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The ESL/EFL Classroom, 2007.
A discussion regarding the teaching methods in ESL (English as a Second Language) and EFL (English as a First Language) classrooms.
5,028 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the importance of teaching methods used in theclassroom. The paper focuses on teaching English as a foreign language (EFL)and English as a second language (ESL) students. The paper reviews various listening skills that can be taught to language students to assist them in learning. The paper further discusses the issue of fluency between the teacher and student. The paper also takes a look at the problems relating to academic oral learning in the ESL classroom.
From the Paper
" Other methods of improving student(s) listening skills include tests/quizzes that teachers can use in the classroom. These tests/quizzes can be found in a wide variety of places, especially with the advent of the internet. Many experts (presumably) have created websites that allow for lesson planning by teachers of ESL students that include both written and online quizzes which test for comprehension and improvement by the ESL students. Examples of the types of quizzes available include listening to a customer making a request and taking note of what is wanted, or listening to two people talking about a new job opportunity and get the details about the job offered and even listening to a woman asking a man questions for a survey while taking notes of his answers. These quizzes take into account the daily activities of the individuals 'normally' looking to acquire a second language. Other quizzes test on the listener's ability to recite about a man's trip to a foreign country that he has just returned from, choosing the correct conclusion based on what is heard and a listening guide that gives examples of symbol sounds by using representative words.
There are other methods of teaching ESL students in the classroom with one of the more interesting ways being a use of music to enhance the students learning process."
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Internet in Elementary ESL/EFL Classroom, 2002.
A study of using the internet in elementary school English as a second language classrooms.
1,365 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper recommends the use of internet technology in the classroom. It demonstrates how it benefits both teachers and students, who find their learning sessions more challenging and interesting, by advancing the learning process rapidly through this dynamic information medium. The paper provides an example of the classic elementary school project of pen-pals through e-mail and the gathering of geographical information on their new friend on-line.
From the Paper
"Sela (1997) encouraged e-mail activities for EFL students. This method should apply to any level of students all over the world since e-mail reaches multiple community and nationalities.
E-mail offers a new way of learning, which students would mostly like. Compared to conventional mode, which takes time to apply postages and put them through post offices, e-mail would provide speedy, inexpensive, and eye-catching materials. When attempting the e-mail technique to teach EFL classroom, Sela remarked how students enjoy learning on first-hand experience, writing to other friends in other countries, which would write them back directly. They would enjoy reading about other cultures as well as telling learning about their own cultures to people from different nationalities. It is like the classical way of pen-pal activities, only e-mail goes faster; therefore students may expect the reply shortly afterwards."
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Vygotsky and the ESL Classroom, 2007.
This paper examines how the "zone of proximal development" as stated by Lev Vygotsky operates in the ESL elementary classroom.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how Lev Vygotsky's 'zone of proximal development' might be best utilized in the provision of instruction and learning in the classroom. The paper explains that Vygotsky's proposed 'zone of proximal development' is a learning theory based on the social aspect of learning. The paper shows that Vygotsky's 'zone of proximal development' is relevant in the ESL elementary classroom; cooperative learning provides a fertile learning ground for ESL students in language acquisition, due to the frequent and collaborative use of the language in a setting that is non-threatening and non-demanding. The paper provides case study literature that relates the success of these methods, particularly in the ESL classroom.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stated as effective strategies to access the zone of proximal development are the strategies of: (1) scaffolding; and (2) reciprocal teaching. (Riddle) First the interest of the student must be engaged by the teacher and tasks must be simplified so as to be manageable. The students must be motivated in order to pursue the goal of instruction and the teacher must "look for discrepancies between students' efforts and the solution, control for frustration and risk, and model an idealized version of the act."(Hausfather, 1996; as cited by Riddle, nd) The development of a dialogue between the teacher and students is possible in 'reciprocal teaching'. Through the interactive instructional strategy of communication between the student and teachers the students are provided support and encouragement to reach beyond merely answering questions and to become engaged in the discourse in the classroom."
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Testing in the ESL Classroom, 2008.
This paper analyzes the impact of testing on teaching and learning in the ESL classroom.
1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the negative and positive impact of testing upon teaching and upon learning in the ESL classroom. Specifically, the paper explores how heavy-handed evaluation methods that emphasize student failure can assure even larger failure while a strong testing methodology can, on the other hand, build trust between student and teacher. Not to be overlooked, the paper also examines the manner in which testing can either lead teachers to test the wrong things or, conversely, can lead them to a higher level of professional development. The paper concludes taht, in the end, testing in and of itself is not the problem - the problem is teachers who use it clumsily.
From the Paper
"There can scarcely be any doubt that one of the most significant roles any teacher will perform is the difficult role of evaluator. Finding the tools and methodologies needed to appropriately assess where a classroom of students is headed is one thing, but another consideration is finding out a testing style and approach that will not cow students or dampen their enthusiasm for the course material. In an interesting study, Kaplan Bass (1993) found that it is the anticipation of having their work evaluated by a teacher that sparks anxiety among developmental or ESL students - and anxiety is one of the chief reasons why some students fall short of reaching their full potential as writers."
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The English Second Language (ESL) Classroom, 2008.
This paper discusses common traits of adult English Second Language (ESL) students, which impede their learning, and gives examples of how understanding American culture can increase the student's ability to learn the English language.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that culture is embraced and at times rejected by people trying to assimilate into another culture and to learn a new language. The author points out that a student's diverse attitude towards culture does not have to be seen as negative; however, in education, it often is. The paper lists eight common traits of people, who try to assimilate into a culture, which must be taken into consideration in the ESL classroom. The author stresses that language is the key to successful adjustment and identification into a dominant society. The paper underscores that the easiest way to teach a language is to have the student identify with the culture they are moving into. The paper stresses that the teacher has a responsibility to not only teach the English language to the bi-cultural student but also to assimilate the student into the culture with minimal conflict.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Common Traits of an ESL Student
Examples of Incorporating Culture into the Teaching of Language in the ESL Classroom
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are a variety of ways to incorporate culture into the ESL classroom like including music, stories, teaching gender roles, differences in food and the proper behavior in public. These are all things that must be done to flow freely and easily in American society, but could be filled with conflict for a person who does not speak English and who needs to fulfill the basic requirements of assimilating into American culture. The incorporation of these simple yet basic elements in American culture will enhance the teaching of an ESL classroom and provide a fundamental understanding of the language they are learning."
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The Experience of Being an ESL Student, 2005.
This paper discuses the experiences of an English Second Language (ESL/EFL) Japanese student as a base for examining language learning strategies, specially the relationships between language, culture and society.
3,240 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because students come with specific purposes for learning, one of the best ways to keep them motivated is to help them feel progress towards their goals, which are identified by interviewing informally the student. The author points out the importance of engaging ESL learners in communicative (game type) or integrative (short/small activities form larger activities) activities using materials, which are authentic, thereby, aiding the learners in unpredictable spoken language outside the class. The paper relates that students of English conversation must understand the fundamental difference between learning about the language and learning to use it for verbal communication.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background Information of Interviewee
Report and Commentary on the Information Collected in the Conversation
What are Main Reasons for Learning English for ESL/EFL Learners in Japan?
What Stereotypes Take Place for a Foreign Teacher While Teaching ESL in Japan?
What are Key Features and Problems of ESL Learning in Japan and How can They Be Resolved by ESL Teachers to Achieve Best Results?
What Type of Class is more Desirable for ESL Students?
Does "Cultural Background" Play Any Role in Learning ESL in Japan?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The learner that I have interviewed generally has a strong first language model back at home in Japan. The interviewee had been in institution and educated at home from young till diploma level. Later, when he came to Australia with pursuing a degree in mind, he had a choice to either take an exam, TOFEL or take up a course with the duration of 3 months to learn English. This is because, his previous education did not meet the requirement of the university that he intended to enroll in. The requirement was that his previous education has to be taught in English for duration of more than 12 months."
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ESL Education, 2007.
This paper provides a comparison of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers in Taiwan.
3,541 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what link, if any, exists between student learning anxiety and native versus non-native teachers in the EFL / ESL classroom environment. The study identifies key issues surrounding this question in an attempt to identify what factors contribute to Taiwanese students' increases in language learning anxiety. Further, it investigates these issues with the intention of fleshing out valuable knowledge for future research and educational advancement. The writer concludes that this comparison of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers in Taiwan intends to seek out what problems exist in the current system. The writer points out that by identifying and examining such problems, administrators can make educated decisions in the recruiting of foreign or native teachers to their ESL / EFL programs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Taiwan is experiencing an increase in English learners. As a result, a higher number of English language teachers are necessary. To meet this need, many foreign teachers specializing in ESL / EFL have flocked to Taiwan to teach classrooms full of English learners. For a variety of reasons, most of these English learners experience an Americanized version of English language training. Lou and Chism relay this Americanized English learning with the inability of young Taiwanese students to make associations between their own culture and experiences and English. This Americanized learning is in part due to the use of American written and published EFL textbooks. Yet, in classrooms where English is taught by a foreign ESL / EFL teacher, it is difficult to know whether the textbooks or the foreign teachers create difficulty in establishing successful language connections."
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ESL Instruction in Egyptian and British, 2006.
This paper is a complete research project to compare the effectiveness of English as a second language instruction (ESL)in Egyptian and British secondary schools.
16,370 words (approx. 65.5 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the way information and communication technologies (ICT) resources are currently being used in secondary classrooms in the United Kingdom and Egypt to determine how these can be better used for language education applications. The author used methodologies that include a critical literature review, a statistical analysis of grade point averages before and after ICT initiatives were used and a qualitative and quantitative survey of the secondary students in three secondary schools each located in Egypt and the UK. The paper relates that the delivery of effective language instruction in Arabic and English require a different set of tools and techniques although both ASL and ESL students are motivated by comparable factors and experience similar reactions and emotions concerning their language instruction. This paper includes many table, graphs, quotations, questionnaires and a complete analyzes of the data.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Research Questions
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Terms
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Education in Egypt
Education in the United Kingdom
Information and Communications
Technology and ESL Applications in the Classroom
Constraints to ESL Delivery in the Arabic-Speaking Egyptian Classroom Constraints to ESL Delivery in the UK Classroom
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-Gathering Method and Database of Study Population
UK Schools Participating in Study
Egyptian Schools Participating in the Study
Data Analysis
Egyptian and UK Student Survey Results
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary Conclusions
Egypt
United Kingdom
Recommendations
Egypt
United Kingdom
Excel Spreadsheet Used in Analysis
From the Paper
"The educational systems in Egypt and the UK bear some similarities as well as important differences that will be discussed further below. One of the similarities, though, is the manner in which the stages of general education are provided. In Egypt today, there are three stages of state general education: (a) primary (six years), (b) preparatory (three years), and (c) secondary (three years). The primary education is for students between the ages of 6 and 12 years and is compulsory; students who are successful in examinations have the opportunity to continue their education first at the preparatory and then at the secondary level. In this regard, there are two types of secondary school, (a) general and (b) technical; the majority of Egyptian technical schools are either commercial, agricultural, or industrial."
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"Building Classroom Discipline" by C. M. Charles, 1991.
This paper reviews three of the eight models of discipline favored for elementary and secondary classrooms which were discussed in "Building Classroom Discipline", by C. M. Charles.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The textbook, "Building Classroom Discipline", by C. M. Charles, provides an overview and discussion of eight models of discipline most prominently favored for use in elementary and secondary classrooms today. This paper selects three of those models (Cantor, Jones, and Glasser) for a comparison and contrast of three aspects of discipline (rules, consequences, and positive reinforcement) and concludes with a summary of the positive and negative elements of these models with suggestions for selecting a personal classroom management plan.
The first aspect of effective discipline is rules. All the models put forth that rules are essential to an orderly classroom and that students of all ages must know what the rules are from the first day of the class meeting. Lee Cantor's method, also called assertive discipline, simply states that the teacher ... "
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Standards-Based Classroom, 2006.
A discussion regarding the advantages of a standards-based classroom versus a traditional classroom.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the key features of the standards-based classroom. The paper begins by defining the traditional versus standards-based classroom, highlighting the features of the standards-based classroom and then provides an overview of the key components of a standards-based classroom. The paper concludes that a standards-based classroom provides more individual learning opportunities for students in contemporary society.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Standards-Based Classroom Defined
Benefits Standards-Based Classroom
Components of Standards-Based Classroom
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper
"This includes grasping firm knowledge and understanding of the role technology plays not only in education, but also in every day living. Teachers are becoming increasingly aware of the implications technology has on student's achievement but also their teaching and curriculum development. More and more educational facilities are encouraging teachers to participate in elective and continuing education classes that highlight technology and promote emphasis on technological learning in the classroom. Teachers are more and more learning that technology can be an efficient tool for designing unique and individual curriculums that attend to the need of individual students but also enable more efficient monitoring, assessment and evaluation of student achievement in the classroom and outside the classroom (Ernst, Peterson & Taylor, 2005). "
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Classroom Management, 2005.
Examines the process involved in managing a classroom, especially within an urban setting.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
Classroom management in the current urban teaching environment must be balanced against external factors such as standardized testing and school accountability measures, as well as against factors studied in class such as social fragmentation and silencing. The classroom management process itself usually takes place in stages in which the student is taught and assessed in their ability to perform specific tasks or display their knowledge of specific subjects, so assessment is also a vital part of urban classroom management. The classroom management process is based on a combination of these external and internal factors. This paper examines the classroom management process in the way in which it progresses through various steps, based on standards that set the bar for student progress and development in urban schools. The essential steps that are a part of the classroom management process, from this perspective, are based on the urban school being either equal to or greater than the national average in producing curricula that are able to meet these standards in terms of
results. The paper examines this issue generally, as well as specifically in terms of certain expectations that are required in the disciplines for students at certain grade levels, which in turn directly affects the classroom management process in urban schools. In each of these steps, as this paper states, the role of the instructional leader is more and more about working with great facility and leadership skills on an effective team, respecting diversity and being able to implement new technologies into the urban classroom. This team develops communication patterns that integrate the curricular needs of all involved parties, including teachers, parents, students and administrators, and at each step of the process this communication is integral to developing a complete classroom management plan.
From the Paper
"The results of Alvine's study therefore focus on putting technology in the forefront of the consciousness of those individuals who will be
teachers. Alvine's students continued to support the presence of television and other media options in the classroom from the standpoint that these media would be controlled by student choices and also be the focus of discussion and communication rather than the sole classroom activity. "First, they cited the importance of maintaining schools as human communities, as places where human beings interact face to face. Second, they pointed to the value of offering students choices in what media they use to access and share information" (Alvine, 2000, p. 3). Alvine's subjects also reported that close attention would need to be paid to choice in the content of the material supplied through technology in the classroom."
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The Science and Mathematics Classroom of Today, 2005.
Shows the process of designing an effective science and math classroom for elementary students, from classroom set-up to resources.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the considerations and steps necessary to properly design a successful program for mathematics, science, and all content areas in the elementary classroom. It offers an overview of classroom arrangement to create a stimulating environment, evaluating materials for a content-based program, and offering a variety of assessments to evaluate student learning.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Classroom Arrangement
Classroom Materials
Student Assessment
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Evertson, Emmer, and Worsham (2003) state that the logical place for a teacher to begin his or her classroom management procedures is in arranging the classroom as it occurs prior to the beginning of the school year. Reflective teachers will arrive at the school several days before their contract calls them to so that they can assess the space to plan for the best arrangement, begin to hang posters and other personal effects, and decorate bulletin boards (Eby, Herrel, & Hicks, 2002). They go on to say that the classroom appearance makes a statement to the students and others about how much the teacher cares for the environment in which the class will learn. Whether the room is tidy or neat, colorful or drab, or filled with extra items to make it livelier will set a tone."
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English as a Second Language (ESL).
This paper reviews English as a Second Language (ESL) bilingual programs, its history, legislation, and funding.
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the influx of immigrants to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries made it necessary to adopt policies regarding bilingual education; by the end of the 19th century, many states had adopted bilingual laws or provided bilingual instruction without creating formal legalization. The author points out that California's Proposition 227 is a threat to bilingualism within school curricula; therefore, supporters of ESL are attempting to have limited English proficiency listed as a special education need. The paper describes and evaluates three types of ESL instruction, including the withdrawal program, in which students are withdrawn from the classroom for instruction; submersion, in which students are placed in an English-only classroom with no additional help; and structured immersion, in which students are in an English environment, but the teacher, proficient in their native language, helps the student whenever difficulty arises with English in the classroom.
Table of Contents
History of Bilingual Education in the United States
Legislation Regarding Bilingual Education
Proposition 227
Type of Bilingual Program in the Classroom
Other Types of Bilingual Programs
Evaluation of Bilingual Programs
From the Paper
"According to this initiative, federal funds are provided to support English language learners (ELLs). The focus is thus entirely on teaching and learning English only. This is encouraged by "accountability" provisions, including the judgment of schools according to the number of ELLs reclassified as fluent English speakers. Furthermore, the failure to show progress in English learning will be punished. This appears to be a return to the earlier and paranoid legislation regarding language instruction during the World War I years. It also appears once again to be unconstitutional; schools are practically being forced to abandon all attention to native language instruction in favor of English-only instruction."
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'Life In Classrooms', 2002.
A review of the book 'Life in Classrooms' by Philip W. Jackson which focuses on the hidden elements of classroom education.
1,192 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the themes and ideas in the book, 'Life in Classrooms' by the highly acclaimed psychologist and educator Philip W. Jackson. It shows how although Jackson published this scholarly work in 1968, more than 30 years later, it is still quite relevant to our present-day classroom life and structure. It attempts to explain why Jackson considered life in a classroom quite unnatural and thus unfavorable for the proper psychological and intellectual development of a child.
From the Paper
"Keeping this in view, we realize that recent incidents of school violence may be subtly connected with this negative aspect of life in classrooms. When a child fails to make his presence felt, he resorts to violent and destructive tactics, which suddenly throw him in the spotlight. We can draw another extremely important conclusion from this group and crowd element. What schools mostly fail to understand is the fact that group operations are not always as smooth to adapt to as it appears on the surface."
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Classroom Management, 2005.
A research proposal to examine how teachers can become effective at classroom management.
11,220 words (approx. 44.9 pages), 100 sources, MLA, $ 220.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to demonstrate exactly how teachers can become effective at classroom management and what skills are necessary for them to be effective at managing the classroom. To accomplish this, it examines classroom management from an open-minded perspective. The study also incorporates an exploratory approach with regard to examining how effective management skills can be adopted.
Outline
Abstract
Synopsis
Chapter 1
Introduction
Problem Statement
Importance of Study
Background to Study
Chapter 2
Literature Review
Classroom Management Defined
Why is Classroom Management Important?
Classroom Management in Action
Developing Classroom Skills
Factors Contributing to Teacher Strategies
Teaching and Classroom Management Models
Summary of Literature
Proposed Strategies for Success
Chapter 3
Methodology
Theory Building Process
Data Collection and Sample
Population Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Ethics
Implications
References
From the Paper
"The need for better instruction regarding how to effectively manage a classroom is evidenced in a majority of the literature available (Biggs, Hinson & Long, 1999; Placek & Dodds, 1988; Dembo & Gibson, 1985). Whether an education major or an experienced teacher, individuals are still attempting to identify the factors they believe to influence classroom management. Many are still struggling to define a successfully managed classroom, while others are working to identify factors that contribute to successful classroom management (Biggs, Hinson & Long, 1999). Surveys of teacher's beliefs about classroom management suggest that numerous factors may play into classroom management and the ability of teachers to manage classrooms effectively."
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