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Contemporary Africa Ethnic Conflict Resolution, 2008.
Analyzes ethnic conflict resolution and policy in contemporary Africa, especially Ethiopia.
15,860 words (approx. 63.4 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies key elements in conflict and conflict resolution theories from the perspectives of ethnicity, culture, and politics in Africa and non-African countries. The author points out that Africa has been wracked time and time again by wars of all types, intensities and durations. The author then presents several ways that Africans resolve ethnic conflict and reports that, unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. However, Ethiopia has been wracked by a series of bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought and massive refugee problems.
Table of Contents:
Theory
Key Historical and Contemporary Theorist
Conflict Theories and African Policy Issues
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Social Learning Theory
Social Identity Theories
Implementation of Ethnic Conflict Management and Policy
Community Assembly: The Semai Becharaa'
Qat-Chewing Sessions
The Role of Poetry
Dia
Go-Between Mediator
Apology
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
Public Trials
Reparations Payments
Writing a Common History
Track II Diplomacy
Literature Review
Global Ethnic Resolution, Conflict and Relevant Policy
African Ethnic Conflict and Policy
Application of Theory and Practice on Ethiopia
Ethnic Conflict Resolution and Theories within a Policy Context
Ethiopian Socioeconomic and Political Climate
From the Paper
"The native inhabitants of the area were organized in agrarian-based chiefdoms like those of the Bench and Dizi people (living in the highlands) or in decentralized age-grade societies like the Toposa, Anyuak, Nyangatom and Suri (living in the lowland plains). The state presence was constituted by superior military force (soldier contingents with better arms), and by the imposition on the locals of tribute and tax requirements, and the obligation to provide corvee agricultural labor for the northern immigrants. The latter also took cattle, ivory and slaves for trade to the north."
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Ethnic Conflict and Economic Growth, 2004.
Discusses aid, policy, and growth in the aftermath of ethnic conflict.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
It is only recently that academics have begun to consider ethnic conflict as different from other kinds of political conflicts in terms of introducing the concept of ethnicity as a unique analytical lens through which to understand and deal with conflict. This paper investigates how growth in countries recovering from ethnic conflict is different, as opposed to other kinds of conflict, and in particular, how the policy-dependent absorptive capacity for aid is different for such countries.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Ethnicity and Conflict
Ethnicity and Development
Ethnicity and Foreign Aid
Empirical Tests
Discussion
From the Paper
"Esman and Herring (2003) identify three reasons for interaction between foreign aid allocation and ethnicity. First, aid has distributive consequences ? therefore the benefits of aid could be distributed unevenly across different ethnic communities. Second, aid is allocated within an intensely political context, and despite the involvement of large and influential NGOs, the role of the local government as an intermediary cannot be eliminated; as such aid allocation could be influenced by the ethnic bias of the government. Third, the conditionalities that come with aid are not necessarily sensitive to issues of ethnicity, and as such, could result in sub-optimal policies which exacerbate existing ethnic divides. (Esman and Herring, 2003)."
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Ethnic Conflict, 2007.
This paper discusses ethnic conflict and terrorism from sociological, ethnological and historical perspectives.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ethnic conflicts are usually identity-based in that the involved groups desire to exclude each other. The author points out that ethnic conflicts, war and terrorism are usually the result of the influence of charismatic leaders that persuade people into sharing their beliefs and performing their wishes. The paper relates that the use of violence or threat with political intentions aimed towards minorities or communities is usually carried out by non-governmental groups or secret organizations, which operate outside the regular parameters of official war or political negotiation.
From the Paper
"Those traditions usually lead to ethnic issues as well. In order to define ethnic conflicts we should establish the different situations where ethnic groups interact within society. An ethnic group is a collectivity that identifies itself based on elements such as language, religion, race, or the combination of all of those elements, and that share a common identity feeling with other members of the same group that may also be identified as nations, people, minorities or communities. Ethnic conflicts are usually social, political or religious."
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International Ethnic Conflict, 2002.
This paper discusses that the United States and the international community should refrain from intervention into ethnic conflicts within sovereign nations except in the cases of extreme violence.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper defines international ethnic conflicts as disputes between communities within a sovereign nation that see themselves as having distinct rights over the power relationship between these communities, such as in Bosnia. The author believes that such ethnic conflicts should be monitored to identify a point at which it appears peace is deteriorating; and, at that time, substantial diplomatic effort should be expended to prevent further deterioration. The author concludes that only in cases of extreme violence should the United States and the international community rely on a military intervention to end the conflict.
From the Paper
"The ambivalence in the American public's reaction to the international community's recent military intervention in Bosnia reveals a general ambivalence toward the use of military force where no tangible strategic interests are at risk. However, Milosevic did offer a tangible target against which the military force could be directed. The international community was able therefore to generate support against a common, identifiable enemy. Unfortunately, as Richard Betts points out, intervention in a civil war usually becomes an issue only when the sides are closely enough matched that neither can defeat the other quickly. Thus, in many cases, the international community may be unable to identify an enemy against whom they can rally support or they may be forced to wait until the situation deteriorates until choosing the better side becomes only a matter of degree. Unfortunately, the latter can often be the case in ethnic conflicts."
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The Bosnian War - Ethnic Conflict, 1993.
A look at the ethnic conflict between the nations involved.
3,715 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 102.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the Bosnian war and the conflict between Serbs, Croats and Muslims. The author investigates the relations and causes for conflict between these societies.
From the Paper
"Yugoslavia, long known to Europeans and Americans as a sunny place to vacation, became in the 1990s the land where modern, educated people went to war against their neighbors. In Croatia, one of the six republics that made up the Yugoslav federation, the ?Brotherhood and Unity Highway? became the front line of fratricide in the summer of 1991, as Serb and Croat villagers shot up toll booths and gas stations and claimed sections of the road as their own. By the time their leaders agreed to a cease-fire in January 1992, as many as 10,000 Serbs and Croats had died in the Croatian war, many of them killed close to their homes by people with whom they had lived peacefully for a generation or more.'
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Ethnic Conflict in Yugoslavia and Chechnya, 2004.
Explores the historical roots of conflict in Yugoslavia and Chechnya.
1,292 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper gives background information on the ethnic conflict that has existed for centuries in both Yugoslavia and Chechnya and then looks at how that ethnic conflict has affected each region. The paper compares the different reasons behind the conflicts in each region, the severity of the conflicts, and their political consequences.
From the Paper
"Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, conflict in Eastern Europe has been grounded largely in ethnic, rather than political, differences. Two key examples are the wars and subsequent atrocities in Yugoslavia between 1991 and 2000 and the war between Russia and Chechnya of 1994-1996. In both cases discrimination, whether perceived or actual, solidified ethnic identity and led to violent conflict, a sovereign ethnic state being the goal."
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Ethnic Conflict, 2001.
This paper discusses problems faced by Japanese-Americans during World War II.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This is an investigation of different theories on ethnic conflict. Using the book, "No No Boy" by John Okado, a story about the treatment of Japanese-Americans during WWII, the author illustrates how the the main character's ethnicity was used against him and his family. It is an example of how being different can cause discrimination and hatred among the general population. Differences in religion and race are often the two most common forms of ethnic conflict and many people who are not "ethnically" the same as everyone else, find themselves caught between two worlds, in this case, Japan and America.
From the Paper
"The ethnic conflict theories of Connor are also important. They focus not on what is the basis of the conflict, for example race, religion or language. Instead the focus is on identity, where the conflict is between groups having different concepts of identity. It is this that leads to the basic us-them syndrome. (Connor) This is also one of the major themes of the No-No Boy. The story told focuses on the struggle of Ichiro to find his identity. It is not finding his identity as either a Japanese or an American, it is simply finding the identity that the environment requires. In the end of the story it appears that he has found his identity, where in fact he has only given up his identity and taken that of the environment. The fact that the only identity available is the American identity is also shown when we consider Ichiro?s family. Ichiro is not even able to identify with those like him. His mother holds onto the Japanese culture and considers herself Japanese, she goes as far as saying, ?it is she who is dead because she did not conduct herself as a Japanese and, no longer being Japanese, she is dead.? (Okada, 41) The end result for her is suicide."
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Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, 2006.
A review of examples of nationalism and ethic conflict of the 21st century.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how nationalism and ethnic conflict present challenges that are difficult to deal with effectively, for they intensify and escalate already chronic political, economic, military, religious, and ideological problems. The paper reflects at how the twentieth century we left so gratefully behind us six years ago was plagued by brutal dictatorships, global military confrontation and war, economic injustice, religious intolerance, countless ideological rivalries, and seething ethnic and racial hatreds. But we have not left behind the consequences of twentieth century conflicts, for they continue to incite disaffected groups all over the world to resort to violence to achieve their goals
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Media, Ethnic and Ethno-National Conflicts, 2008.
A look at how mass media, because of its prevalence and pervasiveness as well because it has its own agenda and motivation, molds public opinion as much as it reports it.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes mass media as an instrument in the liberalization of information and as a vehicle to highlight public sentiment. Specifically, this paper looks at the issues related to ethnic and ethno-national sentiments between the West and the Middle East, a relationship that the author believes is made even more sensitive by human interest. The author concludes that there should be a realization that regardless of how truthful the media is, it presents a limited perspective of any single issue.
From the Paper
"Imai (2006) believes that the media should not be considered as an impartial source of information since they are vulnerable to the motivations of the state, its managements and the personalities that deliver the news. Furthermore, by accepting that the conflicts are due to ideological differences, Khouri (2007) points out that many of the issues that are most critical in the Middle East. The suggestion that conflicts are based on ideological difference suggests little levity for compromise or co-existence. Therefore, the idea of a "clash of civilization" promoted by the mass media preempts the development of real solutions. This is not to say the there are no ethnicity or culturally based conflicts. However, there should be realization that they can be considered as an encompassing explanation to the enmity that has developed between Muslims and the United States."
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The Conflict Between China and Taiwan, 2002.
Historical look at the military and ethnic conflict between Taiwan and China.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This paper is an academic review that shows the different conflicts between China and Taiwan. There are ten articles from a variety of sources including newspapers and magazines as well as journals and official government sources. They cover a variety of aspects of the conflict, and provide an historical overview while focusing on developments especially during the 1990s. What remains clear is that there many obstacles to the resolution of the conflict. The threat of this conflict escalating into a war remains a concern for the regions and could still potentially draw in the United States.
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Ottoman Empire And Balkan Conflicts, 2000.
An examination of the history, development, conquests, contributions and decline of the Empire and its relevance to ethnic and territorial conflicts in late 20th century politics, economics, extreme nationalism and leadership.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 22 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula
From the Paper
"Ottoman Empire And Currebt Balkan Conflicts
This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula. In some respects and especially during the first several centuries of Ottoman rule, its legacy was conducive to the maintenance of order, prosperity and ethnic and religious toleration. However, certain facets of Ottoman policy and practice, which intensified as its Empire declined and its hold over the Balkans weakened, also contributed to the stunting of the area's political, economic and intellectual growth, and the development and the exacerbation of deep-seated ethno-religious..."
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?The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America?, 2002.
An analysis of the book ?The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America? by American sociologist, Steven Steinberg.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Steven Steinberg's book and shows how the book explores the vexing problem of why certain ethnic groups ?succeed? in America, that is, that members of certain groups tend to realize the American dream of economic and social mobility, and other ethnic groups do not.
From the Paper
"The myths of Black inferiority forced him into a necessary pattern of perpetual resistance to the cultural norms he was immersed in. This necessity for constant resistance to overt racism is one of the reasons, according to Steinberg, African-Americans have had such difficulty in assimilating into the American narrative of success. However, Douglass is also intent in showing, despite the myths of inferiority, his essential humanity and striving for enlightenment also shone forth in the depths of despondency and oppression. ?Though conscious of the difficulty of learning without a teacher, I set out with high hope, and a fixed purpose, at whatever cost of trouble, to learn how to read,? Douglass says. (1896)"
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Rwanda: Crimes against Humanity, 2005.
A discussion on how best to serve justice with regard to the Rwandan genocide and eliminate the ethnic conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis.
1,456 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, in order to fulfill the objectives of justice and resolving ethnic conflict, Rwanda should hold criminal tribunals for retributive justice against the people who organized the genocide. Traditional Rwandan trial practices, called 'gacacas,' should be called for restorative justice against those who participated in the genocide.
From the Paper
"The international community and the Rwandan victims of genocide decided that the victims of the Rwanda genocide must face trial and punishment for their actions. Most agree that a criminal justice tribunal had to be established to punish the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide. War crimes tribunal is created to inspect the perpetrators accused of violating human rights. It places the responsibility on individuals instead of social groups which will provide the victim's need of justice. According to Carroll article, "Rwanda face village justice", "the purpose of war crimes tribunals is to provide peace and prevent future violations which enforce the norms. It has the ability to prosecute those persons accused of human rights violations."
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Intercultural Conflict in America, 2005.
Examines the causes of conflict between cultures in American society.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
Culture is a commonly shared system of attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. In the United States, there is a common culture of individualism, competition, a general belief in Judeo-Christian morality, an understanding that punctuality is important and other beliefs. This paper shows, however, that an American doesn't necessarily have only the values of American culture, or all the values of that culture. It is a multicultural society ethnically, racially, sexually and economically, and many different subcultures have emerged as a result of social, political and material forces. The paper shows that these cultures in turn sometimes enter into conflict throughout the public sphere of American society.
Paper Outline:
Introduction - What is Culture?
Ethnic Conflict
Cultures - Surface And Deep
Class And Culture
Deep And Surface Cultures Of The Classes
Cultural Conflict Within Classes
Works Cited
From the Paper
"But Gouldner finds that, with the growth of public education, the distribution of cultural capital is no longer so tightly correlated with the old class of the moneyed rich. The old class decreasingly controls the resources for the reproduction of cultural capital. Many of the battles over the content of television programs or the benefits that popular culture provides to society are based on the conflict between the NC and the older ruling classes, that are more conservative and less heavily invested in cultural capitalism."
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Peace and Conflict, 2007.
This paper questions if humanity can survive the 21st century and beyond.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that it has become more important than ever to understand concepts such as "peace," "conflict," "war" and "order" and how these concepts are created or sustained. The paper demonstrates how these issues have assumed new relevance and importance today as many regions of the world continue to be wracked by ethnic-inspired conflicts, violations of human rights and genocide. The paper discusses the benefits of potential research on how to promote and sustain economic and social growth without provoking conflict, thus allowing the citizens of the world to experience both peace and prosperity in the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Guiding Research Questions
Methodology
Potential Contributions of Research
From the Paper
"Consequently, some nations will use conflict as a method of eliminating these externalities by either confiscating part of the resources of a belligerent country so that the excess is minimized or, as was recently used by U.S-led coalition forces in Iraq, by modifying the political structure of the adversary, thereby achieving the same fundamental objective. Indeed, the violent furor witnessed recently over the publication of religious cartoon by a Danish newspaper is proof positive that the world is an uneasy and increasingly dangerous place where conflict and war can erupt over fundamental differences in worldviews that will simply not go away any time soon. Taken together, then, these issues have assumed critical global importance, and may in fact represent the most pressing issues facing mankind today."
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