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| Term Paper # 104730 |
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Metabolism of Ethanol in Beer and Nyquil, 2004.
A comparison of how the liver metabolizes the ethanol in Nyquil and the ethanol in beer.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol, one of the major forms of alcohol, and then compares how the ethanol found in beer is metabolized to how the ethanol found in the over-the-counter cold suppressant, Nyquil, gets metabolized.
From the Paper
"Although this research project concerns the metabolism of ethanol, one of the three major forms of alcohol, the major topic will discuss three distinct yet similar issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol. The first issue is the means by which the liver metabolizes ethanol the second and third issues discuss the variances involved when comparing how ethanol found in beer is metabolized with the ethanol found in one of the more popular cough suppressants. For simplicity and clarity the cough syrup being used in this study is Nyquil...."
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Bio-ethanol in Brazil, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the production of bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel source, in Brazil.
3,491 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the production of bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels, in Brazil. The paper begins by giving a summary of the political and economic background of Brazil and goes on to describe why the production of bio-ethanol has been so successful in Brazil. The paper presents the pros and cons of bio-ethanol production and concludes that, at this stage, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Overall, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages, which at this stage, are believed to be manageable. The first benefit is the decrease of the net output of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since the amount of carbon dioxide released in the manufacture would be cyclically absorbed in the production of the new fuel crops (Wikipedia 2006). The burning of fossil fuels brings up massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without creating damage. But this advantage can be derived only from agricultural ethanol, not petroleum ethanol. It is also assumed that production processes, like distillation and fertilizer production, would not exact large amounts of energy and done without using fossil fuels (Wikipedia)."
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Ethanol for Fuel, 2007.
An examination of alternative sources for fuel production in the United States.
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
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The Chemical Composition of Ethanol, 2001.
An in-depth examination of Ethanol.- its characteristics, uses and benefits.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the ?fuel of the future?.
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
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The Demand for Ethanol, 2007.
This paper explores the macroeconomic theory with regards to the rising demand for ethanol.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at an article entitled "Going Crazy for Ethanol" by S. Pearlstein and explores economic issues associated with the supply and demand of a gasoline substitute, ethanol. The paper provides a synopsis of the article in relation to economic theory and explains why changes have occurred in the supply, demand and price of ethanol. The paper examines the invisible hand theory that is proposed to facilitate the equilibrium of price and demand. The paper concludes that understanding how economic conditions affect the marketplace provides managers with vital tools necessary for making effective business decisions.
Outline:
Abstract
Economic Issue
Economic Influences
Supply and Demand
The Invisible Hand Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Pearlstein, the author of the article, reports that the price for ethanol has reached an all time high of $2.90 per gallon which is twice as high as a year ago. With the manufacturing cost around $1.25 per gallon, the operating margin exceeds 50%. Ethanol is a colorless, volatile alcohol derived from the fermentation of grains and sugars or by the hydration of ethylene. Ethanol can serve as an environmentally friendly substitute for gasoline. Many oil companies are exploring options for production of ethanol to mix it with gasoline to reduce costs. Data indicate that adding ethanol to gasoline would reduce current prices at the pump by 30 cents per gallon (Donaldson, 2006 12)."
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Ethanol, 2002.
A discussion of the benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel and valuable resource.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.
From the Paper
"Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.
The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."
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| Term Paper # 107757 |
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Environmental Taxes in the Petroleum Industry, 2004.
An examination of how effective environmental taxes are in the petroleum industry.
1,634 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history and structure of environmental taxes. It addresses what they are used for and how it impacts the petroleum industry. The paper looks at worldwide taxes, with a more narrow examination of Canada and Brazil regarding the impact their taxes have on their petroleum industries. The research concludes that environmental taxes worldwide are having a positive impact on the industry as they encourage the reduction of pollution and waste.
From the Paper
"The effects that environmental taxation has on the petroleum industry cannot be ignored. The concern with the environment is not new. For several decades environmentalists have been warning world inhabitants that they were destroying future resources with the refusal to conserve and protect current resources. One of the most controversial resources on earth is petroleum. Petroleum has many uses that the world has come to take for granted. Heating, transportation, and other uses have become commonplace in just about every industrialized nation on earth. Millions of people use petroleum in their every day life. They use it as fuel in their vehicles, commercial transportation companies use it as well. In addition to transportation uses there are heating issues and industrial uses that are also heavily dependent on petroleum. As the industry ingratiates itself even further into industrialized society environmentalists continue to study the future. The pressure environmentalists have brought on various governments has been effective. Environmental taxes have been imposed around the world to try and offset the cost of the damage being done to the environment and the future of the world?s resources by the petroleum industry."
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The Ethanol Market, 2007.
This paper explores whether ethanol is a solution to the energy crisis.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how economic issues, such as escalating oil prices, and environmental problems, such as global warming, can potentially be addressed by the ethanol market. The paper looks at arguments for and against this source of energy. The paper maintains that global research and development are necessary in order to determine the true benefits and dangers of replacing conventional fuels with ethanol compounds.
From the Paper
"According to Eckhart, there are three main drivers for the general renewable energy market, and for the ethanol market specifically. These include environmental concerns, economic factors, and national energy consumption trends. In terms of the environment, air, land and water pollution is fast becoming a crisis. According to environmentalists, no time can be wasted to research renewable energy sources. The environmental driver is likely to become increasingly urgent over the next decades, increasing the need for renewable and cleaner energy sources."
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British Petroleum, 2004.
An analysis of scenario planning at British Petroleum today.
7,887 words (approx. 31.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 170.95
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Abstract
British Petroleum is one of the world's "major" oil companies, one of the so-called "Seven Sisters," as identified by Anthony Sampson in his book, "The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped" (1975). This paper provides a current analysis of British Petroleum, including an assessment of two potential scenarios and their associated risks and benefits, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
List of Figures/Tables
Abstract
Introduction
Current Analysis
Environmental Analysis
Distilled Key Issues
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was formed in 1909 to take over and finance an oil-field concession granted in 1901 by the Iranian government to an English investor, William Knox D'Arcy. The first successful oil wells were drilled at Masjed Soleyman, and crude oil was piped to a refinery built at Abadan, from which the first cargo of oil was exported in March 1912. Other Iranian fields and refineries were built, and by 1938 Abadan had the largest single refinery in the world. The concession was subsequently revised in 1933, and was even briefly suspended from 1951-53; however, the concession was renewed in 1953 in a consortium with other oil companies (British Petroleum 2004).
In 1914, the British government became the company's principal stockholder; over the years, the government had generally been the largest single stockholder as well. Effective January 1, 1955, British Petroleum became a holding company; beginning in 1977, the British government subsequently reduced its ownership of British Petroleum through the sales of shares to the public, and by the late 1980s, the government had turned over BP entirely to private ownership by selling its remaining shares of the company. This move eventually enabled BP to fully acquire Britoil PLC, an independent oil company that produced oil from the North Sea fields."
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Seismic Stratigraphy and its Impact on the Petroleum Industry, 2001.
This paper examines seismic stratigraphy and the impact of hydrocarbon detection technology on the petroleum industry.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the geoscience application of using seismic data to gain information about strata layers, particularly with the intent of locating oil-rich deposits. Seismic stratigraphy involves analyzing the reflected patterns of elastic waves that have bounced off of sub-surface rock layers. The paper pays particular attention to significant technological progress that one of it's main applications has made in the the exploration of hydrocarbon which is of particular interest to the large petroleum industries.
From the Paper
"One of the newest tools in seismic stratigraphy is 3-D seismic data. Thanks to technological advances and more cost-efficient methods of gathering this data, it has come to the forefront as a valuable tool. Although oil companies have been using 3-D seismic concepts since the 1970's, the successes it has had have not been published in scientific journals (Hart, 1999). Consequently, the method has not received much attention in the scientific world until recently, when increased computer capabilities, visualization software, and lower prices made it more widespread. 3-D seismic application is still a relatively new tool working its way into other geoscience disciplines; however, it has been heavily utilized by the petroleum industry for some time now."
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Ethanol, 2006.
A discussion of the pros and cons of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the possibilities of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles. It examines the chemical composition, procedure of preparation and blending, as well as the pros and cons of using the substance, from an economic, environmental and practical point of view.
From the Paper
"Any biological feedstocks that contain certain amounts of sugar or any material that can be converted into sugars such as cellulose and starch can be used to produce ethanol. Some examples could be sugar and sugar cane. Starch containing feedstocks such as corn can also be converted into sugar. A plant is significantly composed of a substance called cellulose which is a form of starch that can also be converted into sugar but with greater difficulty compared to the regular starch."
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China, Canada and Petroleum, 2008.
This paper explores China's investment in Canada's petroleum industry.
2,283 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses China's interest in investing in the extraction of oil products from Canada's tar sands. The paper also looks at China's energy needs and how their needs affect the Canadian energy industry. The paper then shows how Canada's petroleum exports are a windfall of unexpected revenues. The paper points out, however, that the price for Canada is a partial sacrifice of industry and perhaps even national sovereignty to China's foreign ownership and investment.
Outline:
Summary Proposal
China's Energy Needs
Canadian Energy Industry
The Economics of China's Investment
Canadian Economic Aspects
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Canada is stated to own some of the second largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia. These are the tar sands in Western Canada which have been receiving much international interest as well as local interest (Unlocking). Yet, the extent of these oil fields are almost completely limited to vast oil sand fields in Alberta Province of Western Canada ("Canada"). Because of the extremely difficult and expensive nature of recovering and refining these types of oil supplies, Canada, and by extension, the Canadian economy has not benefited greatly from the existence of these oil reserves in the past. This situation has changed over the past several years with the increase in oil prices and the destabilization of the petroleum industry in general which has led to much interest from foreign entities interested in investing in the extraction of oil products from these tar sands with China or Chinese entities being one of the major interested parties."
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British Petroleum (BP) Stock Exchange Analysis, 2005.
A study of BP's (British Petroleum) market for share performance within a national context.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that studying the price fluctuations of BP's shares in relation to the London Stock Exchange alone leads to lopsided conclusions.
From the Paper
"On the most superficial and obvious of levels, one may define the London Stock Exchange that corporate entity which lists publicly traded companies and evaluates the share princes for each. On a more fundamental level, the London Stock Exchange further functions as an indicator of both the state of the national economy and the state of the international financial market. To comprehend this, one must imagine the London Stock Exchange as a part of a larger whole. Therefore, while the London Stock Exchange offers an indication of the performance of the British stock market and the various economic sectors which comprise it, the fact is that each of these sectors has an international scope. This is perfectly true in relation to the petroleum industry. Should one desire to evaluate the performance of this industry, as a whole, within the British context, the London Stock Exchange will furnish all the necessary information, including the performance of individual firms. However, were one aiming towards a more precise understanding of fluctuations and rises in British Petroleum's (BP) market for shares, one needs to overview the international financial market or global economy, analyzing the performance of the petroleum sector in key markets."
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