| Papers [1-15] of 26 :: [Page 1 of 2] | | Go to page : 1 2 —> | Search results on "ESTROGEN METABOLITES MULTIRACIAL POPULATION": |
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Article Analysis: Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial Population, 2007.
A critical analysis of an article by Sowers, Crawford, McConnell and Randolph, entitled 'Selected Diet and Lifestyle Factors are Associated with Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial/Ethnic Population of Women".
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are significant problems in terms of conceptualization and methodology in the research reported by Sowers et. al. in the article 'Selected Diet and Lifestyle Factors are Associated with Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial/Ethnic Population of Women'. The author points out that the troubling methodological problems throughout the framework of this paper include ambiguous phrases, deceptive statistics, the overlooking of rival causes, inadequate justification of the project and the fundamental disconnect between the research questions and the results. The paper stresses that there is no justification for the authors' use of race/ethnicity as a variable in this study, particularly given that the authors pay absolutely no regard to the importance of socio-economic status as a variable. The author underscores that the harm of this research is that it implies inherently bad health to minorities, in this case, to African-American women, which risks perpetuating racist stereotypes.
From the Paper
"The authors find that African-American women have significantly lower levels of estrogen metabolites than either White or Asian women; a number that they suggest is inherent in the racial group as it is not correlated to lifestyle factors. To attain this result, the authors measure the independent variable of race/ethnicity against dependent dietary and lifestyle variables. Other variables such as age are controlled. However, one obvious variable - a particularly important one given the focus of the study - is entirely absent from the analysis: socio-economic status."
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Multiracial Descent, 2003.
Covers issues concerning people of multiracial descent in the U.S. and the findings of the latest U.S. census as it relates to multiracial individuals.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The history and current demographics of the latest U.S. census are analyzed in order to demonstrate the changing face of America. Factors influencing this change go as far back as the birth of this country. Issues such as the creation and existence of the "one-drop rule" are questioned along with identity development concerns of multiracial individuals.
From the Paper
"In 1967, in the Loving v. Virginia case, the anti- miscegenation laws were struck down and whites were then allowed to freely marry whomever they chose. (Wright, 1994) Since that time, a dramatic increase in interracial marriages has been seen between whites and other races. Due to the increasing number of interracial marriage and the obvious population growth of children who identify with more than one race, the U.S. Census Bureau made several changes to the race category. For the first time, this allowed people of multiracial decent to properly and accurately acknowledge their existence. Two percent of the U.S. population classified themselves as belonging to more than one race (6.8 million). White and "other" were the most common combinations (32%) with White and American Indian/Alaska Native at 16%, White and Asian at 13% and White and Black at 13%. Of the 63 possible combinations of racial categories, the four listed above make up 72% of persons of all multiracial persons. (AmeriStat, June 2001)"
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The Multiracial Army, 2002.
The role African-Americans played in the army during the Civil War.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper talks about the about the bravery and gallantry of African-Americans, during the Civil War, and who helped to end slavery and keep America united.
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Synergistic Actions of IGF-I and Estrogen, 2004.
An examination of the relationship between IGF-I, estrogen, and breast cancer.
3,665 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 61 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) are mitogens whose functions are important in regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and how estrogen is another hormone that is involved in regulating a large array of cell processes. It looks at how both of these hormones are mitogens that act through receptor-mediated pathways. The MCF-7 cell line is a commonly used, breast cancer-derived cell line because it is easily replicable, and it differs from many others in that estradiol does not induce cell cycle progression. It looks at how recent research has found that synergistic action of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I, its receptor, and estrogen induce cell cycle progression, promote signal transduction of IGF, and, thereby, increase proliferation of MCF-7 cancer cells.
Outline
Introduction
MCF-7 Cell Stimulation
Estrogen
IGF-I and Estrogen Cross Talk
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While the incidence of breast cancer as well as the recovery rate continues to rise, breast cancer is hardly a new problem. Breast cancer has been around for centuries however some researchers believe we are closer to a cure than ever before. Incidents of breast cancer have been documented back to the early Egyptians when the only treatment was surgical removal of the diseased tissue. Surgery was practiced but it was an extremely radical treatment considering there was no anesthesia available. During the mid 1800's, surgeons first began to keep detailed records of breast cancer. Those statistics indicate that even those treated by mastectomy had a high rate of recurrence within eight years-especially when the glands or lymph nodes were affected."
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Factors Influencing Identity Development, 2003.
Many issues are examined in the pursuit of finding the most important influences on identity development in multiracial individuals. A reflection on this issue is given from personal experience.
2,866 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
A variety of sources are examined in order to find consistencies in what influences multiracial identity development. The paper explains that findings show a wide variety of factors that are linked to identity development in multiracial individuals. It concludes that multiracial individuals are as complex as the genetic differences among them.
From the Paper
"Many authors have attempted to define how multiracial individuals develop their identity: specifically, which factors contribute most to this development. The topic of identity development among bi-racial individuals is being analyzed more often today due to the growing numbers of multiracial children being born in the U.S. I've often wondered to what extinct my racial identity was influenced by the fact that the parent most influential in shaping my thinking was a member of the dominant society. This parent was the financial provider and also a member of societies elite; male and white. Could this fact have influenced where I lived, the size of my home, the amount of education my father achieved (thus influencing my future educational achievements), the racial composition of the neighborhood that I grew up in, my choice of friends and my daily experiences? Was I raised differently than other biracial persons who were raised by a father of color, simply due to the fact that white males are privileged members of our society that have more control over their environments? If so, how did this difference help shape or determine how I later racially identified? Sue and Sue quote Bowles (2003) by stating that, "in a clinical study of ten families, when the mother is white and the father is black, daughters are more likely to identify with the mother's racial background: and when the mother is black and the father white, boys and girls will likely identify with being black. Why then, did all eight of my fathers children choose to identify themselves as multiracial instead of black? Assuming that my case is not unique, other factors more telling than same-sex parental identification must factor into identity development among multiracial individuals."
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Stress and the Nursing Profession, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine the effects of work-related stress on job performance and to determine whether estrogen, a female sex hormone, plays a key role in job-related stress in the nursing industry.
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that work-related stress is correlated negatively to the job performance of nurses in the health care profession. The author points out the research hypothesizes that the job performance of male nurses and post-menopausal female nurses is more negatively correlated to stress than the job performance of pre-menopausal female nurses because men and post-menopausal women have less estrogen than pre-menopausal women do. The paper relates that previous literature suggests that stress hormone levels in older women receiving hormone replacement therapy are lower than in men of the same age, reinforcing the belief that estrogen lowers stress hormone levels in women.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Sources and Consequences of Stress
Method
Participants
Materials
Job Performance
Gender and Menopausal Status
Procedure
Expected Results and Discussion
From the Paper
"There is a great deal of research suggesting that nursing is a stressful job and that the stress experienced by nurses can lead to a broad variety of work-related problems, including absenteeism, conflict, staff turnover, morale issues, and overall decreased worker effectiveness. Too much stress frequently results in burnout and the high turnover of nursing personnel. Thus, the causes and correlates of work-related stress, and the outcomes for job performance are of great concern to the overall nursing industry."
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Asian-Americans, 2002.
This paper investigates the issue of multi racial Asians living in different countries.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
An evaluation of the opinions of multi racial Asians living in different countries and a review of the problems they face. Articles by two authors who have addressed the issue according to their own experiences as part of a multiracial community are discussed. These are Lonnae O'Neal Parker's:" White Girl? Cousin Kim Is Passing. But Cousin Lonnae Doesn't Want to Let Her Go" and Remy Gastambide's "Living in Shame". This paper also discusses issues relating to Tiger Woods' multiracial identity.
From the Paper
"While considering the experiences of Parker, who is a multiracial woman living in the United States; it has been observed that the major problem faced by the multiracial individuals is that of their identity. They are ever confused by the question as to which group they belong to? She shares her experience of how her mother was being questioned about her as to whose child was she and what difficulties she went through during her childhood. She shares the thoughts on how the multiracial families try to escape from their identity in order to get accepted by the society. In this regard, she shares her experience with her cousin who considers herself as a white person just because her skin gives an impression of a white women, eve though she is a multiracial individual like her."
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Night Shift and Cancer, 2004.
This paper discusses the causes and effects of working night shifts as related to breast cancer.
2,555 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that only a few studies examine the direct relationship of working night shifts and breast cancer; but, based on the several studies that used different methods, medical researches have hypothesized that working night shifts puts women at greater risk of breast cancer. The author points out that the most common cause cited is the decrease in the level of melatonin and the exposure to bright artificial lights at night. The paper relates that the lack of melatonin as a risk factor to breast cancer is linked to the
overproduction of estrogen, another breast cancer-causing hormone. According to studies, melatonin regulates a hormone system's production of estrogen; therefore, a decrease in melatonin can cause a reproductive system to produce more estrogen, thus allowing a higher risk of breast cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Epidemiological Studies on Working Night Shift and Cancer
Links to Working Night Shift and Breast Cancer
Other Links to Working Night Shift and Breast Cancer
Conclusion
Policies to Address the Issue
From the Paper
"Melatonin is a hormone that is essential for the body. It acts as a protection against the growth and development of tumors. According to studies, during sleep at night is the peak time when melatonin is produced, specifically between 1 am to 2 am. Because working night shift deprives an individual from a night sleep, production of the right amount of melatonin is also being deprived. Thus, allowing a higher risk of developing cancer tissues. Daniel DeNoon, in his Hormone Melatonin Slows Breast Cancer, indicates the following report of David E. Blask of Bassett Research Institute in Cooperstown, N.Y. about the relationship of melatonin to growth of breast cancer."
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Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2004.
This paper discusses that drug and alcohol abuse and addiction can be viewed as behavioral issues with psychological and physiological consequences.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is important to recognize how the more known and dangerous drugs influence neurochemistry. For example, heroin increases the release of dopamine by increasing the firing of dopamine neurons. The postsynaptic neuronal receptors are then inundated to levels far higher than normal; therefore, heroin usage is associated with the feelings of mood elevation and euphoria. The author points out that drug and alcohol metabolites, which are residual substances of drugs that remain during the drug and alcohol metabolism that takes place in the liver, are implicated in problems during withdrawal, remission, and craving. The paper recommends that treatment modalities should include pharmacotherapeutic as well as psychological and emotional support structures, including family involvement and 12-step programs such as AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous) and CA (Cocaine Anonymous).
From the Paper
"From the above therefore, a new motivational perspective of drug abuse emerges. It can be classified as two fold: extreme motivational strength and extreme motivational toxicity. Motivational strength is associated with the extent to which addiction can replace other basic motivations such as food, sex and the need to maintain a career. Motivational strength is also associated with to what lengths an addict will go to procure drugs. The psychosocial ramifications (as mentioned above) are a consequence of motivational strength. Motivational toxicity, on the other hand, can be defined by how it can be disruptive. Cocaine affects the user differently than heroin and methamphetamines. Typically, addiction can be towards anything. Most people are addicted to mild sedatives, cigarettes (though some aver that it is more addictive than cocaine), coffee, shopping, chocolate and gambling. Any of these addictions can be measured based on motivational strength and motivational toxicity."
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Children's Friendships, 2001.
A look at the positive influences friendships have on children.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews Zick Rubin's book titled "Children's Friendships" on the importance of friendships for children's social and educational development. The paper notes that Rubin forms his thesis based on a narrow sampling of children, disregarding cultures in which friendship is viewed differently. The paper then analyzes the case of children from multiracial backgrounds, for which friendship based on similarity is difficult to form. The paper concludes with advice for educators about discussing the issue of friendship with children.
From the Paper
"Rubin states that children's relationships with their peers not only provide important social skills but contexts in which children can develop meaningfully and compare themselves to others. Friendships also provide children with a sense of group belonging. Friendships provide unique benefits and skills to children, Rubin writes, that parents and educators cannot provide. Some social scientists, such as David Riseman, as cited by Rubin, have argued that an overemphasis on children 'making friends' and 'relating to others' in our 'outer-directed society' has proved detrimental. But regardless, says Rubin, 'the fact that children's friendships can be harmful only serves to outline their importance.'"
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"Star Trek", 2002.
An analysis of some of the concepts behind the long running television show "Star Trek".
797 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the original "Star Trek" series contains a surprising amount of social commentary. It examines how the multiracial, multi-ethnic makeup of Starfleet itself is testimony to Gene Roddenberry's optimistic conception of the future of race (or at least interplanetary) relations. It examines how the United Federation of Planets is like a cosmic United Nations, comprised of races more different in appearance than any found on Earth. It looks at how, for the most part, the missions of the U.S.S. Enterprise generally promote freedom and justice throughout the known universe and despite the stereotyping and sexism contained within Star Trek episodes, the crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise is surprisingly egalitarian.
From the Paper
"The show follows a standard formula for Star Trek episodes. Starfleet is authorized to fetch zenite from the planet Ardana. Zenite is the only known antidote for a deadly plant disease plaguing Federation member planet Marak II. The plague on Marak II threatens to wipe out the entire population, which of course warrants intervention. Ardana is obligated to comply with Starfleet's orders because as a member planet they must offer assistance to another federation member. Therefore, Starfleet acts like "big government," and frequently interferes with the sovereignty of Federation planets. Kirk and Spock believe "there must be some mistake" that the High Advisor asked them to beam down to Stratos, the main Ardana city, rather than directly to the zenite mines. Of course, Kirk feels his "emergency" is more important than this simple request from the Ardana High Advisor. This is the kind of government that frightens libertarians and any critics of "big government.""
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Nicotine: Learning and Memory, 2002.
An examination of the psychological and physiologial effects of nicotine on learning and memory.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the extensive research which has been completed on the physiological effects of nicotine - the addictive substance found in cigarettes - on the human body. The paper discusses the findings of this research which shows that nicotine, although addictive, may have some properties that could be considered beneficial in regards to learning and memory, particularly some tasks involving the consumption of nicotine before the completion of a specific memory/learning task.
Subtitles:
Nicotine Metabolites and the Neuropharmacological Effects of Nicotine
Is Nicotine Beneficial in Cognitive Functions?
Nicotine Interactions: Possible Improvement of Working Memory in Rats Environmental Influence, Nicotine, and Short-Term Memory
From the Paper
"The study by Crooks and Dwoskin (1997) say that many people that smoke cigarettes because of the immediate stimulation on the CNS that elevates mood and arousal. Smoking cigarettes causes the tobacco to release nicotine metabolites, which are probably responsible for the main effects on the CNS. Nicotine metabolites are thought to effect dopaminergic neurotransmission, and thus creating pleasurable feelings and an increased state of arousal. Different subtypes of nicotine metabolites could be present in different types of tabacco, therefore yielding many different feelings and reactions by the CNS. The reaction by the CNS is thought to be caused primarily by the nicotine metabolites, and not the nicotine itself. (Crooks & Dwoskin, 1997)."
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Molecular Cell Biology, 2005.
This paper discusses the cholesterol transport from arterial walls to the liver.
9,000 words (approx. 36.0 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 319.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the molecular biology of the cholesterol transport from arterial walls to the liver for biliary excretion. The paper looks at all the genes and their agonists and antagonists involved - LXR, PPAR, ABCA1, apoE, oxysterols, cholesterol metabolites etc. The writer then discusses how they all work together to transport cholesterol from the arterial walls in order to minimize atherosclerosis.
From the Paper
"Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis in which plaque builds up in the inner linings of the arteries. Plaque consists of a combination of fatty substances, cholesterol waste products from cells fibrin and calcium and usually develops in medium and large arteries, thickening their walls and causing them to lose elasticity and so become less resilient. Atheromatous plaques build up in vessel walls and in advanced stages reduce or restrict blood flow through the vessel lumen. The inner covering of the atheroma may ... "
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Evista, 2005.
An overview of the drug, Evista, which is used to treat osteoporosis in women.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Evista, also known as raloxifene hydrochloride, a drug manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. It looks at how it is classified as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which activates the estrogen receptors, but has differential physiological effects on other tissues, such as the breast and endometrium.
Outline
Indication of Usage
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
Dosage and Administration
Contradictions, Precautions, and Warnings
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Comparative Efficacy
Cost Analysis
Personal Perspective of Evista
References
From the Paper
"The safety of raloxifene in the treatment of osteoporosis was assessed in a large (7705 patients) multinational, placebo-controlled trial (Barrett-Connor et al. 1270). Duration of treatment was 36 months and 5129 postmenopausal women were exposed to raloxifene (2557 received 60 mg/day and 2572 received 120 mg/day). The majority of adverse events occurring during the study were mild and generally did not require discontinuation of therapy. Therapy was discontinued due to an adverse event in 11% of EVISTA?-treated women and 9% of placebo-treated women. Common adverse events related to EVISTA? therapy were hot flashes and leg cramps. Hot flashes were most commonly reported during the first 6 months of treatment and were not different from placebo thereafter."
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Immigration Policy and Canadian Nation-Building, 2008.
This paper discusses the immigration policy in Canada as it relates to Canadian nation-building.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This essay critically examines the issue of immigration and Canadian nation-building within a sociological perspective. A particular focus of the paper is on the contradiction between the ideal of immigration, as reflected in the changes to immigration policy in the 1960s and the introduction of official multiculturalism in the 1970s, and the realities of immigration in regard to its being embedded in the social class and power distribution structures of Canada. In this context, the paper argues that in our capitalist society immigration policy has primarily served the interests of capital in the form of labor force reproduction. This being said, it is then argued that the existence of a multicultural and multiracial society represents a clear challenge to the existing power distribution in Canadian society; a challenge that has been met by policies such as official multiculturalism which are instruments by which the capitalist state seeks to control and channel dissent and thereby ensure the perpetuation of the Canadian status quo.
From the Paper
"Thus, the labour force of Canada was not biologically reproducing itself on a generational basis by the later decades of the twentieth century. In order to meet this shortfall, the Government of Canada resorted to immigration to supply a labour force to meet the demands of the Canadian economy. These demands are complex, for the Labour Force Reproduction model indicates that the economy needs a labour supply not only in terms of production but also to consume the goods produced. As a result, in the years in which the Canadian fertility rates were declining (after 1956) the Canadian immigration levels were increasing. From 1954 to 1992 Canada accepted 5.7 million immigrants. These immigrants fulfilled a wide number of economic roles in Canadian society, from contributing as business class immigrants and supplying entrepreneurial investment funds, to those who work in the commercial and corporate sectors. In addition, we must not forget the significant numbers of immigrants who worked as unpaid labour - often women - and so subsidized the paid labour force in Canada."
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