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European Policy Making, 2002.
The paper answers the questions: Are the Council of Ministers and the Commission partners or rivals in European policy-making?
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and interprets the politics of EU and determines whether the Council of Ministers and the Commission partners are rivals or partners.
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European Union Environmental Policy-Making, 2003.
An exploration of the the manner in which various domestic factors in the European Union member states can influence the Union's policy-making.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper shows, without discounting the force of global and European structure and mechanisms, how each member state?s position in environmental policy-making in the EU level is determined by its own national interests that are derived from its own domestic characteristics and conditions. It looks at how public opinion, economic structure, geographical conditions and political construction, all shape the state?s case-by-case position in the EU. It shows how ideally member states would rather have its own regulation adopted as the EU-wide legislation as that will entail no adjustment costs on its part. It also examines in the environmental sector how the need to maintain competitiveness, to regain internal market access, or simply to ensure the success of a quality-of-living protection programme drives member states even further in its effort to influence the resulting EU legislation.
From the Paper
"The European Union as known today originated from the need of West European countries for a regional arrangement to facilitate their economic development. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the founding Treaties of the European Communities were created as functional agencies only in charge of the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors, whether they will lead to a supranational body or not. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 did not include any articles that made specific reference to the creation of an environmental policy, which originally was thought to be potentially detrimental to the economic development."
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E.U. Policy-Making, 2002.
An examination of the implementation difficulties which the European Commission has identified as undermining the policy-making abilities of the EU institutions.
3,207 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the European Commission has become aware of an ?implementation deficit? within the EU policy process. It looks at how its primary role regarding EU policy implementation is that of supervisor and overseer and how although it is responsible for direct implementation to a limited extent, the majority of implementation is delegated to agencies within the member states. It attempts to show how it is this subsidiarity of policy implementation which has emerged as the principal cause of the implementation deficit, although various other factors add to this problem. In order to understand the extent to which these implementation difficulties undermine EU policy-making, each of the primary factors which contribute to this deficit are examined and examples of actual EU policies that have suffered as a result are provided.
From the Paper
"A further means by which EU policy-making may be undermined is the presence of too many intervening links in the implementation process. The higher the number of links, the greater is the risk of failure. For instance, the EU?s anti sexual discrimination policies would go through so many links before reaching their intended target (e.g. an office) that the policy may have been ?eroded? to such an extent that, when implemented, it can be totally distorted from the original Commission policy."
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Foreign Policy Decision-Making within the EU, 2005.
An analysis of the challenges that exist in foreign policy decision-making within the European Union and possible solutions to the problems.
2,784 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the main challenges involved in formulating and instigating foreign relations policies and decisions within the European Union (EU). It looks at the reasons why these problems and challenges occur and discusses the best ways to overcome the difficulties. The paper presents specific examples to explain the current situation.
From the Paper
"As such, the solution is a simple one in theory though enormously difficult in practice. In order for the European Union to carry out foreign relations in a manner which fit its theoretical global position, much higher levels of integration is required. A concrete and vital start to this process would be the establishment of a Union wide constitution capable of acting as the ultimate authority. However, both this and further measures to ensure the effectiveness of collective action outside the Union would require the large scale removal of sovereignty from individual member states to the central Union authority. Opposition to such moves would be considerable and thus given its fragmented mature, it is unlikely that the European Union will be able to act in such a way for some time to come."
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European Refugee Policy, 2006.
A look at the achievements made by the E.U.towards a European refugee policy through a review of Joanne Van Selm's "European Refugee Policy: is There Such a Thing?".
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses Joanne Van Selm's working paper "European Refugee Policy: is There Such a Thing?". It discusses how "illegal immigrant", "asylum seeker", "refugee", "economic refugee" are all phrases that tend to create confusion in the minds of E.U. citizens. It looks at how the 25 Member-States barely have a common immigration policy, though they do have a few guidelines for a harmonisation of asylum policy. It is in this context, that the question of the existence of a European Refugee policy is discussed.
Outline:
Introduction
What Has Been Achieved in the EU so Far (From the Schengen Agreement to Now) Does Not Always Take the Right Direction Towards A Common Refugee Policy.
Implementing Agreements on Immigration, Asylum and Refugees in the EU: A Common Approach or 25 Approaches?
The Lack of Political Will of Fortress Europe Does Not Help Shaping a Common Refugee Policy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The very way refugee issues are dealt with within the EU is counterproductive, in terms of defence of human rights. VAN SELM explains that "there are [...] more national civil servants [than EU civil servants] dealing with asylum and refugee policy. They are all within the most sovereign control-oriented ministries too (Justice and Home Affairs) [...] Since where you stand is influenced by where you sit, it seems natural that these policy makers would be more likely to guard national interest and defend national policy than to consider the situations in countries and regions around the world, and the most appropriate policy Europe as a whole could pursue in the interest of maintaining stability by guaranteeing protection to refugees." Part of this safeguarding of the national interest would also be the lack of funds granted to refugee issues. If it is true that some EU Member States do "use part of their own overseas development aid to assist refugees in emergency and protracted situations around the world" (p.18), VAN SELM notes that "this is rarely done in a systemic way." Countries like Malta spent their ODA on detained asylum seekers, hence having anything but a refugee policy."
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European Environmental Policy, 2004.
Assesses the changes in European environmental policy since the 1970s and whether these changes have made the policy more effective.
2,756 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This essay assesses the changes European environmental policy making has undergone since the 1970s in respect of their effectiveness. First, it is shown how European environmental policy making has changed in terms of its scope and legalization on a European level. The paper then shows with what instruments European institutions have tackled environmental protection.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Legalization
2.1. Treaty of Rome
2.2. Single European Act
2.3. Treaty on European Union
3. Instruments
3.1. Moral Suasion
3.2. Regulatory Instruments
3.3. Financial Instruments
3.4. Market Instruments
3.4.1. Eco-tax
3.4.2. Eco-labels
4. Conclusion
5. References
From the Paper
"In 1993 the Commission established the European Environment Agency (EEA) in Copenhagen, which succeeded the CORINE programme, an experimental data collection project, along with the European Environment Information and Observation Network. The EEA "is intended to provide the Community and the Member States with objective, reliable and comparable information at European level enabling them to take the requisite measures to protect the environment" (Dinan, 2000:171). As the EEA does not have an enforcement role of EU environmental legislation, it is hard to assess its direct impact on environmental protection."
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The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), 2007.
This paper is an extensive literature review of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the European Union, especially with regard to the inclusion of Georgia.
15,620 words (approx. 62.5 pages), 45 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies
Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defense Policy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy
Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP
EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy
EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."
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European Foreign Policy and World War 1, 2003.
Examines whether the foreign policies of European governments before 1914 were conducive to the outbreak of World War One.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
World War One is considered by many to be the greatest war the world has seen. World War One was the first war of worldwide magnitude and its effects on the world are still reverberating today. This paper explores whether the foreign policies of European governments before 1914 contributed to outbreak of the war. The investigation covers the foreign policies of all major European powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungry, Russia, France and Britain.
From the Paper
"Rivalry between Austria-Hungry and Russia was very evident, and could escalate into conflict easily. The breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to both Russia and Austria-Hungry seeking to profit through the expansion. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 was not only a disaster for the Ottomans but for the Austrians as well because enemies such as Serbia had raised an army of 200,000. 4 Serbia desired to unite all Serbs including the 7.3 million Serbs who lived in Austria-Hungry with the 3.3 million who lived within the boundaries of Serbia. Serbia had the support of Russia in freeing the Serbs from oppressive empires such as Austria-Hungry. In 1908 the Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ended Austro-Russian collaboration and opened an era of suspicion and antagonism."
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European Foreign Policy, 2005.
Compares Europe's foreign policy to that of other nations.
1,054 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
Generally speaking, the EU does not have foreign policy priorities among its objectives, primarily because they can conflict with one another. This paper determines how the European Union's foreign policy differs from the foreign policy of a single nation state such as Australia or a global power such as the U.S.A. The paper also examines whether the EU has a consistent set of objectives in relations with its non-members.
From the Paper
"It is difficult for the EU to speak with one voice on foreign policy as there are many obstacles to a unified EU foreign policy. A foreign policy that is formulated at the EU level will often be insignificant as it will be based on the lowest common denominator, or basically what the most reluctant complying member can accept. The goals of EU foreign policy will be limited by member state sensitivities designed to not offend their interests. This was evident in the EU policy towards Iraq in 2003 as EU states were divided and could only agree on inconsequential declarations based around the sensitivities of competing members".
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Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank, 2008.
A thorough look at how the European Central Bank's monetary policy is defined.
10,806 words (approx. 43.2 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 214.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) and describes how it is optimally transparent and clearly communicated to the public so as to avoid any misunderstandings and avoid any shock effect to the economy due to shifting changes in the interest rates. The paper goes on to explain the primary objective of the ECB monetary policy, its operation framework and its guiding principles. The author has also included several figures to illustrate the points.
Outline:
List of Figures
Abstract
Executive Summary
Introduction
Literature Review
Price Stability
Role of Monetary Policy
ECB Basic Tasks
Current Best Practice: Predictability
Interest Rates
Optimal Monetary Policy Rule
ECB Credibility
Legislative Powers of the ECB
Interest Rate 'Smoothing' Practice of ECB
Communication of Monetary Policy Critically Important
OECD's Recommendations for the ECB (January, 2007)
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to the European Central Bank the objective of monetary policy is "to maintain price stability" which is set out in the Treaty establishing the European Community. Stated is: "Without prejudice to the objective of price stability" the Eurosystem will also "support the general economic policies in the Community with a view to contributing to the achievement of the objectives of the Community." (ECB, 2007) This is to include a "high level of employment" as well as "sustainable and non-inflationary growth". (ECB, 2007) The provisions of the Treaty illustrate the consensus that: (1) the benefits of price stability are of a substantial nature; and (2) the natural role of the monetary policy in the economy is to maintain price stability. (ECB, 2007; paraphrased)"
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Portuguese Farm Policy and the European Union, 2002.
This paper discusses the effect of the European Union (EU) policy on Portugal?s agriculture.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the European Union funding programs did not improve Portugal?s ability to competitive with other European Countries in the agriculture market. The paper details the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the current Portuguese agriculture situation, the food retailers and the character of Portuguese Farms. It concludes that agricultural policies will not be enough to slow the transition of the younger generation from farmers into other areas.
From the Paper
"When Portugal entered the EU, it did so from a position of lagging far behind other countries in technology and production methods. Its chief agricultural exports are grain, potatoes, olives, grapes, sheep, cattle, goats, and poultry, beef and dairy products. Only 10% of the country is engaged in agriculture as compared to 60% in services and 30% in industry. As of 1999, Portugal imported more agricultural products than it produced (Eurostat, 2001)."
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The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy, 2007.
An analysis of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy and European Security and Defense Policy, since the Maastricht Treaty.
3,578 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of the European Union's (EU)Common Foreign and Security Policy and the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) since the Maastricht Treaty. It aims to determine how successful these institutional developments have been in addressing current security challenges. The paper also identifies how these processes are affecting the respective members of the EU and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Recent Trends and Events
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that most observers did not expect the process to be seamless or trouble-free, but it would seem that the trends clearly indicate that the Europeanization process continues to move forward in inexorable ways, with the need for establishing a viable mechanism to provide for mutual defense representing one of the more compelling reasons in support of the process. While the nations of Europe have historically sought out such alliances for their mutual defense, the process has expanded in recent years to include many former adversaries that appeared to represent a step in the right direction for ensuring a prosperous future for all members of the EU. Alas, the war on terrorism is not going to be finished anytime soon and defense will likely remain at the forefront of the move toward a United States of Europe that reflects the mutual but diverse interests of its members."
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European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy, 2008.
An examination of the European Union's common foreign and security policy (CFSP) established during 1993.
2,950 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the foreign policy established by the European Union during 1993. The paper explains that the aims of the policy include issues such as safeguarding common values and fundamental interests shared by all Member States as well as strengthening the security and co-operation between Member States. The paper points out that the European Union functions as part of a larger conglomerate of countries that foster relationships to the advantage of all partners involved. The paper also looks at how the EU is exemplary of the amiable collaboration between countries to find common ground rather than points of conflict. In conclusion, the paper shows that the relationship between Russia and the EU promotes the mutual trust and respect necessary for countries to function well together. By collaborating, these countries then become more than the sum of their parts, and become beacons of excellence and an example for the rest of the world to follow.
Outline:
Introduction: Foreign Policy
History of EU/Russia Relations
The Way Forward: Common Spaces
- The Common Economic Space
- The Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice
- The Common Space of External Security
- The Common Space on Research, Education, and Culture
From the Paper
"A common European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) was established in 1999 in order to streamline security operations such as peacekeeping and conflict prevention. This has been applied successfully in locations such as Bosnia and the Republic of Congo. On the domestic front security and peace are two issues that enjoy top priority in the European Union. Indeed securing peace in Europe as a whole is one of the reasons behind the integration of the continent into a single entity. As such the EU has followed a paradigm of expansion inviting all to share in its collective paradigms of democracy and peace across the European continent. Countries are invited to join the Union under its European Neighborhood Policy. Under this policy, the EU is also collaborating with countries such as Russia in order to create mutually beneficial paradigms that will eventually extend beyond the borders of these alliances in order to benefit the earth as a whole."
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The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), 2005.
Examines the evolution of ESDP in view of the latest enlargement round.
26,000 words (approx. 104.0 pages), 183 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is one of the most important, yet also one of the most difficult geo-strategical elements of the European Union. Nevertheless, the ESDP has made some remarkable development jumps since the late Nineties. The paper shows that one of the reasons for this has been the Kosovo crisis, where the EU had to act as one to be able to intervene successfully. Another aspect has been the initiatives of France and Great Britain at the Saint Malo Summit. The paper shows that since then, the ESPD has made it through the Nice Contract and has been institutionalised into the EU Charter. The paper includes tables.
Table of Contents:
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction 6
2 The Theoretical and Historical Context
3 Towards a European Security Strategy
3.1 New Threats, New Challenges
3.1.1 The New Security Dilemma
3.1.2 European Geo-strategic Objectives
3.2 The ESS
4 Genesis and Evolution of the ESDP
4.1 A Tour through Europe: From Maastricht to Seville
4.2 Evolving Objectives of the ESDP
4.3 Missions to date
4.4 What Kind of Power is the EU?
5 Aspects of Power Distribution and International Relations
5.1 A Special Relationship: Partners Across the Atlantic
5.2 The ESDP and International Organisations
5.2.1 NATO
5.2.2 UN
5.2.3 OSCE
6 Enlargement and the Consequences
6.1 The Enlargement Process
6.2 A View from the East: the approach of eight New Members
towards ESDP
6.2.1 Estonia
6.2.2 Latvia
6.2.3 Lithuania
6.2.4 Poland
6.2.5 Czech Republic
6.2.6 Slovakia
6.2.7 Hungary
6.2.8 Slovenia
6.3 Implications for ESDP
7 Enlargement, ESDP and the Balance of Power:
7.1 ESDP: An Assessment
7.2 Intra-EU Aspects
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 United Kingdom
7.2.3 France
7.2.4 Italy
7.3 Extra-EU Aspects
8 Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
9 Bibliography
From the Paper
"The development of the ESDP has been seen by some as critical to the EU's international influence. If Europe integrated its security and defense efforts, it could not only defend itself but also export security to others. Others have viewed the ESDP as a threat to the EU's strengths as a civilian power. For the ESDP to develop in a manner that does not usurp Europe's civil power, there needs to be solid, sustained political and military dialogue at all levels-institutional, national, and personal-between ESDP/CFSP and NATO, and between individual national governments and parliaments, not least the U.S. Congress. A successful European Security and Defense Policy will change the European Union's position in the international realm relative to security, including restoration and/or maintenance of the economies of the region."
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European Communities and the European Court of Justice, 1990.
This paper examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities: European cooperation in economics, national interests, law and integration of actions and policies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.
Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "
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