos, & Augustine
The Trinity in Philosophy and Christian Theology
The Superiority of Christian Theology
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"A proposal of the early Pythagorean School was that the number three or the three realities, the One, Nous, and the Soul, all arise from the One. Augustine articulated the doctrine of the Trinity, or the Father, Son and Holy Spirit in a theology that had no basis in Greek philosophy Certainly there are references in the scriptures that refer to some type of triadic formulation of God, Son, and Holy Spirit, however these references, aside from the instruction of Baptism given by Jesus stating to "baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit" do not specifically tie the three into a Trinity and as stated in the work of Tobin (2000)"The Christian concept of the triune godhead did not come 'pre-packaged' in the teachings of Jesus, Paul, or the Bible." (Tobin, 2000) "
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Cultural Evolution vs. Biological Evolution, 2008.
A comparison and contrast over cultural evolution with biological evolution.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the concept of cultural evolution and compares and contrasts cultural evolution with biological evolution. The paper discusses the effect of the historical or cultural environment on the development of cultural evolution and looks at the study of cultural anthropology and the various opinions that exist on the ability for evolution of culture to occur at all.
From the Paper
"The social sciences must take into consideration cultural perceptions, even if these perceptions are biologically in error. The human race has far more in common with one another than it has differences, but culturally individuals have perceived and classified other individuals according to 'races,' including Darwin himself in some of his less enlightened moments. Cultural evolution and anthropology aims to understand how these perceptions have affected human culture, but biological evolution merely takes note of this factual error. Obviously, the biological fiction of race, and the fact that an apparently Caucasian individual can have the genetic material of someone who is African, even if these traits are not dominant in his or her physical configuration, acts as a profound question to the assumptions of our culture. The limits of our own culture challenge the idea that there is a linear, positive progress to cultural evolution of ideas and practices (such as industrialization making the world less habitable). The insight biological evolution provides about race shows that there can be fruitful methodological dialogue between cultural and biological evolutionists, but the two approaches will never study the same discipline, nor can the use the same methods. The biological question: 'Are there races within the human species' is a different question than the cultural query: 'why do cultures continue to subscribe to the divisive idea that there are innate differences between different groups of the human species?""
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Universal Reason, Universal Mind, 2002.
A discussion of some of the parallels and differences in Kantian and Buddhist assumptions.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there is a marked similarity between Immanuel Kant?s ideas of the empty universe and universal reason and the Buddhist idea of the universal mind. It attempts to explore these parallels, while also being mindful of the difference that exists between Kantian and Buddhist thought. It analyzes how both Kant and Buddhism demonstrate that the universe is empty since it is not different from the not-self ? because it cannot differentiate, for in order to differentiate it must somehow have cognitive access to the object outside itself. It also demonstrates how the crucial difference between Kant and Buddhist thought is one of quality. Kant assumes that the universe is inherently empty and neutral and his attempt is to demonstrate it to be so. On the other hand, Buddhist internalizes this process and accepts the fact that the universe is empty but that it must be experienced by the individual mind ? by way of the empty, universal mind, the individual mind may also become empty, free of the distinction/perception between subject and object.
From the Paper
"Kant assumes that the universe or universal reason is innate by way of this distinction. In order to grasp that a representation is a representation of an object, a being must be able to comprehend several things. First, that being must recognize that there is an object that the representation is a representation of. Next, there has to be a recognition that the representation is different from the thing represented. Thus, the representation of an object is a bridge that connects a being?s consciousness with the things that surround it. Thus universal reason must be able to reason itself, to see itself, plus the representation, and the object. The representation is the means by which a being can have any awareness of objects as objects at all."
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Catholic Theology, 2007.
This paper discusses several aspects of contemporary Catholic theology, with an emphasis on universality.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the modern Catholic Church and its approach toward universality. This theological question is addressed in modern terms as well as from a historical perspective. The author defines Catholicism and considers it, as opposed to other branches of Christianity. The paper then explores the term universality and how this is defined and expressed in the Catholic Church today.
From the Paper
"In order to understand the universality implied in the word Catholic one has to review the history of the word and the Church, as well as taking into account the contemporary context of the problem. Another important aspect of the designation of universality is the meaning of the word in terms of the difference between the denominational meaning and the spiritual sense of universal, which refers to the inclusion of all humanity in its religious ambit. The term has also raised considerable debate within the Catholic Church and Western religious community with regard to the contemporary view of the relativity of all religions. This is a central aspect of this discussion, as the view that all religions are equally relevant or 'universal' is contested from some quarters as problematic in a theological sense."
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"Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy" by Rene Descartes, 2002.
An analysis of the book outlining the method of hyperbolic doubt and how it changed the relationship between philosophy and theology.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
Descartes aims to define a method of objective thinking by attempting to apply the precision of mathematics to all fields of knowledge. The paper explains that in prescribing this method for reasoning, Descartes laid the foundation for modern day psychology. Having determined a method of arriving at ?true? knowledge, Descartes strives to ?seek answers? to questions pertaining to the very nature of existence. This paper analyzes the book and describes its influence on the world.
From the Paper
"Descartes? Discourse on the ?Method for Conducting One?s Reason Well? is his attempt to apply the precision of mathematics to all fields of knowledge. Descartes? Method involved regarding the value of formal education in largely teaching the languages ??necessary for the understanding of classical texts?? (Part One, p 3), while the pursuit of true knowledge required independent thinking to ??distinguish the true from the false, in order to see my way clearly in my actions?? (Part One, p6)."
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Evolution, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the theory of evolution, belief in evolution, and its effect on student behavior.
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution, on the behavior of students by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. The paper presents the considerable debates on the issues of evolution and creationism. The writer claims that evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers.
Introduction
Evolution or Creation
Evolution and Ethics
Evolution and Morality
Evolution and the Value of Human Life
Co-Existence of Evolution and Religion/Morality
Belief in Evolution and Behavior of a Student
References
From the Paper
"The theory of evolution that man is just another animal in the line of living forms, attaches the same value to a man?s life as the value that is attached to an animal. As a result, in presence of evolutionary claims, there is no rule that could regard a man?s life as more important than an animal?s and therefore worth treating any differently. Such a belief tends to lead, inevitably to unethical code of conduct. For instance, in January, 1973, the United States Supreme Court, in a 7-to-2 vote, decided that the human embryo growing within the human womb cannot be defined as ?human? and as a result, it can be subjected to any kind of maltreatment. According to Darwin, an evolutionist, since the weaker members of society are unfit and, by the laws of nature, cannot survive, a baby growing in the womb cannot survive either unless helped by a stronger being. Unless the mother, a stronger being, is bound by a moral code, she will not help a baby grow. This will, in the long run, inevitably lead to extinction of human race."
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Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, 2007.
This paper explores the contrasting ideas of reason and faith as seen in ancient and medieval philosophy.
2,686 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various ideas of ancient and medieval philosophy. The author begins by contrasting the concepts of reason and faith. Also analyzed is the belief system of a higher being. Philosophies of both Christian and Jewish religions are highlighted and the major writings briefly introduced. The author also includes other philosophical schools of thought from this time period, including realism and natural theology.
Outline:
Faith and Reason
Natural Theology
Universals
Works cited
From the Paper
"Faith and reason are often seen as adversarial. It appears that since the middle ages the two principles fail to find common ground. Reason is about gathering evidence that supports a position. Faith, on the other hand, is the formation of belief in the absence of or in opposition to evidence that appears to prove other than that which is believed. For those who support reason, faith would appear to be irrational. "
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Astronomy and the Young Universe, 2002.
A discussion of the argument about the young universe and the mature universe.
3,480 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what the universe is made up of, its age, how stars are formed and what is the future of our solar system. It discusses the history of the exploration of the universe. The author explains how In this century large telescopes are set up, far away from city lights and traffic to gather the best data for studying the skies. A brief overview of the theories on the origin of the universe is also given. The author concludes that although new theories are constantly being proposed and science is constantly to answer the question ?Where did we come from?? , until now, no answer has satisfied everyone.
From the Paper
"Man's fascination with the heavens is as old as recorded history itself. Astronomers from all civilizations?medieval to the present times?carefully observed the stars and their relative position in the night sky. Even in the medieval times, astronomers universally observed two features: that stars tended to drift westward with each passing night; and, despite this apparent movement, stars were always in a fixed position relative to each other. Anything that man could not explain, ending up fascinating him?as did the stars. It has been stated that when man loses his desire to explore the unknown, the human race will have sounded its own death knell."
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Assessment of Bertrand Russell's "Value of Philosophy", 2007.
An examination of Bertrand Russell's dissertation "The Problems of Philosophy", focusing on the fifteenth chapter entitled "The Value of Philosophy".
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Bertrand Russell's fifteenth chapter of "The Problems of Philosophy" entitled "The Value of Philosophy", as a means of assessing the rationale of the study of philosophy and its value within the lives of human beings. The paper explains how the Russell describes his concepts of philosophy as a mental endeavor and as a worthwhile subject of study. The paper demonstrates that the value of philosophy for Bertrand Russell consists of the enlargement of human capacity. The paper also discusses how Russell believed that the human being is confined by the rigors of life and often allows these to affect his decision-making processes. The paper also looks at how Russell suggests that philosophy is unique in that it reduces the human's influence and ability to control, thus transforming all efforts to participate in philosophical discovery to a state of pure spiritual achievement.
From the Paper
"Russell made a distinction between efforts that enriched the self materially and those that enriched the self mentally and spiritually. This theme is seen not only in his attitude towards government and the treatment of citizens by their governments, but also can be seen in his perception of philosophy as a worthwhile endeavor for study. He identifies that "practical" men are those whom merely frame the world in terms of "material needs," where each decision made is used to advance a personal agenda that increases his wealth, resources, or stature (Russell, 114)."
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"Meditations on First Philosophy", 2004.
An analysis of Descartes's "Meditations on First Philosophy".
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Descartes's theories in his "Meditations on First Philosophy", as well as provides some criticism and weak links found within his theories of philosophy and theology.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes is now considered the father of modern philosophy. In his Meditations on First Philosophy, he threw out the Aristotle view of knowledge in that all knowledge comes from the senses. He asserted that truly justified knowledge comes from mathematical reasoning that can only be found in the human mind and that the senses are deceiving; his theory is groundbreaking at that, but does all knowledge truly come from inner thinking?"
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G.W. Hegel's Philosophy of History, 2006.
This paper analyzes the philosophy of renowned historian G.W. Hegel, who is believed to have created the philosophy of history, based on his life experiences and beliefs.
2,508 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper presents an intensive examination of G.W. Hegel's philosophy of history. This paper compares and contrasts Hegel's beliefs and theories to those of Karl Marx. This paper discusses the speculation that renowned historian and philosopher Hegel created the philosophy of history based on his own life experiences and personal beliefs. The writer explores the argument that says history and philosophy are two entirely different entities, of which Hegel was deeply involved in both. This paper also touches on the experts who believe that Hegel was a believer in the theory of predestination. According to this school of thought, Hegel believed history to be an already fixed and unchangeable fact, that mankind only watches as a spectator. The writer contends and explains why Hegel's life and work is founded on the belief that history is nothing more than a dialectical progression. This paper also details Hegel's basic philosophy which is steeped in the belief that spirit and reason are fundamentally crucial to the development of history. Hegel believed that history is nothing more than spirit striving to find its own freedom.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Who He Was
His Philosophy
His Life
His Impact
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"GW Hegel took on a most difficult task when he decided to spend his life philosophizing about history and mankind. As a philosopher of history Hegel had to walk a line between rewriting history to fit his philosophical beliefs and changing those beliefs to fit what was actually happening in history. It was a line he walked well though critics have pointed out what they believed to be discrepancies. His life work was based on trying to find the basic truths about history and mankind while at the same time examining the sub-topics that went along with those things by natural progression."
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Philosophy of Mathematics, 2007.
An analysis of the universal nature of mathematics and developments in the philosophy of mathematics.
1,899 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper considers some of the major developments in the philosophy of mathematics regarding the capacity of mathematics to be universally valid and applicable. It presents some of the basic arguments and schools of thought of the philosophy of mathematics. The paper then analyzes whether, at its foundation, mathematics can have a legitimate claim to be universal.
Table of Contents:
The Problem Of The Ideal And The Real
Math As Logic
Math As Structure
Application And Universality
From the Paper
"This problem, Russell's paradox, proved to be an intractable problem for Frege which, after it was pointed out to him, he could not overcome. The impact upon the philosophy of math was major. An important attempt to boil math down to logical principles had proven unsuccessfully, and eventual efforts to rescue the project by Russell and others were unable to develop a logicism that showed math as both consistent and complete. Therefore math cannot be said to be universal by appeal to logic alone."
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Creation vs. Evolution, 1983.
This paper discusses the merits of two points of veiw regarding the origin and existence of the universe: "Genesis" vs. The Theory of Evolution .
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the merits of two - apparently contradictory and obstinate-points of view regarding the origin and existence of the universe, and the life which is in it; and, with an especial reference to the presence of human life on the planet of our residence.
Due to the nature and complexity of this topic, the researcher can only advance a rather modest presentation at this time. Moreover, the length of the exposition is necessarily abbreviated in order to abide by the prerequisitional limitations imposed. Therefore, the presentation will be confined to comparing the version of Creation found in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Pentateuch with the Theory of Evolution, originally propounded by Darwin and Wallace, as it is currently understood by the
scientific community, and without making any other comparisons - ... "
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The Universe, Its Beginning, and the Study of Black Holes, 1998.
This paper attempts to explain the evolution of human understanding of the universe, from the initial rationales concerning the earth and its origin until advanced conceptions of the ?big bang? and discovery of a black hole.
2,971 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 35 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Throughout time, man has looked to the skies and wondered what was beyond the clouds. For the most part, primitive man solved the quandary of universal creation through myths, legends and stories. The Egyptians provided the earliest and primitive conjectures of the universe. In early Greece, Ptolemy made observations and transcribed the positions of stars, eventually documenting his findings in his book, Almagest. During the Renaissance and Enlightenment, scientists and astronomers began to study the solar system and universe. Beginning with Earth?s solar system and slowly expanding to the milky way galaxy, mankind?s understanding of the universe slowly expanded and advanced. Galileo?s invention of the telescope was the monumentous innovation of the 17th century. It allowed for the examination and probing of the universe without traveling throughout it. Modern discoveries in science and astronomy conflicted with religion in dealing with the creation of the universe. As time passed, the comprehension of the universe evolved. "
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