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Ethics of Cloning, 2004.
A brief analysis of the ethics behind human cloning.
911 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a short examination of the ethical problems surrounding the controversial issue of human cloning. It explains that therapeutic human cloning is quite necessary to increase our knowledge of the human body, and it can aid in creating new medical breakthroughs in the future. The ethics of human cloning are certainly contentious, but ultimately, human cloning can only add to our understanding of ourselves and lead to longer lives in the future.
From the Paper
"This is not to disregard the ethical implications of creating genetic human duplicates, of course, there are numerous ethical issues facing human cloning. The fundamental ethics of human birth and continuation are at stake here, and even those who condone human cloning recognize the need to keep cloning from becoming a way for parents to choose the sex or intelligence of their child the way they choose produce at the local supermarket. The ethics of cloning indicate that cloning should be used for research and medical purposes only, and should not extend to the cloning of human children for particular parents. One scientific expert states, "As we have noted, the decisive difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is the fact that the former never intends to lead to the birth of a cloned human being" (Bedford-Strohm)."
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The Ethics of Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses the ethics of cloning from deontological and utilitarian points of view.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that successes in cloning mammals have added urgency to ethical questions concerning the possible human cloning. The author explains that the utilitarian philosophy states that worth or value is derived or determined solely by utility; therefore, cloning is acceptable and will bring great things in the future.The paper relates that, from a deontological point of view, moral decisions should never be made on the basis of likely outcomes of actions; therefore, the deontologist feels that the worth of outcomes is completely irrelevant because of the question of moral obligation.
From the Paper
"With that being said, a person who is a follower of the deontological thinking may feel that the scientists have over stepped their boundaries. ?Are these arguments simply irrational, emotional responses to the moral issue? A deontologist would say no: These arguments, for the deontologist, are quite legitimate and reasonable justifications of the normative claim that it would be immoral to continue to use the anatomy. What is relevant is the nature of the action itself. Certain types of action--such as the involuntary use of a person's remains--are wrong regardless of their outcomes, according to the deontologist. The aim of deontological theory is to define the basic normative principles that provide sound justification for this ethical position.? (Kellenberger, J ) God is the creator and it is man?s duty to worship ? not create."
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The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.
Looks at developing technology in human cloning and the ethical concerns surrounding this technology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background information on genetic engineering and then delves into a consideration of the ethical and moral issues concerning this technology. Next, the paper describes some of the benefits of potential applications of genetic engineering and refutes the main arguments presented by those who oppose genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering and cloning have played important roles in agriculture for many generations. Bananas and seedless grapes, for example, are, quite literally, living genetic clones (Krock, 2001). Prior to the last decade of the 20th Century, human cloning was purely a subject of science fiction, but by the dawn of the 21st Century,
researchers had already cloned several mammals successfully."
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The Ethics of Cloning, 2002.
A study of the ethical and potentially profitable issues surrounding mammalian cloning.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the two topics of debate which have sprung up since mammalian cloning made headlines - whether cloning is ethically correct, and whether it can become a profitable business. The paper shows how the two sets of questions have in the intervening five years become more and more tightly bound together, especially as the process of mammalian cloning has proved to be more technically difficult than once assumed. Faced with scores of maimed and partial individuals preceding each healthy clone, many scientists and many of those outside the scientific community have spent a great deal of time wondering whether it is ethical to go forward with such research ? aside from the practical questions of whether cloning could ever become economically viable.
From the Paper
"Even those who wholeheartedly support cloning are in general morally opposed to the cloning of entire human individuals. Such an action is seen to violate some of our most deeply held beliefs about the sacredness and uniqueness of the individual. As a result, most cloning research today is focused on creating and then harvesting stem cells that might then be induced to grow into what are essentially spare parts. Thus a person who is blind might have new corneas grown for him while the diabetic might have a new pancreas grown for her."
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Ethics of Human Cloning, 2003.
An examination of the arguments for and against human cloning.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the arguments for and against human cloning within a framework of ethics theory. The conclusion drawn is that the arguments against human cloning are stronger than the arguments favoring the process.
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Ethics of Cloning, 2006.
A discussion regarding stem cell research and the issues surrounding this controversial topic.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at embryonic stem cell research. The paper focuses on cloning and the related moral and ethical issues. The paper first discusses the difference between embryonic stem cell research and adult stem cell research, goes on to discuss the process that is involved in cloning and concludes with a discussion regarding the moral issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research and cloning.
From the Paper
"There is a difference between embryonic stem cell research and adult stem cell research. "All of our bodies contain stem cells. In research, there are primarily two types of stem cells: embryonic and non-embryonic (also called "adult"). Both types are developmentally flexible. Embryonic stem cells come from five-to seven-day old human embryos. In order to collect these cells, a living, human embryo must be destroyed. [On the other hand,] adult stem cells come from a variety of sources, including skin cells, bone marrow, placenta, umbilical cord blood and body fat. No human lives are destroyed in harvesting adult stem cells," (Earll). Stem cell research has less of a moral issue behind it since it harms no life and seems only to help people. "Currently, more than 70 identified diseases and disabilities are treatable using non-embryonic stem cells, including breast cancer, leukemia and sickle cell anemia. Researchers also have successfully treated patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, heart damage and spinal cord injuries using non-embryonic stem cell sources," (Earll). If one is looking to clone, unfortunately, this can only be done with embryonic stem cells, or as one will learn, after understanding cloning, totipotent stem cells."
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Ethical Issues Concerning Cloning of Human beings, 2000.
An opinionated look at the moral and ethical issues of human cloning.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the ethical and moral issues concerning the cloning of human beings. The author touches on some aspects of cloning, how it has developed and its side-effects. The author gives an opinionated argument about the effects that cloning of human beings will have on society?s perception of what it means to be a human being, as well as questions about a cloned individual?s personal identity, uniqueness, and individuality.
From the Paper
"Recent news that scientists in Scotland had succeeded in cloning an adult sheep ignited a worldwide debate. Of particular concern are the ethical and social implications of the potential application of cloning techniques to produce human beings. The Scottish announcement marked the first time that researchers were able to produce an exact genetic replica of an adult animal."
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Therapeutic Cloning and Biomedical Ethics, 2007.
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of therapeutic cloning in terms of biomedical ethics.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversy surrounding therapeutic cloning in light of biomedical ethics. The author argues in favor of therapeutic cloning citing its medical benefits. The opposing viewpoint is also presented. The author concludes, however, that more people need to understand the nuances of cloning, so that it will become more acceptable in the future.
From the Paper
"Cloning is basically the recreation of life in the form of the donor parent. In other words, when you clone a sheep, a pig, or a human, it is an identical twin of the donor. Cloning immediately frightens some people and excites others. It frightens people because it carries the implication that a scientist in a lab somewhere could create human life for his own purposes. That is frightening and ethically challenging. Many religious groups (and others) oppose cloning for the ethical reason that no one should be able to create life but God."
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Human Cloning: Ethics, Science and Religion, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of stem cell research from the political, scientific and religious aspects.
1,499 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that it is not legal in the United States to use any federal funds in the production of stem cells that were gleaned from human embryos. The paper explains how this law is controversial because many researchers believe that stem cells' unique ability to be converted into other cells is important in the ongoing search for cures for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other diseases that presently have no remedy.The paper then discusses the religious viewpoints of cloning of the Roman Catholic Church, Jews, Protestants and Muslims. In addition, the paper points out five ethical issues relates to cloning.
Outline:
Scientific and Political Aspects of Cloning
Religious Issues Related to Cloning
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, an article in The Chronicle of Higher Education (Monastersky, 2006) points out that research is continuing, and privately-funded labs are using stem cell lines from leftover embryos "produced during in vitro fertilization procedures at fertility clinics." Those embryonic cells are thought "to hold such promise because they are pluripotent," Monastersky writes; that means, the article continues, that they "have the ability to develop into any one of the more than 200 different types of cells in the adult human body.""
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Human Cloning: Ethical Issues, 2006.
An analysis of the religious and medical ethical issues concerning human cloning.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This ethical study analyzes the current issues that involve both religion and medical science in relation to developments in human cloning. This medical issue is pertinent to ethics, since it involves a great deal of scientific questions as to how science is "playing God." This religious perspective is analyzed through Roman Catholic arguments against human cloning to better understand how this conflict is developing between both factions. In essence, this paper analyzes the two sides of the "playing God" issue in relation to the medical scientific advancements of human cloning. The first issue surrounding a social threat to human order in cloning is how cloning threatens a 'natural' order of birth in the human condition.
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Human Cloning: The Ethical Debate, 2005.
A look at the moral and ethical issues surrounding the scientific process of human cloning.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to dissect the current ethical argument over human cloning with the intention of proving why this type of research should go forward. The paper includes an explanation of the cloning process preceding the discussion of the controversy surrounding the process.
From the Paper
"A "human clone" is a scientific replication of another person (Jones, 1998). A clone is not actually an exact replica of the original, but rather a younger identical twin. As with identical twins, the clone and the original person have different fingerprints. They are also likely to have different personalities."
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Moral and Ethical Dilemmas of Human Cloning, 2001.
A discussion whether human cloning is justified considering the moral and ethical issues it raises.
2,720 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process.
From the Paper
" Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called "twinning" after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process."
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Cloning Human Dignity: Ethical Implications, 2006.
This paper explores the issue of human cloning as ethically permissible.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper examines an article by Elmer-Dewitt that deals with the many misconceptions surrounding the cloning of the first human embryo and Putnam and Harris' essays that directly treat the moral conceptualization of human dignity with relation to cloning. The paper provides evidence to show that clones will develop individually, not only cognitively but also physically, into unique individuals that do not threaten the diversity of society and avoid the nightmare scenarios of carbon-copy humans. The paper explains that what will follow such research is an increased ability to screen out those traits that are universally undesired by perspective parents, such as the defects and diseases that impinge upon the quality of life for all humans.
From the Paper
"This essay intends to focus solely upon the issue of human cloning as ethically permissible. The larger question of whether or not to clone and/or genetically manipulate other species of plants and animals is rendered largely moot due to the proliferation of such practices. Genetically modified foodstuffs and the cloning of animals within the realm of scientific experimentation is commonplace, with "Dolly" the sheep standing as the first and most famous example. Since then, dogs and wolves have been added to the list of successfully cloned animals, though significant health problems in the cloned individuals render such endeavors far from perfected. At this point and time, human embryos have been cloned, but are not viable past a few cell divisions, placing the potentiality of human cloning into the realm of the probable, and as Elmer-Dewitt notes, "[t]he time to discuss whether [human cloning] is right or wrong is before it has been put to use, not after"."
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To Clone or Not To Clone, 2002.
An overview of cloning and the advantages and disadvantages of it.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what cloning is and both pros and cons of cloning. Cloning can be used for different reasons from cloning kidneys to having a clone baby that will replace the lost of a child that might have been killed in an accident. The question arises about how safe this actually is and whether it is ethical.
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Human Cloning, 2002.
A discussion of the history and ethics of cloning technology.
1,956 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of human cloning and outlines its history from the discovery that sheep with short legs could be bred, to the advanced technology and knowledge available today. It looks at different processes of cloning and the laws laid down to prevent human technology from advancing. It examines the rationale and ethics of those pro cloning with discussion of the scientific breakthroughs it can provide with skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics etc. It also presents the other side of the argument, how human cloning and genetic manipulation intrude upon the profound nature of the inherently unknowable and represent the bottomless depths of human arrogance and irresponsibility.
From the Paper
"It was not until 1984 that a Danish scientist, Steen Willadsen, reported he had made a genetic copy of a lamb from early sheep embryo cells, a process now called ?twinning.? Other scientist eventually used his method to ?twin? cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. He later joined Grenada Genetics to commercially clone cattle, and did this from differentiated cells. In other parts of the world, scientist began cloning a cow from embryo cells, and in 1990, the Human Genome Project began. Four years later, scientist Neal First produced genetic copies of calves from embryos. They grew to 120 cells, and in 1995, Ian Wilmut replicated Neal First?s experiment with differentiated cells from sheep, but he put embryo cells into an inactive state before transferring their nuclei to sheep eggs. "
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