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The European Union and Great Britain, 2002.
The role of the European Union in the world economy and Great Britain's involvement and non-involvement in aspects of the Union.
1,411 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with many concepts of modern international relations, such as the departure from the bipolar system of the Cold war and how, with the united Europe, the world may be headed back to a bipolar system. The paper also explores how, beyond just being allies, the united Europe positions itself as an economical adversary of the United States. Finally, the essay explores the role of Great Britain in the formation of the European Union, while looking into the British refusal to enter it completely, as with acceptance of a single currency.
From the Paper
"The European Union has been a formidable geo-political and economic institution for the past forty years. It has not always existed as we see it today. To obtain today?s form it has evolved in a similar fashion to other multi-lateral bodies in the world as well as some countries, such as the United States. The idea of a United Europe evolved from the ardent advocacy of former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. On the 19th of September 1946, at Zurich University, he promoted the idea of a United States of Europe. From that moment on the European states began the Herculean task of coordinating economic agreements the most prominent of which is the new Exchange Rate Mechanism, or the ?Euro,? and other multi-national decisions that would be the beginning phases of economic, and in-turn governmental, integration in Europe. As Nigel Lawson stated; Economic and monetary union implies nothing less than European government. The first effect of this growing movement was the implementation of the Euro as a means of continental transaction amongst the member states in 1998 and the eventual full integration of the Euro among the member nations as of January 1, 2002."
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The European Union and Britain, 2002.
A look at the link between the EU and Britain.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six-page final year paper discusses Europe and the Union. The paper attempts to decide what factors influenced Britain's relationship to the European Communities from the 1950's to the Thatcher years. And what were the implications of the previous enlargements of the EU.
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Britain and the European Union, 2006.
A discussion of the hypothesis that Britain does not want to be at the heart of the European Union.
6,068 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 36 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
Britain first joined the European Union (E.U.) in 1973, with the support of the majority of the British public. However, since then the public has become increasingly sceptical towards the E.U. This paper assesses Britain's relationship with the E.U., both past and present and attempts to account for the reasons behind the relationship and attitudes towards the E.U. (both from a political and social view). It looks at the extent to which the policies of the three main UK political parties and the U.K. Independence Party (UKIP) indicate that they want Britain to be at the heart of the E.U. It also discusses the views of the British public towards issues such as the E.U. Constitution and the Euro.
Outline:
Introduction
Britain Does Not Want to be at the Heart of the EU
Conclusion
Justification of Research Methods
From the Paper
"Compared to other member states, there is a very low level of support for the EU in Britain. The 2002 survey by Eurobarometer survey found that 32% of the British public supported EU membership, while 27% of the population was against it. The level of support is much lower than in countries such as Luxembourg - where 81% of the population supports EU membership and only 3% opposes it - and Germany, where 52% support membership of the EU, while only 9% of the population is opposed to membership. The level of support in Britain is also much lower than the EU average; 53% of people in the 15 member states support their countries' membership of the EU and only 11% are opposed to it . "
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France, Britain and the European Union, 2006.
Examines the impact of the European Union on the social and economic elements of France and the United Kingdom.
3,203 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
In order to fully understand the impact of the European Union and its effects on Great Britain and France, as well as the rest of its members, this paper takes a critical look at how their economies and societies have changed over the last few years. Great Britain and France are two of the strongest nations that participated in the European Union experiment and their problems of integration are perhaps representative of the problems that the rest of the EU suffers. This paper examines the socio-economic impact of the European Union on the unity and culture of these two powerful nations.
From the Paper
"For Great Britain the greatest damage of the European Union has been on its currency. With the onset of the EU, and the creation of the Euro, the pound sterling has taken a large hit in the international monetary market. Pre Euro, the pound sterling and the Deutschemark were the standard currency of the European market next to the dollar. However, with the birth of the Euro, most international banks want to fill its reserves with the Euro because it spreads out the risk of inflation and other negative factors across many member states and therefore it is largely more stable than other currencies. With this shift in currency focus, the pound has been doing relatively badly against the dollar as well as the Euro."
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British Monetary Policy & the European Union, 1996.
Historical overview of Britain's experience with various exchange rate regimes. Detailed discussion of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). Predictions of Britain's future role in the European Monetary Union (EMU).
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The discussion which follows will describe British monetary policy in relationship to the European Union (EU). It will focus specifically on Britain's experience with the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). The analysis will first present a brief historical overview of British experience with various exchange rate regimes. It will then describe in more detail Britain's decision to enter ERM and the reasons why it was ultimately forced to withdraw from that mechanism. Finally, some conjectures will be presented on Britain's future role in the European Monetary Union (EMU)."
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Profitability in Unionized and Non-Union Companies, 2005.
A look at the impact that a union has on a firm's profit and investment.
893 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes studies that looked at whether unionized companies were less or more profitable than non-union firms and whether there was less new investment in unionized firms as compared to non-unionized ones. After reviewing the literature, the paper concludes that, while unions generally transfer payment from shareholders to employees, there is a downside to unionization; it may inhibit the very investment needed to run the company.
From the Paper
"As long ago as 1994, researchers were interested in ascertaining whether unionized companies were less or more profitable than nonunion firms, and whether there was less new investment in unionized firms as compared to nonunionized ones. Morgan investigated shareholder risk and rates of return in both sorts of companies during the period 1973-1987. Morgan?s work cited earlier work of Becker and Olson (1989) in which they provided an analysis of differences in shareholder risk and returns in union and nonunion companies, finding that shareholders in more highly unionized companies realized lower rates of return than did shareholders in the nonunion companies. Becker and Olson had further suggested that lower shareholder returns during the 1970s had led management to attempt to limit the extent of unionization during the 1980s in a move to reverse that trend. (Morgan, 1994, unpaged)"
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The Inquisitorial System of Criminal Justice, 2002.
This paper details the debate over the proposal to introduce the inquisitorial system of justice used in the European Union to Britain.
3,835 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the key arguments in the debate currently going on in Britain over whether or not to replace its adversarial system of justice and replace it with the inquisitorial system of justice now used in the European Union. The paper begins by defining both the adversarial and inquisitorial systems of justice. It then presents arguments in support of the Inquisitorial Model including that the system promotes equality; decreases miscarriages of justice; seeks to find the truth; argues that the judges in the adversarial system are poorly trained while its judges are chosen on merit. The author then presents their arguments against the use of the Inquisitorial Model and makes the following points about the inquisitorial system including that it ignores human dignity; that it will cause false imprisonment; argues that the European Union will be allowed to prosecute British Citizens and will therefore render British Law powerless; argues that it will lead to the destruction of the Magna Carta and finally, argues that the system can be costly. The author then presents a final evaluation of the materials presented and details their own conclusions as to which system is better suited for use in Britain.
From the Paper
"Opponents of implementing the inquisitorial system argue the efficacy of the adversarial system. These opponents note that there are clear advantages to the current British system which include. The right of Habeas Corpus (that the accused must be taken to a public court within a very short period of time, usually 24 hours, and the accusers must produce their evidence then and there. The right to Trial by Jury at which jurors can in fact even disregard the law if they think it would give an unjust conviction. The jurors are thus 'sovereign'. If found innocent, the accused cannot be tried again on the same charge. (Corpus Juris and the Effect on British Common Law Rights)"
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The European Economic Community.
This paper discusses the history of the European Economic Community (EEC), organized in 1958, which predated the European Union (EU), organized in 1992, especially the positions of Germany and the U.K. (Britain).
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the European Economic Community (EEC) was established to lower custom barriers between European countries and to create greater political cohesion and ultimately an economic entity, which would increase Europe's power in the world market. The author points out that the major reasons Germany, which was more familiar with federalism, wanted the states of Europe to join together as a European federal state were: (1) The quicker the integration process, the shorter time period needed for Germany to overcome the loss of the war and the status of being the 'loser' of the war and (2) if a European union would control all members, then there would be less or even complete avoidance of discrimination towards Germany by other nations. The paper stresses that the major reasons Britain, on the other hand, did not want to be a part of a united Europe were: (1) They viewed unification as a European super-state being run by the Britain's oldest rivals French and German and (2) Britain, having had a stable democracy for many centuries and never having been subject to totalitarian rule, saw themselves as different and unlike any fellow European member.
From the Paper
"At the end of the Second World War, Europe was devastated and economically exhausted, and its most urgent need was to restore its economy. In this situation two great powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, uneasily confronted each other across Europe. Europe would be organized in such a way that war between Western European countries could not recur. There was an urgent need to construct war shattered economies that led the countries of Western Europe to begin working together. Finally, after long and complicated negotiations, the "Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) was signed in Rome on March 25, 1957 and came into affect in January, 1958." (Palmer and Lambert, 1968, 33). What this Treaty established was a European free trade eliminating all tariffs on trades between members of the EEC, which included Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, France, Luxembourg, and the Federal Republic of Germany."
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The European Court of Justice, 2003.
Description, history and problems associated with one of the most important aspects of the European Union.
2,062 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The ultimate authority to rule on the interpretation of European Union law resides with the Court of Justice of the European Union. This paper discusses the ECJ in detail, with particular attention paid to its history. Also discussed are its relations to Great Britain and France, as well as relevant problems the ECJ faces today.
From the Paper
"Historically, Britain?s Parliament held the position of supremacy in the country but this is currently challenged by the right the ECJ to rule on whether British law is compatible with European Union law (Curtis 110). The notion that a body of laws supercedes British Law and that Britain is bound somewhat to the written constitution of the European Union creates a problem in the minds of many British people, both those within the government and common citizens (Curtis 110).
The European Union (at this time the European Community) challenged British Parliamentary sovereignty in 1991 when the EC threatened to take legal action to stop British Rail construction projects for environmental reasons (Curtis 110)."
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Case Study: Non European Union (EU) or European Union, 2008.
Discusses the European Union (EU) and its individual markets as a potential target market for entry by a foreign enterprise as well as a non-member market.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This analysis examines the characteristics of two specific target countries for potential market entry by a foreign enterprise. The two countries examined are a non-EU member country which is Indonesia and an EU member state which is Spain. Additionally, the benefits and disadvantages of such countries vis-a-vis individual company acquisitions or joint venture targets are discussed.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Country Analysis
Overview
Target Country One--Indonesia
Cultural
Trading Blocs and Related Data
Major Currencies
Fund Repatriation and Exchange Rate Risks
Target Country Two--Spain
Cultural
Trading Blocs and Related Data
Major Currencies
Fund Repatriation and Exchange Rate Risks
European Union Membership Versus
Non-Membership
The EU Market Environment
Non-EU Market Disadvantages
Business and Commerce in EU Markets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most important regional trading blocs related to this project are ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Indonesia reported a trade surplus with Japan of $9,018m, $5,096m with the United States, and $1,958m with China as recently as 2000 which indicative a strong export economy (Indonesia, 2006). These and its other total exports formed the equivalent of $57.4b worth of exports in 2001. Its current account stands at $6,899m and balance on goods of $22,695 while its balance on services totals a deficit of -$10,380m . Regional barriers to trade are minimal."
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Britain and the EU, 2004.
An examination of why Britain is adamantly refusing to join the EU.
2,415 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why the nation of Great Britain is so against the European Union. It explains that Great Britain is one of the most notable hold-outs to joining the union. Great Britain has steadfastly refused to join the union or to convert its traditional currency to the Euro. This refusal to join continues and has a great deal of support among the British people.
From the Paper
"The British people take a great deal of pride in their nationality, more so than most any other nation of Europe. The British people are proud of being British. They have their national songs, their national traditions, national holidays, and national identity. This identity is wrapped up in over one thousand years worth of rich cultural history, during which time the people of the British Isles created a culture that is uniquely and easily identifiable as British. The British people, therefore, are loathe to give up this unique sense of nationality, this sense that they are unlike any other nation in the world, and adopt the common, homogenized mantle of being simple a "European nation." In fact, the British people can realistically be expected to fight strongly against joining the European Union, simply due to their strong nationalist feelings."
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Relations With Post-War Germany, 1945-1948, 2000.
An examination of the policy conflicts between the U.S., Soviet Union and Great Britain on how to deal with defeated Germany. Includes wartime decisions, Allied Conferences, reconstruction, leadership, borders, Truman Doctrine, Berlin Blockade and more.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 20 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
An examination of the policy conflicts between the U.S., Soviet Union and Great Britain on how to deal with defeated Germany. Includes wartime decisions, Allied Conferences, reconstruction, leadership, borders, Truman Doctrine, Berlin Blockade and more.
From the Paper
"Problem of Germany (1945-1948)
This research paper discusses the policy conflicts which arose between the United States and other Western powers and the Soviet Union over the problem of Germany during the years 1945 through 1948. Those policy conflicts and the underlying events are analyzed from the perspectives offered by different interpretations of them by traditional, realist, revisionist and neo-revisionist schools of thought.
The wartime Western-Soviet alliance effectively dealt with the common Nazi German military threat. However, by the end of World War II, the victors had agreed on little more than to occupy, de-nazify and jointly administer their defeated and devastated German former enemy. The traditional approaches of the United States and the Soviet Union to foreign policy largely..."
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Britain and the Euro, 2002.
A discussion on whether Britain should have joined the European single currency in 1999.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the pros and cons of Britain joining the euro. It discusses the impact that the euro will have on the British economy, politics and business including its potential impact on interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, trade, foreign investment, jobs and national identity. It concludes with how the author believes, that for the time being, Britain should stay out of the euro since the U.K. currently has a thriving economy and joining when the effects on the euro are unknown is too risky.
From the Paper
"Currently Britain is enjoying a period of economic growth and stability which has been achieved by being able to adopt the economies appropriate to her circumstances. In particular, the setting of interest rates that are appropriate to the current economic conditions. By joining the single currency, Britain would lose control of monetary policy (interest rates, etc) to the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. Therefore in the future Britain could endure rates inappropriate to the current phase in the economic cycle. So interest rates which are suitable for one country may be unsuitable for the economy of another (i.e. one country may be in recession while another is in boom)."
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The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), 2005.
Examines the evolution of ESDP in view of the latest enlargement round.
26,000 words (approx. 104.0 pages), 183 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is one of the most important, yet also one of the most difficult geo-strategical elements of the European Union. Nevertheless, the ESDP has made some remarkable development jumps since the late Nineties. The paper shows that one of the reasons for this has been the Kosovo crisis, where the EU had to act as one to be able to intervene successfully. Another aspect has been the initiatives of France and Great Britain at the Saint Malo Summit. The paper shows that since then, the ESPD has made it through the Nice Contract and has been institutionalised into the EU Charter. The paper includes tables.
Table of Contents:
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction 6
2 The Theoretical and Historical Context
3 Towards a European Security Strategy
3.1 New Threats, New Challenges
3.1.1 The New Security Dilemma
3.1.2 European Geo-strategic Objectives
3.2 The ESS
4 Genesis and Evolution of the ESDP
4.1 A Tour through Europe: From Maastricht to Seville
4.2 Evolving Objectives of the ESDP
4.3 Missions to date
4.4 What Kind of Power is the EU?
5 Aspects of Power Distribution and International Relations
5.1 A Special Relationship: Partners Across the Atlantic
5.2 The ESDP and International Organisations
5.2.1 NATO
5.2.2 UN
5.2.3 OSCE
6 Enlargement and the Consequences
6.1 The Enlargement Process
6.2 A View from the East: the approach of eight New Members
towards ESDP
6.2.1 Estonia
6.2.2 Latvia
6.2.3 Lithuania
6.2.4 Poland
6.2.5 Czech Republic
6.2.6 Slovakia
6.2.7 Hungary
6.2.8 Slovenia
6.3 Implications for ESDP
7 Enlargement, ESDP and the Balance of Power:
7.1 ESDP: An Assessment
7.2 Intra-EU Aspects
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 United Kingdom
7.2.3 France
7.2.4 Italy
7.3 Extra-EU Aspects
8 Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
9 Bibliography
From the Paper
"The development of the ESDP has been seen by some as critical to the EU's international influence. If Europe integrated its security and defense efforts, it could not only defend itself but also export security to others. Others have viewed the ESDP as a threat to the EU's strengths as a civilian power. For the ESDP to develop in a manner that does not usurp Europe's civil power, there needs to be solid, sustained political and military dialogue at all levels-institutional, national, and personal-between ESDP/CFSP and NATO, and between individual national governments and parliaments, not least the U.S. Congress. A successful European Security and Defense Policy will change the European Union's position in the international realm relative to security, including restoration and/or maintenance of the economies of the region."
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Britain, Europe and America, 2005.
A discussion on whether Britain's future lies with Europe or America.
2,482 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In an era of rising globalisation and in a divided world under a war against terrorism, to which side of the Atlantic Britain's economic and political future is likely to tend? This paper argues that Britain is likely to remain tied up with America and will rely essentially on the latter to determine its international position, especially if the U.K. does not manage to rehabilitate its credibility in continental Europe as a reliable partner and supporter of close co-operation.
Outline:
Britain's Constant Efforts to Privilege Its "Special Relationship" With the U.S.
The U.K.'s Historical Distinctiveness From the Continent
Political Pragmatism as a Constant in British Politics
The Emphasis on the 'Special Relationship' as the Pillar of U.K.-U.S. Military and Security Cooperation
Britain Facing European Issues of the Euro and the European Treaty: Britain At Crossroads With Europe
Britain's Political Class's Inability to Overcome Schisms on the Question of Europe
Britain Out of "Euro-Land"
The European Treaty and Britain's Vital Choice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Nevertheless, within the process of decolonisation, the UK was faced with the dismantling of its colonial empire. The association of former dominions within the Commonwealth did not manage to make Britain's trade with former colonies flourish. Moreover, in the context of the Cold War, Britain had to realise its incapacities to intervene militarily in the world without the support and assent of the U.S.: this was the case when the Anglo-French expedition in Suez failed in 1956, making the 'special relationship' with the U.S. more unbalanced. Finally, facing the importance of its relative economic decline, the UK had to take into account the fact that most of its international trade was alimented by and with Europe. Indeed, Jones and Kavanagh recall that already in 1875, the UK's trade with Europe constituted 51% of the national GDP (JONES & KAVANAGH, 1998: 226). "
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