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The Evolution of Ancient Cities, 2008.
This paper studies the history and evolution of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the emergence of the ancient cities, where they emerged, and how they evolved in different regions. The paper shows how urban centers have evolved over time in large measure due to man's efforts to exploit the natural world to his advantage. The paper discusses how ancient cities laid the foundation for the modern urban community of today.
From the Paper
"The history of the ancient cities of the Mediterranean - indeed, the history of cities everywhere - is an interesting one. To begin with, cities as we understand the term today began to emerge right around the time of the Neolithic revolution as agricultural surplus became sufficient to support heavily-concentrated populations (Brakman et al., 15). In the Mesopotamian world, it appears as though the first genuine city - Eridu - took root around 4900 B.C. This city, like all the others that the Mesopotamians would construct for themselves, had its own patron god and there is evidence that these urban centers had their own education systems (apparently centrally-planned) in addition to being locations that served as religious loci for the people of pre-Christian Mesopotamia."
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Social Status in Ancient Cities, 2004.
A discussion into the contributions of various factors into the determination of social status within the ancient cities of the Romans and Greeks.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews gender, class, money, military purpose, citizenship, behaviour - including hubris and sycophancy and patronage, as different facets determining social class in Ancient Greece and Rome. The range of subjects discussed span over the Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods, including different examples from many different cities.
From the Paper
"Throughout this essay, it is pertinent to realise that the idea of public and private spheres is an 18th Century premise with no basis in the Ancient world where privacy and community overlapped and were not separate 'worlds', rather, there were degrees of closeness. In establishing those inside and outside of the social hierarchy this overlap causes considerable confusion in evaluating factors for status. It would be remise to view women as lack any social status because of lack of political rights; women still played a very important role within society."
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Evolution of Ancient African Society, 1997.
Describes development from hunting/gatherering to settled agricultural communities.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The transition from hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural communities was a natural progression for African society, resulting mostly from increasing population densities and cultural exchange. As population densities slowly rose, people gravitated into exploitation of certain plant and animal species. Although agriculture is a relatively easy economy to transition into, it is rare for groups to return to hunting and gathering once the agricultural lifestyle is assumed. Thus sedentary communities developed, a characteristic of which was the gendered division of labor.
Although population density is a major factor in the economic transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, a "prime mover" may have initiated increases in population that favored agriculture. Theoretical models that subscribe to the.."
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Ancient City Of Amarna, 1999.
Examines creation, history, geography, sociopolitical and economic factors, land use, design and urbanism theories related to this royal city built in the mid-14th Century B.C.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92).
From the Paper
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92). It is only at el-Amarna that a comprehensive range of official and residential buildings have been preserved, comprising the essential elements of an Egyptian royal city of the mid-fourteenth century BCE. This paper will look at how urbanism theories apply to the city of Amarna.
INTRODUCTION
The city of Amarna (or "Horizon of the Sun Disk") is located on the eastern side of the Nile in Middle Egypt, half way between Cairo and Luxor. The ancient city is formed by a bay of cliffs to the east and the Nile to the west, taking the shape of an archer's bow, with the Nile as the string and the city couched ..."
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Comparison of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, 2004.
An examination and comparison of famous ancient Greek and Roman writers.
1,613 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The ideas, attitudes, and issues of Greek and Roman life can be compared by considering some of the major Greek and Roman writers and what their work focuses on. This consideration provides the details that allow their ideas to be compared and the problems they were focused on to be compared , as well as the characteristics of the societies they lived in. This consideration begins by describing the Greek writers Socrates, Plato, and Thucydides. This is followed by a consideration of the Roman writers Polybius, Suetonius, and Aurelius.
From the Paper
"Socrates was born in Greece in 469 B.C. and died in 399 B.C. Socrates writings are based on a philosophical approach and one of his major concerns was how to achieve virtue. This includes his statement that nobody every knowingly does wrong, and that any wrong action is a result of people not knowing enough to make the right decision. This thinking is based on a consideration of the nature of life for the individual, and is not concerned with more practical issues. Socrates also considered the natue of the state in some of his works and battled between wanting to accept the leadership of the state, and not believing that the state should have the ultimate power. In the end, Socrates decided that even when an individual is not treated justly, it is not justifiable for them to disobey the laws of the state. This represents a general belief in the system of government of the time."
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Evolution, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the theory of evolution, belief in evolution, and its effect on student behavior.
2,716 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution, on the behavior of students by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. The paper presents the considerable debates on the issues of evolution and creationism. The writer claims that evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers.
Introduction
Evolution or Creation
Evolution and Ethics
Evolution and Morality
Evolution and the Value of Human Life
Co-Existence of Evolution and Religion/Morality
Belief in Evolution and Behavior of a Student
References
From the Paper
"The theory of evolution that man is just another animal in the line of living forms, attaches the same value to a man's life as the value that is attached to an animal. As a result, in presence of evolutionary claims, there is no rule that could regard a man's life as more important than an animal's and therefore worth treating any differently. Such a belief tends to lead, inevitably to unethical code of conduct. For instance, in January, 1973, the United States Supreme Court, in a 7-to-2 vote, decided that the human embryo growing within the human womb cannot be defined as "human" and as a result, it can be subjected to any kind of maltreatment. According to Darwin, an evolutionist, since the weaker members of society are unfit and, by the laws of nature, cannot survive, a baby growing in the womb cannot survive either unless helped by a stronger being. Unless the mother, a stronger being, is bound by a moral code, she will not help a baby grow. This will, in the long run, inevitably lead to extinction of human race."
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Ancient Alexandria, 2002.
An overall look at the ancient city of Alexandria and its inhabitants.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various aspects of the ancient Egyptian city of Alexandria, including its geographic features of its location, details of its population and their occupations, the nature and significance of religion and the structure of secular authority. It also investigates the city's cultural, artistic and architectural achievements. The study concludes by drawing attention to the importance of Alexandria and its civilization to the study and understanding of ancient cultures around the globe.
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Historic Cities Online.
This paper discusses in detail information from websites that describe the tourist cities of Verona; the London areas of "Little Venice," Camden, and the Tower of London; and the city of Pisa.
7,025 words (approx. 28.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 157.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Internet permits the traveler to gain much information to enable the choice of destination, especially snippets of information on the history, highlights, prices of hotels, the food availability and its cost, nearest bus stops, airports and railways, the currency and its present value of the currency and special events. The author points out that on the website, 'CheapHotel.Com' the history of Verona is depicted in great detail, stating that this ancient city dates back to the time of the settlement of the Indo-European travelers who found the land in the city to be extremely fertile. The paper concludes that Internet advertising is very popular, especially in relation to travel and tourism, and the response generated from these advertisements on the Internet is ever increasing.
From the Paper
"On the Internet, the Tower of London is most often presented as the very best tourist destination for the traveler. Some websites offer 'Virtual Tours', wherein after a short history of the Tower, a tour is presented to the visitor of the website, wherein they can access the time in London, the weather conditions there now, and other small details that would make this place come alive, or rather become virtually real. In addition, a 'Midi' by Barry Taylor, on 'Rule Britannia' has been added to the site whereby one can listen to it when browsing through the information offered. The current news is provided on the website in the form of the 'Tower of London Gazette' which the visitor can read if he so desires. A section entitled 'Grandma's Recipes' is also available, and one can find excellent English recipes on the pages of this site."
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The Ancient Economy, 2004.
A discussion on whether the economy of the ancient cities of Greece and Rome could be considered primitive.
4,379 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how most historians, without debate, describe the ancient economy as one of subsistence, of living in a precarious relationship with the terrain, season and weather. In particular, it analyses the ancient economies of Greek and Roman cities covering a range of sources and subjects from trade, to coinage to modern approaches to ancient attitudes. It also looks at modern schools of thought concerning land, tax, trade, agriculture, industry and banking. It concludes that the ancient economy was actually a system of immediacy- what was best for the period existed, whether it was more or less primitive that the period before.
From the Paper
"The self-sufficient nature of the oikos in producing goods for its own use would not be sufficient for trade to the extent of which we have seen. The manufacture of self produced goods is fitting to a period which exists for the period, survival is immediate and the 'now' is more important that making provisions for the future, as we have seen in agriculture. The introduction of trade diverges from this economical introversion and opens up the economical sphere. We should not be surprised to see an increase in manufacturing outside the oikos as trade increases - the two are incontrovertibly linked, more surpluses equals more trade, and more trade produces the wealth to create more trade. Similarly, towards the end of the 4th century we should not be surprised to see a specialisation in manufacturing. As Finley states, in large cities involved in commercial trade 'one [trade] is easily enough to support a man... of necessity he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best... '. We can see an evolution from simple house-bound manufacture to large scale specialisation for trade. Our one criticism of manufacture within the Graeco-Roman world can be neatly summarised in the story repeated by a number of Roman writers of a man who invented unbreakable glass."
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Evolution, 2004.
A discussion of the definition of evolutionary theory, as well as the causes and evidence of evolution.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the term 'evolution' evokes varied connotations and how, in simple and direct terms, it is a process of change or development over a long period of time. It looks at how, in general, evolution refers to biologic or organic evolution, which is the formation and development of life on earth.
Outline
Theory of Evolution
Causes of Evolution
Population Dynamics and Evolution of Population
Evidence of Evolution
From the Paper
"The evolutionary theory explains these aspects. Evolutionary theory proposes that all species probably evolved from a single form of life, which existed about three and half billion years ago. Over the ages, the original basic form of life is considered to have evolved into more species and these, in turn, into many other species. This 'speciation' process as it is called led to the development of over 10 million species that live on earth today. The idea of speciation leads to another essential idea underlying it - the idea of common ancestry. As all species evolved from one basic life form, it is implied that any two species once had a common ancestor. But how can the idea of common ancestry are explained in the light of widely varying species? "
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Greek City-States, 2003.
Compares the two ancient Greek cities of Athens and Sparta.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the distinct cultural makeup of Athens and Sparta, introducing both cities as military and political rivals. It examines Sparta's ideological and social emphasis on militarism and Athens's focus on a sophisticated, democratic system of governance and trade.
From the Paper
"Greek City-States
Athens & Sparta
Greek city-states were loosely aligned but fairly distinct in terms of cultural makeup. This was true in terms of military, political, economic and social structures. In ancient civilization, "Athens...was the most .."
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"Dancing to Evolution's Tune", 2004.
This paper reviews Robert Wright's "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," which examines the neurobiological concept of evolution.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in his book, "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," Robert Wright elucidates on the important role of motivation in evolution and how the genes are self-programmed to achieve this. The author points out Wright's concept that our genes have deliberately destined us to dabble in a world of pleasure and pain for evolutionary reasons, all the time keeping us well absorbed in the illusion because they cannot be satisfied. The paper relates that this evolutionary genetic scheme seems to confirm the truth in our spiritual doctrines because all the religions of the world have one thing in common; they all have propounded the futility of chasing after desires and fleeting pleasures.
From the Paper
"Nature has used happiness as a bait to motivate living beings and to propel them into action. Happiness is thus a reward that man receives when he carries on the duties of maintaining his bodily functions- nourishing himself, procreating and extending his heritage. The genes control the neurochemistry behind the feelings of happiness. On cogitation it is revealed that our basic impulses are meant to serve the main purpose of gene proliferation rather than for our psychological well being as it appears at the outset. Over the last decade scientists have found out the significant role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in giving the feeling of happiness and satisfaction."
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The Ancient Greek Amphitheatre, 2002.
A discussion of the evolution of the Ancient Greek Amphitheatre.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the architectural form and cultural function of the amphitheatre from its modest beginning in ancient Greece through to the Roman influenced theatre of today. It examines how, although some aspects of their design and function are debatable because so little of their physical structure exists today, Greek theaters can be chronologically classified into three categories: The early Athenian, Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman. It discusses how all of these theaters could be divided into essentially three parts: the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra and the skene (or scene building) and how these standards developed over time.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form the orchestra of a theater is simply a circular plot of land designated as a place for dance and this idea defines the orchestra employed during this time. It was circular in shape with a diameter of about 66 feet and was believed to be a locus for supernatural powers. An altar (or thymele), described as "a short drum of marble decorated with low-relief carvings of garlands and satyrs, or other Greek icons" was usually erected in the epicenter of the orchestra. It was primarily used prior to performances for sacrifices in honor of the god Dionysus, however plays with religious content often incorporated the altar into the performance. A level surface area, raised one foot from the orchestra and situated below the skene, termed the proscenium, served as the area in which the majority of the dramatic action transpired."
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Postmodernist Cities, 2007.
This paper looks at postmodern cities and their culture of consumerism.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how postmodern cities are not known for their nation-state characteristics as cities were in ancient times; now they are known as places of consumption, of eating, shopping and entertaining. The paper contends that postmodern cities have become palaces of consumption and greed and discusses how it is primarily due to increased production and the spreading of capitalism. The paper explains that we are living in a consumer society or a consumerist culture because consumption drives production instead of it being the other way around.
From the Paper
"The city has been post modernized beyond belief. It appears as if eating, shopping and entertaining are the only activities cities are meant for. People love entertaining and being entertained in the new postmodern city (Lofland 1989). Consumerism however may not always involve money. There are some non-monetary consumption experiences, which are rampant in the cities such as street-shows, and art may not have really gone out of its spirits. We regularly see art exhibitions, concerts and antiques shows being held but they are more for purchasing and trading purposes than for the purpose of promotion of art."
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Evolution of Police Work, 2006.
This paper discusses the evolution of police work and the evolution of American communities over the past fifty years.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews how policing has evolved over the last half-century. Along the way, the paper examines organizational developments, changes in the relationship between the general public and police officers, and changes between rank-and-file officers and their superiors. Not to be overlooked, the paper pauses to reflect on changes in personnel and also delves into some broad theories which have proved influential. In the end, the paper concludes that policing today is better than in the past and adjusted capably to a half-century of change.
From the Paper
"American policing has undergone many profound changes over the past several decades. From being authoritarian, punishment-focused and top-down only a couple of generations ago to being a more collaborative, educative and bottom-up organization today, policing in America's urban centers has changed in ways that mirror the broader changes in American society. The following paper examines the evolution of police-community interaction over the past half-century and also examine how the attitudes of police officers have changed as the world around them has changed."
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