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Ethanol for Fuel, 2007.
An examination of alternative sources for fuel production in the United States.
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the progress of ethanol as a fuel derived from renewable crops. It particularly focuses on cellulosic ethanol, which can be produced from agricultural, municipal and forestry waste, corn stalks, sawdust and waste paper. The paper discusses all of these options, as well as the viability of being able to produce enough to significantly reduce the United States dependence on foreign oil.
Table of Contents:
History of Ethanol
Current Uses of Ethanol
Arguments For and Against Ethanol as a Major Alternative Fuel
Retooling for Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"United States would require an "area of energy crops as large as the current area of food crops grown in the United States. Additional land use of this magnitude would be staggering and contentious" (p. 18). According to Haroon S. Kheshgi, an engineer for EXXonMobil Research, nothing will replace petroleum because to run an average U. S. car with corn-derived ethanol for a year would require 14 acres of cropland--about nine times more land than is needed to feed one person the same length of time. Aside from the fact that Kheshgi is invested in the oil industry, this argument, does not consider the use of agricultural waste products as the source or use of the by-products of distilling ethanol. If the land were still used to grow food, and the wastes were used for ethanol, benefits to the environment would be great. Also, if hydrogen power is the ultimate goal, ethanol could be "part of a transition strategy for shifting from today's internal combustion engine technology to tomorrow's hydrogen-based engines" (Issues in Science & Technology, 2002, p. 17)."
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Ethanol, 2002.
A discussion of the benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel and valuable resource.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.
From the Paper
"Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.
The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."
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Bio-ethanol in Brazil, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the production of bio-ethanol as an alternative fuel source, in Brazil.
3,491 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the production of bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels, in Brazil. The paper begins by giving a summary of the political and economic background of Brazil and goes on to describe why the production of bio-ethanol has been so successful in Brazil. The paper presents the pros and cons of bio-ethanol production and concludes that, at this stage, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Overall, the advantages of producing ethanol for fuel use appear to outweigh the disadvantages, which at this stage, are believed to be manageable. The first benefit is the decrease of the net output of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since the amount of carbon dioxide released in the manufacture would be cyclically absorbed in the production of the new fuel crops (Wikipedia 2006). The burning of fossil fuels brings up massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without creating damage. But this advantage can be derived only from agricultural ethanol, not petroleum ethanol. It is also assumed that production processes, like distillation and fertilizer production, would not exact large amounts of energy and done without using fossil fuels (Wikipedia)."
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Ethanol, 2006.
A discussion of the pros and cons of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the possibilities of using ethanol as an alternative fuel in vehicles. It examines the chemical composition, procedure of preparation and blending, as well as the pros and cons of using the substance, from an economic, environmental and practical point of view.
From the Paper
"Any biological feedstocks that contain certain amounts of sugar or any material that can be converted into sugars such as cellulose and starch can be used to produce ethanol. Some examples could be sugar and sugar cane. Starch containing feedstocks such as corn can also be converted into sugar. A plant is significantly composed of a substance called cellulose which is a form of starch that can also be converted into sugar but with greater difficulty compared to the regular starch."
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Alternative Fuels, 2008.
This paper analyzes hydrogen and ethanol as potential replacements for gasoline.
3,799 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen and ethanol and determines that hydrogen is not a feasible alternative fuel until technology is developed to hold higher quantities. The paper explains why ethanol is the better alternative of the two and concludes that if we adopt ethanol as the fuel of the future, we are sure to have a cleaner and greener earth. The paper includes full color images.
Outline:
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution
Production of Ethanol
Storage of Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hydrogen is one of the many competitors looking to replace gasoline at the pumps. It has many advantages over an ethanol fuel, hydrogen requires less heat to ignite than ethanol, which means that more energy is used for powering the vehicle as opposed to igniting the fuel. (2006) In addition, its flame gives off much less radiant heat than a hydrocarbons flame, yet the flame is just as hot. (2006) Hydrogen's energy produced per unit of mass is larger than that of hydrocarbon fuels by a factor of 2.8. (Snyder, 2006). The higher specific energy means that the car can produce more heat energy for the same amount of fuel mass."
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Hydrogen Fuel, 2006.
An analysis of the vision to switch fossil fuels for hydrogen fuel cells.
1,226 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the feasibility of switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the ways in which a hydrogen economy holds much technical and political appeal and analyzes the many complications that exist in trying to make this vision a reality. It also focuses on the investment and political interest, especially among the Bush administration in the U.S.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introduction: The Draw of Hydrogen is Significant but Not without Challenges
The Appeal of Hydrogen: Political and Environmental Bonuses
The Freedom Car: Hydrogen on the Road Not All It's Cracked Up To Be
The Myriad Issues with Hydrogen: Availability, Extraction, and Storage Are Just the Beginnings
Conclusion: Hydrogen Simply Not a Feasible Fossil Fuel Replacement
From the Paper
"In January 2003, President Bush proposed allocating $1.2 billion towards the development of what he dubbed the Freedom Car, an automobile that would use fuel cell technology and hydrogen instead of gasoline by the year 2020 (Lynn par. 1). Currently, the development of this kind of a vehicle has been the primary push of the proposed hydrogen economy. Automobiles are highly polluting and highly dependent on imported oil."
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Alternative Fuels, 2007.
This paper explores global dependence on fossil fuel and alternative fuel vehicles.
2,478 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the technologies needed to produce personal automobiles that are less fossil fuel dependant. The paper analyzes the current research in alternative fuel vehicles, specifically addressing three types of vehicles; the electric car, the hybrid/electric/combustion car and lastly the combustion engine car. The paper touches upon the issue of pollution, as it is a significant impetus for creating alternative fuel vehicles. The paper presents the hypothesis that the electric vehicle is the best practical option for consumers.
Outline:
Introduction to Problem
Review of Literature
Research Design
Data Analysis
Summary
From the Paper
"One of the most profound social questions of the modern day is the nature of the market addition on fossil fuel usage. Within the global economy the fossil fuel industry, and the worlds dependence on it has driven prices of fuel to enormous levels contributing to a global market situation where a very few hold a growing percentage of wealth and the rest must struggle to eek out an existence with what's left. "Today, more than half the world's population lives on less than $2 per day, and almost 1.1 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 per day." (Rice, 76) Though this may seem divergent of the topic at hand, which is global dependence on fossil fuel, the issues are interrelated."
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Metabolism of Ethanol in Beer and Nyquil, 2004.
A comparison of how the liver metabolizes the ethanol in Nyquil and the ethanol in beer.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol, one of the major forms of alcohol, and then compares how the ethanol found in beer is metabolized to how the ethanol found in the over-the-counter cold suppressant, Nyquil, gets metabolized.
From the Paper
"Although this research project concerns the metabolism of ethanol, one of the three major forms of alcohol, the major topic will discuss three distinct yet similar issues concerning the metabolism of ethanol. The first issue is the means by which the liver metabolizes ethanol the second and third issues discuss the variances involved when comparing how ethanol found in beer is metabolized with the ethanol found in one of the more popular cough suppressants. For simplicity and clarity the cough syrup being used in this study is Nyquil...."
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The Chemical Composition of Ethanol, 2001.
An in-depth examination of Ethanol.- its characteristics, uses and benefits.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the 'fuel of the future'.
From the paper:
"Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, - OH - bonded to a carbon atom."
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The Ethanol Market, 2007.
This paper explores whether ethanol is a solution to the energy crisis.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how economic issues, such as escalating oil prices, and environmental problems, such as global warming, can potentially be addressed by the ethanol market. The paper looks at arguments for and against this source of energy. The paper maintains that global research and development are necessary in order to determine the true benefits and dangers of replacing conventional fuels with ethanol compounds.
From the Paper
"According to Eckhart, there are three main drivers for the general renewable energy market, and for the ethanol market specifically. These include environmental concerns, economic factors, and national energy consumption trends. In terms of the environment, air, land and water pollution is fast becoming a crisis. According to environmentalists, no time can be wasted to research renewable energy sources. The environmental driver is likely to become increasingly urgent over the next decades, increasing the need for renewable and cleaner energy sources."
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Alternative-Fuel Vehicles (AFV), 2005.
This paper discusses alternative-fuel vehicles (AFV) and the advantages of adding them to the Lotus rental car fleet.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews four alternate fuel options -- hybrids, turbo direct injection diesel, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); the advantages of alternate fuel options include healthier environmental impacts, a release reduction of carbon monoxide and other unhealthy gases (lead and nitrogen oxides) in the atmosphere and more fuel efficient options. The author points out that, currently, of the major car rental companies such as Hertz, Avis and Budget, only Budget presently offers alternative-fuel car rentals. The paper concludes that the economic advantages for Lotus Car Rental to offer AFVs to their Fleet are invaluable because (1) the consumer market's opinion has changed due to the rapid development in AFV technology, (2) the increasing gas prices, (3) the environmental crisis, (4) the tax incentives offered by the I.R.S., (5) the great success of car manufacturers in developing, producing and distributing AFVs and (6) the competitive and marketing advantages of Lotus to be associated with the pioneers in this field. Table and charts.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The History of Rental Cars in the U.S.
Alternative Fuel Options
Hybrids
Turbo Direct Injection Diesel
Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Car Rentals and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Advantages of Offering Alternative Fuel Vehicles as part of the Lotus Rental Fleet
The Future and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Summary
From the Paper
"Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV's) combine the conventional internal combustion engine with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle. The HEV's have gained a lot of popularity in recent years, because it offers the driver the same range in mileage and rapid refueling options as the conventional vehicle. The practical benefits of HEV's include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. A disadvantage is the purchase price, which is about $3,000 higher than a comparable car with a internal combustion engine that uses petroleum."
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Hydrogen Fuel Cells, 2008.
This paper discusses the integration of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation.
1,483 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper talks about the Kyoto Protocol that provided an international directive in environmental emissions, demanding that countries shoulder the responsibility for emissions regulations and standards. The paper then discusses hydrogen fuel cell research and the effectiveness of integrating these technologies in domestic and public modes of transportation. The paper argues that hydrogen fuel cell development should become the primary focus for any company that wants to adhere to environmental standards and reduce long-term costs of using fossil fuels.
Outline:
The Kyoto Protocol
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Green Companies: Ford and Mercedes
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Limitations
From the Paper
"The 21st century global marketplace has been witness to the advent of numerous technological advances in an effort to create efficiency and reduce the cost of utilizing expensive energy resources. Environmental policy has also played an important role in the legitimacy of large corporations primarily due to the alarming increase in global warming. As the world becomes closer to its neighbors through free-market trade, the relevance of environmental accountability becomes even more paramount. With oil prices rapidly increasing and technological advances in the synthesis of energy resources, the transportation industry is becoming more responsible for the environmental impact due to business operations. Countries and companies worldwide are becoming more active in regulating fuel economy. The rise of hydrogen fuel cell integration in domestic vehicles, locomotives and public transportation services has increased due to environmental regulations and finding cost efficient resources for power."
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Southwest Airlines' Fuel Policy, 2008.
A look at Laura Wright's fuel price hedging program that has ensured financial growth at Southwest Airlines.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Laura Wright, Senior Vice President and CFO at Southwest Airlines, has impacted the Southwest company significantly through her promotion of the fuel price hedging policy. The paper explains that this policy allowed Southwest to focus on its passengers and support their needs, with fuel prices locked in and fuel hedging contracts with fuel providers in place. The paper reveals that this policy has resulted in Southwest demonstrating consistent profits while other airlines entered bankruptcy.
From the Paper
"Laura Wright is Senior Vice President and CFO at Southwest Airlines, with her office based in Dallas, Texas. In this position Wright is responsible for all financial factors affecting the company, with an added focus on "accounting, investor relations, treasury/tax, fleet planning, insurance, and Employee compensation and benefits" ("Officer", 2007, sec. 1). Wright began her association with Southwest in 1990 and has progressively proven her value to the company through such positions as Director of Corporate Taxation, Assistant Treasurer and Vice President Finance and Treasurer ("Officer", 2007, sec. 1)."
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Lotus and Alternative Fuel, 2008.
This paper presents an feasibility study regarding the use of alternative fuel vehicles for the Lotus rental car company.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This research examines the rental car industry from the competitive profile of the Lotus rental car company (Lotus). The writer notes that Lotus operates rental car fleets across three major regions which include North America, Europe and Asia. The writer points out that currently Lotus is considering deploying alternative fuel vehicles and is targeting the European market as its test market and initial target market. The writer maintains that Europe is deemed a better test and roll-out market because it is ahead of both North America and Asia in terms of alternative fuel availability and use.
Outline:
Abstract
Company Overview
Industry Overview
Market Overview
Competition
Generic Competitive Strategies
Alternative Fuel Technology
Bio-fuel & Bio-diesel Overview
Economic Rationale
From the Paper
"The competitive profile in the rental car industry in Europe is uniquely different than it is in the U.S. market and several other large markets. In most of Europe's larger internal markets, such as France, Germany, and Italy, vehicle manufacturers control most of the operation fleets in the rental car industry within those respective markets. However, the UK market within the larger European rental car market is the most developed rental car market and has additional financing schemes that allow other independent operators other than the large vehicle manufacturers to enter the rental car market. Thus, in the UK, companies such as Avis tend to dominate the market. Currently, no rental car competitor in Europe is operating even a partial fleet of AFVs which creates quite an opportunity for Lotus."
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The Use of Fuel Cells as an Energy Alternative, 2002.
A paper which discusses using fuel cells as an alternative to traditional energy sources and their advantages.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that fuel cells offer tremendous promise and potential as an energy source. Among topics covered in this paper include: How fuel cells operate, why they are cleaner than a combustion powered engine and the research that is currently being conducted to advance this technology. The paper also lays out the roles the federal government, automakers, and oil companies are playing in investing in fuel technology. It also discusses the problems that need to be overcome in order for the use of fuel cells to meet their full potential as an energy source.
From the Paper
"In summary once the fuel cell market begins to take off, the impact can snowball. Using hydrogen to combine such renewable energy sources with highly efficient fuel cell cars would impact many industries such as the automobile, oil, electricity and natural gas. Furthermore, an added benefit of fuel cell will be the elimination of carbon dioxide that are produced by gas powered engines, instead the only by product produced here would be water. In fact this water will be safe enough to drink because it will be pure. Research will continue to advance the potential of fuel cell as a dependable long term energy source."
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