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Ethics, Dentistry and Hepatitis B, 2007.
This paper contends that a dentist does not have the ethical imperative to reveal to patients that he/she has the hepatitis B virus.
2,654 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that there is no need to reveal personal health issues to patients when proper preventative measures have been taken to protect the health and well-being of the patient. The paper maintains that it is not important for a dentist to reveal the fact that he carries HBV (hepatitis B virus) in terms of ethics and then shows how the chances of a dentist with HBV passing along that virus to a patient is extremely remote. The paper concludes that telling a patient about the presence of a hepatitis B virus needlessly creates unjustified anxiety and even panic.
Outline:
Thesis
Body of Paper
What Can Happen When an HBV Person Puts in Motion the Potential to Expose an HBV Infected Person
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Should a dentist necessarily inform the patient that she (we will use "she" in this paper) has the disease Hepatitis B positive? It is my contention and belief that a dentist is not obliged legally or ethically to make that health condition known to patients. And providing that all responsible healthcare-related precautions are taken, I see no good reason why a dentist should alarm a patient with an announcement of startling personal healthcare information. Would a dentist or doctor be obligated ethically to tell a patient that she is in the midst of a genital herpes outbreak? How about the fact that the dentist was out of work for 6 weeks due to mononucleosis? I don't think there is any moral, rational, or ethical justification for having to reveal personal health information of that nature."
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Hepatitis B, 2002.
A study of the liver disease hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper defines hepatitis - a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. It discusses symptoms of the disease, causes and prognosis and how it is treated. The paper shows that the best prevention is safety precautions.
From the Paper
"The practice of sharing needles should be avoided, as should the practice of sharing personal care items that may have blood on them. Getting a tattoo or body piercing should be carefully considered. There is a risk of infection if the tools have someone else's blood on them or if the artist or piercer does not follow good health practices. Donating blood, organs, or tissue if you have hepatitis B should be avoided. Health care or public safety workers should be vaccinated against hepatitis B, and should always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharps (Center for Disease Control, n.d.)."
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Hepatitis B and Health Care Workers, 2005.
A look at the importance of Hepatitis B screening for health care workers in primary health care
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how essential it is for health care workers to be screened for Hepatitis B, especially those providing primary care. It explains that all workers in health care, such as physicians, nurses, emergency medical personnel, dental professionals and students, medical and nursing students, laboratory technicians, hospital volunteers, and even administrative staff are at risk due to their regular contact with patients and their infected material. It discusses how these diseases are preventable with suitable vaccines. It is thus very important to maintain immunity for the control of infection and the immunity of these workers of health care.
From the Paper
"Hepatitis B exists all over the world, and as many as 2 billion persons have been infected all over the world. The estimate of chronic carriers of Hepatitis B is 350 million and that is 5 percent of the population of the world. (Mac Arthur, 2001, p. 38) Among Americans, about 5 percent of the population are estimated to be carrying evidence in their antibodies that they have been infected earlier by hepatitis B virus, and of them 0.1 to 0.5 percent are chronic carriers. The recent years have shown a case of slow decline of these carriers among the general population. The sequence of infection with hepatitis B is well known. Out of the population who has been infected, a proportion between 5 and 10 percent develop chronic hepatitis with persistent infectivity. Among the chronically infected individuals, 15 to 25 percent finally end up with cirrhosis or hepatocellular cancer. (Swinker, 1997, p. 2294) The battle against hepatitis B is being led by the healthcare professionals. (Immunization of Health-Care Workers: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, MMWR, 1997, p. 5) At the same time, this is the major hazard for infection for the health care personnel. (Swinker, 1997, p. 2296) The risks arise from acquiring infection from accidental blood exposure. Once they are infected themselves, they also may cause infection to the patients. (Immunization of Health-Care Workers: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, MMWR, 1997, p. 5) Among the American health care workers, as many as 12,000 get hepatitis B due to occupational injuries like a needle stick or splash of mucous membrane. From the lot, about 200 develop fulminant hepatitis and that may even result in their death. (Hepatitis B Seronegative Commonalties in Health Care Workers. Running Head: Seronegative Commonalties)"
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The Global Issue of Hepatitis B, 2002.
Discusses the nursing implications, incidence and prevalence of the Hepatitus B on a global level.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the global issue of hepatitis B. It ends with nursing implications. The emphasis in the paper is on incidence and prevalence. Statistics are also included.
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Dentistry Ethics, 2008.
This paper is a case study on the ethical violation of dental students treating patients after hours without a license and without direct supervision, as well as a discussion of alternative options and relevant ethical considerations.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how a dental student who is treating patients after hours without a license and without direct faculty supervision violates the principles of patient autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and veracity. This paper first briefly reviews the salient points of the case in question. An analysis of the actions taken is compared to alternative options that may or may not have been considered at the time. A discussion of the ethical considerations in line with the perspectives of peers and the professional organization follows, as well as a discussion of the ethical perspective and the alternative actions that should have been taken.
Outline:
Case Review
Ethical Considerations
Alternative Actions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another salient point that must be considered is the backdrop within which these incidences occurred. The student has admitted and is documented as per student evaluation, that he has exhibited prior deficiencies in time management and substandard preparation for clinic sessions. It has not been documented sufficiently that the student sought specific opportunities through his mentors to more efficiently help correct the cause of these deficiencies, whether a deficit in clinical knowledge, proficiency or otherwise (ADA, 2006)."
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A Sexually Transmitted Disease: Hepatitis, 2005.
A study of the hepatitis virus.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of hepatitis. It explains the symptoms for all types of hepatitis and how simple it is to diagnose. Hepatitis A, B, and C (especially C) are serious diseases in the United States, affecting as many as four million Americans in their chronic forms. There is a vaccine for both A, and B, but currently none for C. All three diseases can be contracted from casual, unprotected sex with multiple partners, and from sharing the paraphernalia of illegal drug use.
From the Paper
"Hepatitis comes in five forms, caused by different viruses. Hepatitis A, B and C are common in the United States; about four million Americans have chronic hepatitis (Hepatitis Foundation International 1). Hepatitis D and E are rare in the United States, but could be a concern for people traveling to areas where they are prevalent. Hepatitis attacks the liver. The liver performs key functions, including maintaining a proper level of clotting in the blood, removing waste products, manufacturing important proteins, preventing edema, and storing and dispensing glucose as the body needs it. Hepatitis compromises the liver's ability to perform these functions (Achord 4-10). Only a blood test can provide an accurate diagnosis, confirming the presence of hepatitis and specifying which kind it is. Symptoms are similar for all types, and may include jaundice, fever, fatigue, poor appetite, dark urine, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and
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Hepatitis C, 2004.
This paper discusses the pathology of Hepatitis C, often thought of as a silent disease.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hepatitis C, only discovered and delineated from the other diseases associated with AIDS in the late 1980s, is a global disease that effects the liver. The author points out that there are at least 11 recognized genotypes of the Hepatitis C virus family, most of which also have subtypes. This demonstrated ability to mutate is cited as the most likely reason for the difficulty of treatment, diagnosis, and vaccination development. The paper relates that, because this virus has only recently been discovered, the treatment options are closely associated with the types of treatments used for Hepatitis B and often involve the long-term therapeutic use of Interferon and/or a combination of similar drugs associated with the mimicking of naturally occurring immune chemicals used by the body to fight viral infections.
From the Paper
"It is not completely clear at this stage, whether the genotype determines either severity of infection or complete disease manifestation as chronic. ?Current scientific belief is that factors such as duration of a person's HCV infection, their HCV viral load, age, grade of liver inflammation or stage of fibrosis may play an important role in determining response to interferon treatment.? One thing that is well known about the genotyping of Hepatitis C virus is that the prevalence of occurrence is specific to regions in the world, suggesting that the virus has evolved over thousands of years."
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Nursing and Hepatitis C, 2005.
Examines hepatitis C and the task of nursing.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is on nursing and hepatitis C. A discussion is presented in the general area of hepatitis and more thoroughly on hepatitis C. Symptoms and treatment programs are discussed along with what the nurse's role is in treating hepatitis c patients. Suggestions are made in order to break the cycle of a viral disease that has no cure today.
From the Paper
"Broadly defined hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver with viral or non-viral causes. is As a non-bacterial disease Viral hepatitis is caused by a microscopic organism that multiplies rapidly within human cells and causes diseases such as mumps, hepatitis, measles, rubella, and chickenpox. Unfortunately this particular disease is not treatable through those antibiotics generally prescribed to treat bacteria caused diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, E.coli, and other bacteria related infections. The focus of this paper will be one of the viral diseases known as hepatitis with respect to diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and the nursing profession. Hepatitis and Hepatitis C. All forms of Hepatitis can cause an elevated disease state; however, the symptomatic indicators are generally flu-like conditions, gray fecal matter, color, jaundiced colored skin, very dark urine, diarrhea, and possible vomiting and sever abdominal pain."
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Hepatitis C, 2002.
Discusses the Hepatitis C virus, its dangers and ways of protection against it.
1,182 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by discussing the dangers of unknown virus which are still to be discovered. It then focuses on the most deadly form of Hepatitis, the variety known as Hepatitis C, suggesting ways in which its spread in the United States can be contained. It explains that the most important of these is the protection of the blood supply.
From the Paper
"We have become so accustomed over the last 15 years about warnings over the deadliness of HIV and AIDS that it sometimes seems that we have forgotten the perils that other viruses represent to humanity ? or at least until there is a spectacular outbreak of a virus like Ebola or one of the other tropical, very hot viruses. And then we (here in the relative safety of the United States, where we are unlikely to be the victims of a terrible tropical virus ? despite the many thrillers and movies that suggest otherwise) think uneasily about the animal-like viruses, so small that for centuries their existence had to be guessed at and extrapolated rather than known."
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Hepatitis C, 2007.
An overview of the causes of Hepatitis C and why they are so difficult to control.
2,537 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
Hepatitis C infection is extremely difficult to eradicate even though the available treatment is effective. This paper attempts to answer the question of why the hepatitis C infection so difficult to control when there is an effective treatment for it. It discusses prevalence and incidence rates and the natural history of hepatitis C. It also looks at the agent, host and mode of transmission as well as implications for nursing.
Outline
Introduction
Agent
Host
Natural history
Implications for Nursing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On a global basis, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus, which is responsible for more than 100,000 cases of liver cancer per year. Hepatitis C infection is associated with similarly high numbers of digestive hemorrhage and ascites problems. Chronic liver diseases are responsible for 1.4 million deaths annually, of which 796,000 are caused by cirrhosis and 616,000 by primary liver cancer. At least 280,000 or 20 percent of those deaths are probably attributable to HCV infection (Poynard & Yuen, 2003). The highest prevalence of hepatitis C infection is found among injection drug users (Sulkowski & Thomas, 2005)."
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Hepatitis C Treatments, 2002.
This paper looks at the link between Hepatitis C Treatments and depression.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the connection between Hepatitis C treatments and depression, focusing on the implications for the social worker. It links the drug interferon to anxiety and depression in patients and it assesses the risk for depression among the general population of Hepatitis C patients on interferon therapy. The paper contains a literature review and is written in the form of a research question, containing the subtitles of a hypothesis, methodology and findings. The limitations and implications of the research are also dealt with.
From the Paper
"The most commonly used treatment for patients suffering from Hepatitis C, a deadly liver disease, is the drug interferon combined with ribavirin. This treatment offers the most promise for a long-term positive prognosis. However, it has a known high rate for negative psychological side effects such as depression and other anxiety disorders. Clinical psychology can offer some solutions to this problem, both in assessing those patients who have increased risk factors for depression such as substance abuse or a history of depression, and in offering treatments to help ease the occurrence and severity of depression. This study will assess the risk for depression among the general population of Hepatitis C patients on interferon therapy."
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Hepatitis C, 2002.
A detailed look into the Hepatitis C virus, including statistics.
2,456 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Hepatitis C virus/disease. It introduces the disease and the virus that causes it. The paper talks about the pathophysiology and the natural history of the disease, followed by signs and symptoms, ways of transmission, risk factors and statistics (frequency, geographic and population, etc.). The paper also covers methods of treatment, screening tests, prevention of the disease, morbidity and mortality rates.
From the Paper
"In the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum (site of protein and steroid synthesis, and detoxification) is the first organelle that undergoes a change after being infected with HCV. This causes the liver functions that depend on these processes to be altered. The degree of impairment depends on how much damage is done to the endoplasmic reticulum. Vascular tissues and tissues of the ducts then undergo inflammatory changes, leading to the diseased liver. The Hepatitis C virus is not sufficient to destroy or damage liver cells by itself. There is still not a full understanding of the complex process of liver cell injury and formation of fibrous tissue in the liver (4)."
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Hepatitis C, 2004.
A discussion and overview of the hepatitis C virus.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This term paper attempts to shed light on the hepatitis virus. It presents some history of the virus, its molecular structure, the replication of genome, modes of infection, and finally, some treatment methodologies.
From the Paper
"What is the leading cause of liver disease? What could cause so many people to require liver transplants? Most people on the street today would think that the answer to those questions would be alcoholism. And, although alcohol does do its fair share of damage to livers around the world, there is a greater source causing chronic liver disease out there. There are several strains of the hepatitis virus with some being non-issues and others being incurable killers."
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Hepatitis A, 2005.
This paper discusses the problem of hepatitis A among recent immigrants from Mexico.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because most of the immigrants have more than likely been in the area for less than a month, and since the average incubation is approximately 28 days, it is more than likely that they acquired the illness in Mexico; since Hepatitis A is quite common in Mexico, a majority of the people will have developed a natural immunity to the illness but will be great carriers for others. The author points out that Hispanic folk medicine today believes that illness and disease is caused by imbalance between cold and hot principles; however, the problem with this folk system is that Hispanic individuals will not seek care until they are very ill and very infectious. The paper relates that follow-up and assuring compliance are the biggest problem.
From the Paper
"Hepatitis A is acquired by mouth, usually through fecal-oral transmission, and then replicates in the liver. The virus is then present in the blood and feces 10-12 days after infection and can be excreted for up to three weeks after the onset of symptoms. The incubation period for the virus is approximately 28 days (this amount was roughly the same through the many sources acquired for this paper). The illness has a sudden onset of several symptoms to include; malaise, fever, nausea, abdominal pain/discomfort, jaundices, and dark colored urine. Diagnosis can be confirmed with anti-HAV IgM antibody, which can be detected in patients with an acute infection."
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Hepatitis C: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2007.
The paper focuses on the risk factors, diagnostic procedure and treatment of hepatitis C.
2,473 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that patients diagnosed with hepatitis C are often asymptomatic for many years. This paper explores the risk factors associated with the illness, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the efficacy of different treatment options. Side affects involved with the various treatment options are also explored. The writer concludes that it is clear that more research needs to be conducted regarding the prevention and diagnosis of this illness. The writer maintains that once diagnosed, there are standard treatments; however, the overall efficacy of these treatments is disappointing at best.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adverse Effects
From the Paper
"According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), up to 80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic. There are a number of factors that increase ones risk of infection. The CDC recommends that individuals who have used intravenous drugs, recipients of clotting factors made before 1987, recipients of blood or solid organs before 1992, hemodialysis patients, anyone with undiagnosed liver problems, and infants born to HCV positive mothers be screened for hepatitis C. Health care workers who have been exposed to the virus should also be tested, however routine checks for individuals in the health care profession are not recommended. It is important that all health care professionals use caution when dealing with blood spills, including dried blood, since studies have suggested that HCV can survive at least 16 hours outside of the body."
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