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Euthanasia and Ethics, 2003.
An ethical analysis of euthanasia or "mercy killing".
2,537 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The term ?euthanasia? has come a long way from its original meaning of ?a good death? and evolved into a new meaning for modern times of ?mercy death?. Even while the actual term itself has evolved in meaning, the human race has further qualified with distinctive types of euthanasia, voluntary and involuntary. Although types of voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia can be very different, this paper shows that they may all be judged based on a set of moral responsibilities that accompany every individual?s right to control his own life. In the context of these guidelines, this paper argues that all voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia, as well as physician-assisted suicide, may be morally permissible, or even obligatory, in accordance with these responsibilities.
From the Paper
"My argument for the moral permissibility of voluntary euthanasia draws primarily from the belief in an individual?s right to control the ultimate conditions of his life, including his death. This right, of course, is not unconditional. As with all rights, this one is accompanied by responsibilities. In other words, a sentient, competent individual has the right to ultimate control of his own life under the condition that the actions exercised by this right are in harmony with the best interests both of the individual and of the people directly influenced by the individual. In a situation where the best interests of the individual and of the people directly influenced by the individual are in conflict, the responsibility is of the individual to choose an action appealing to the greatest utility for all parties involved."
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Ethics of Euthanasia, 2006.
An examination of the ethics of euthanasia using the Jeremy Bentham's principle of utility from 'An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a definition of euthanasia, and then relates it to the principle of utility as described in 'An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation' by Jeremy Bentham. The paper then discusses the ethical perspective of euthanasia from the perspective of religion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From this point of view, if an action brings them happiness, it possesses utility; by contrast, to the extent that it does not do so is the extent to which it can be viewed as being a constraint to happiness: "By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness" (p. 12). In reality, then, the steps that could be followed in an application of this principle to the concept of the ethics of euthanasia are not very different from any other setting."
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Euthanasia, 2002.
An exploration of the topic of euthanasia focusing on the ethical, moral and legal ramifications.
1,503 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion to identify the distinction between the morality - or the inherent rightness or wrongfulness of an act - and ethics - the set of standards or codes of practice that proceed from definitions and determinations of wrongfulness and rightness. The paper uses the case of euthanasia, where not only are ethics and morality an issue, but the law is also involved. After reviewing the basis for ethics and morality and its impact on lawmaking in America, the writer firmly believes what emerges from this discussion is the belief that voluntary euthanasia sought by a competent, rational, mature adult who has exhausted all medical remedies should be permitted.
From the Paper
"Spong (2000) suggests that one way of framing the question of whether or not euthanasia is morally and ethically viable is to differentiate between what he calls ?active? and ?passive? euthanasia. In the case of the former, a physician or other actor would deliberately undertake steps to end the life of a suffering individual. Administration of medication, or even the mere participation in preparing a patient to self-administer a medication that has the potential to end life, is an active form of euthanasia. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, would be allowing a patient to die by withholding treatment, food, life-support technologies at the patient?s request."
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Euthanasia, 2004.
A discussion of how euthanasia is not a violation of ethics or morally wrong.
1,986 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the very purpose of life is to build individual consciousness and how the question of a first principle arises on the current premise of ethics surrounding the debate on the ethicality of euthanasia. It looks at how opponents to euthanasia have viewed most, if not all, their arguments from the moralistic perspective that there is an intrinsic value to human life and, therefore, it needs to be preserved until death occurs naturally. It attempts, therefore, to focus on the real ethical issues revolving around euthanasia and evaluate them against a commonly held view as to what constitutes a moral judgment.
From the Paper
"While there is certainly some validity in this argument, there also needs to be cognition of the fact that there is individual choice involved in exercising the right to determine whether or not he or she would like to go through such an experiential state. Nowhere in metaethics is there any implication of Divine enforcement of such consciousness on individuals. Rather there is an emphasis on individual effort towards higher and higher states of consciousness. It would also be of relevance here, to note that the theological view of the individual right to determine the time of death has varied down the ages."
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Euthanasia, 2004.
A look at arguments dealing with the topic of euthanasia and whether it can be considered ethical or justified.
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the arguments concerning euthanasia and whether the practice of euthanasia can be considered ethical or even justified. The paper discusses and explains voluntary and involuntary euthanasia and looks at how the Utilitarian philosophy can be applied to this issue. The paper also looks at how arguments of Peter Singer apply to this topic.
From the Paper
"The debate over euthanasia begins with the definition of the word itself. Today people distinguish between active and passive euthanasia as well as voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. The distinction between active and passive euthanasia would seem to be straightforward. Active euthanasia occurs when someone actively brings about someone's death as in through an injection of a toxic substance. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, occurs when someone refuses to intervene actively in order to prevent someone else's death. For example, in a real life hospital setting a..."
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Christian Ethics, 2005.
This paper discusses three Christian moral issues and their related ethics: Euthanasia, abortion and the saving a child's life by producing a healthy baby in order to assist a dieing older sibling.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that it is impossible to determine precisely what Christian ethics or morals are on any given issue without a plausible definition of what constitutes a Christian. The author points out that, from this review of the history of Christianity, the religion is practiced in varying formats and with various degrees of adherence to the moral and ethical dictates of the religion; furthermore, one observes that more than likely the "root-cause" for failures to adhere to Christian morals and ethics is a product of the slow-paced evolution of the Christian religion. The paper relates that, as an example of these other ethical issues, most scholars from both sides of the abortion issue feel that the resolution will come in the form of pre-natal research and development because advancements made within this science have already dropped the abortion rates appreciably nationwide.
Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Why Christianity is in Turmoil
An Important Turning Point in Establishment
The Bible and the Establishment of Morals and Ethics
The Christian Ethics of Euthanasia
A Brave New Set of Ethics
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Christian ethic concerning physician-assisted suicide is of course spelled out within the "Ten Commandments," of the Old Testament. Quite simply, "Thou shall not kill." On the other hand, down through the decades since the inventions of or development of "pain-relieving," drugs, physicians have been quietly going about the process of Euthanasia where there is no hope for continued productive life - usually labeled "end-stage relief," and their work although secretive in nature has not conjured much debate until the past two decades. Indeed, with the passage of a new "politically correct," law in the Netherlands recently the ethical reaction into the nature of this act has been minimal at best with discussions cropping up from time to time brought on primarily by the Religious Right. For example, the Reverend Billie Graham is one, along with his son Franklin that is quite out-spoken on the issue."
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Euthanasia Allowed, 2005.
This paper contends that euthanasia should be decriminalized for ethical reasons.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that euthanasia should be decriminalized. The paper is written from an ethical point of view. The writer explains that the argument is based on weighing the ethics of permitting death within the medical establishment, or the ethics of limiting personal freedom and responsibility. The paper concludes that in the end, the right to choose must be given greater importance than the moral concerns of only one contingent of society.
From the Paper
"To be sure, euthanasia represents one of the most complex and heavily debated issues in modern, Western society. With recent high-profile examples like the Terri Schiavo case in Florida or the failed attempts by the Bush administration to outlaw euthanasia in Oregon, the topic seems to be at the forefront of cultural development. When we consider the ethics of the matter, it is important to weigh the moral cost of death against the moral cost of restricting freedom. This paper will argue that euthanasia should be decriminalized because it is the final example of the importance of freedom and the right to choose."
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Ethics of Physician-Assisted Suicide, 2005.
An examination of the ethical considerations behind euthanasia.
2,451 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The moral and constitutional issues surrounding physician-assisted suicide are extensively debated. This paper discusses that, if physician-assisted suicide is to become part of standard medical practice in the United States, there is a need to resolve the difficulties associated with its practical application. It explains that professional societies would need to cooperate to develop practice guidelines for physician-assisted suicide. Individual physicians will need to sort out for themselves what their personal positions will be and how their practice and referrals will be affected. It explains that professional education efforts that address palliative care options and reliable prescribing information would be essential. Physician-assisted suicide is a just and ethical act. It concludes that everyone who is suffering from a terminal illness has right to be free from pain and to die with dignity.
From the Paper
"All persons have a moral right to choose freely what they will do with their lives as long as they inflict no harm on others. This right of free choice includes the right to end one's life when we choose. For most people, the right to end one's life is a right they can easily exercise, but there are many who want to die, but whose disease, handicap, or condition renders them unable to end their lives in a dignified manner. When such people ask for assistance in exercising their right to die, their wishes should be respected. Using egoism, the utilitarian code of ethics, and Thiroux?s system of humanitarian ethics we can see if physician-assisted suicide is either ethical or non-ethical."
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Ethics in Decision Making, 2002.
Discusses the basic ethical rules to be considered in the decision-making process, focusing on physician-assisted suicide.
1,019 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
There are several ground rules that should be considered in the decision-making process, when ethics are concerned. Ethics operate according to a certain set of moral criteria acceptable to society at a given time or in a given place. The paper shows that ethics or morals dictate how we as human beings should conduct our lives. They determine the standards of right or wrong actions in terms of the truly human life. A further aspect of ethics is admitting where society?s ethics fall short in terms of concerns that are minimized or ignored. The paper explains that the ultimate consideration in a decision-making process is not primarily one of religious or legal importance, but of social and human importance. The paper uses euthanasia as an example of using ethics in a decision-making process.
From the Paper
"The most pressing issue appears to be dignity. The argument is that people should have the right to die with dignity, which presumably is not the case if they are, for example, kept alive by machines. There is, however, an opposite point of view stating that death with the aid of a physician is not guaranteed to be dignified. Others approach the issue from a philosophical point of view, saying that meeting death with dignity is the natural result of living life with dignity. This then separates the issue entirely from the way in which a person dies. When all factors are taken into account, the conclusion is that a dignified death requires more than simply a legal right. A dignified death would require a large amount of courage and faith from a number of involved persons."
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Ethics, 2005.
An analysis of a paper on ethics by James Rachels entitled "Active and Passive Euthanasia".
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the paper, "Active and Passive Euthanasia", by James Rachels, published about 30 years ago in which the question of the morality of all forms of euthanasia was examined. The paper presents a critique of the theme, style, language choice, contents, conclusions and strength of Rachels' paper.
From the Paper
"In his essay "Active and Passive Euthanasia", James Rachels explains that the traditional distinction between active and passive euthanasia requires critical analysis. The conventional doctrine is that there an important moral difference between the two that must be carefully examined. Rachels writes that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is thought to be critical for medical ethics. This idea can be challenged in a number of ways. One is that active euthanasia is in many cases more humane than passive euthanasia. Another is that this idea rests on..."
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Religious Perspective on Suicide and Euthanasia, 2005.
A look at the Christian and Buddhist views of the ethics of suicide and euthanasia.
2,371 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the standards and moral guidelines of the Christian and Buddhist faiths regarding suicide and euthanasia, and then demonstrates how the modern, secular, and moral stand on these issues is founded on these same guidelines.
From the Paper
"Within this work several sources will demonstrate the tenets of the similarities and differences of the ethical view of both Christina and Buddhist on suicide. Within the Encyclopedia of Religion there is a basic overview of the standards of faiths upon issues regarding the taking of ones life. The Buddhist view will be farther examined through the work of Damien Keown, who details three examples of suicide in the Pali Canon of the Buddhist faith, and Carl Becker, who writes extensively on the issue of suicide and euthanasia from the Buddhist perspective. Additionally selected works by and about the famous church father Augustine will demonstrate the Christian ethic on suicide."
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Euthanasia and Infants, 2002.
A discussion of the ethics of euthanasia for severely defective or disabled infants
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the subject of euthanizing severely defective/disabled infants. The utilitarian ethical theory says that the decision should be for the best of all concerned. What is the best?
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Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, 2006.
An analysis of ethical issues in euthanasia and assisted suicide.
3,227 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is not to discuss whether euthanasia and assisted suicide is right or wrong but to analyze the ethical issues involved. It attempts to show how ethical issues are integral to the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide and how the implementation of ethical values should be within the ambit of the prevailing law so as to avoid conflict with the prevailing laws of the particular country.
From the Paper
"The action of a person taking an overdose of medicines or pulling out the tube providing life sustaining intravenous fluids is termed as assisted suicide. Euthanasia can be either voluntary or non-voluntary. It becomes voluntary when a competent person expresses his wish to be helped to die for a reason based on his perception. If the patient is unable or competent enough to state his desire to die, then such euthanasia is said to be non-voluntary. If the act of non-voluntary euthanasia is performed against the patient's wishes, then it is involuntary euthanasia and such an event is viewed as murder under the ambit of law."
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Euthanasia, 2007.
A discussion of the ethical dilemmas facing doctors and nurses when discussing euthanasia.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical issue of euthanasia and particularly, the way that it impacts the nursing profession. The paper defines euthanasia and then goes on to describe the different forms of euthanasia and the differing ethical issues that exist for each one. The paper also discusses the moral dilemma for doctors who are required, on the one hand, to follow the patients's will and on the other hand, are required to treat and to attempt to cure.
From the Paper
"The involuntary euthanasia is the third and most cruel form of killing. In Nazi Germany the state decided to dispose off its retarded, handicapped and mentally ill under the T-4 Euthanasia Program. The persons being subjected to involuntary euthanasia fully appreciated their handicap, although severely ill or deformed, they did not want to die. This form is unacceptable in any society. Even in the post war Germany, the involuntary euthanasia practice during the Nazi period is recognized as inhuman and now the preferred word for euthanasia is 'Sterbhilfe' (help in dying)."
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Euthanasia: Whose Choice Should it Be?, 1999.
This paper analyzes ideas for and against euthanasia and then argues why euthanasia should be a choice for everyone.
2,031 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses and explains the different forms of euthanasia. The writer looks at both sides of the euthanasia argument. The writer notes that those in favor of euthanasia bring up the comparison of passive euthanasia to active euthanasia and then discusses the differences. The writer covers issues such as doctor-assisted suicide and voluntary or involuntary euthanasia. In conclusion, the writer argues that euthanasia is ethically, morally and, should be, legally right for people whose medical condition is terminal, and whose suffering and hardship outweigh the benefit of trying to prolong their life.
From the Paper
"Euthanasia has three sub-categories that can go along with either the passive or active definition. These include voluntary, involuntary, and non-voluntary. The firs sub-category is voluntary. This simply enough means that the patient willingly and capably made the choice. The second sub-category is involuntary. Involuntary, on the other hand, means that the choice was made without the patient's approval, who is otherwise capable of making the decision. Non-voluntary refers to the choice being made for an incompetent patient who is not believed to be capable of making the choice for himself. These three sub-categories play a major factor in how euthanasia is viewed and determined legally."
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