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ESL Education, 2007.
This paper provides a comparison of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers in Taiwan.
3,541 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what link, if any, exists between student learning anxiety and native versus non-native teachers in the EFL / ESL classroom environment. The study identifies key issues surrounding this question in an attempt to identify what factors contribute to Taiwanese students' increases in language learning anxiety. Further, it investigates these issues with the intention of fleshing out valuable knowledge for future research and educational advancement. The writer concludes that this comparison of language learning anxiety between students of native and non-native ESL teachers in Taiwan intends to seek out what problems exist in the current system. The writer points out that by identifying and examining such problems, administrators can make educated decisions in the recruiting of foreign or native teachers to their ESL / EFL programs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Taiwan is experiencing an increase in English learners. As a result, a higher number of English language teachers are necessary. To meet this need, many foreign teachers specializing in ESL / EFL have flocked to Taiwan to teach classrooms full of English learners. For a variety of reasons, most of these English learners experience an Americanized version of English language training. Lou and Chism relay this Americanized English learning with the inability of young Taiwanese students to make associations between their own culture and experiences and English. This Americanized learning is in part due to the use of American written and published EFL textbooks. Yet, in classrooms where English is taught by a foreign ESL / EFL teacher, it is difficult to know whether the textbooks or the foreign teachers create difficulty in establishing successful language connections."
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Multi-Cultural Education, 2005.
A look at the argument that within a multi-cultural educational setting, it is better to use ESL programs for non-native English speakers than programs that encourage learning in more than one language.
1,812 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper advances a proposal that ESL programs should be maintained in the multi-cultural school setting and should become a more important part of this setting. It contends that bilingual education programs that encourage the speaking of more than one language within the classroom environment, which is teacher-controlled, may lead to less academic achievement with split languages.
From the Paper
"In Mary Ann Zehr's Education Week article, "Poll: Immigrants Value Speaking English," the author presents a straightforward analysis of recent statistical polling regarding the use of English in classrooms in the United States. It remains for the education professional to take this information to heart in their own multicultural methodology and the administrator to take it to heart in terms of what it means for the advocacy of this proposal. An effective teacher can meet the needs of different students while following the standardized goals of one of the more vital fields of study for learning students: successful English communication in all aspects of learning. By tailoring specific learning activities to engage the varied interests of the students who are still developing their English skills and native speakers, the effective teacher would first present and then determine the students' mastery of the integral basics of presentation. Zehr has found that of the immigrants polled, "Sixty-three percent said that all public school classes should be taught only in English" (Zehr, 2003). These polling numbers may make the importance of bilingual education seem less vital that providing an atmosphere to give ESL students what they want."
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Bilingual Education, 2002.
A discussion of some of the reasons why bilingual education should be abolished.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is one the topic of abolishing bilingual education. There are several reasons that this should be done, but two of the main reasons for abolishing bilingual education is that the ESL students do not adjust to speaking English in the workforce and life in the United States and the crunch that schools in the United States are experiencing. President Bush has told the schools to not look for federal funds. Therefore, different programs will have to be abolished to focus on the most important parts of education.
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Bilingual Education, 2005.
A look at the benefits of bilingual education.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pros of bilingual education in New York public schools. As part of the discussion, the paper examines the following four language programs available in New York: two-way bilingual education, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion program.
From the Paper
"Over the last five years, educators in the New York City public school system have begun to acknowledge the need for schools to offer increased program choice for the wide variety of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering the New York City public school system. Current language programs in New York can be classified under four categories: two-way bilingual programs, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion programs. Due to the shortage of funding and qualified teachers the majority of ELLs has..."
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Should Bilingual Education Programs Be Abandoned?, 2004.
This paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various bilingual education programs.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews bilingual education programs, including transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL), structured immersion, submersion, and two-way or dual immersion. The author states that the National Council of Teachers of English found no research evidence to support the idea that non-English-speaking children will read, write, and do academic work in English better if first they learn to read write and do academic work in their home language. The paper concludes that bilingual education blocks the assimilation and advancement of minority students; therefore, to avoid such situations, students should be placed in English-only classes.
From the Paper
"However, not all communities are able to provide their language - minority students with such programs. As a result, a significant number of English -language learners are unable to accomplish well academically. Additionally, schools need sufficient funding from the government for recourses, programs and textbooks that will help minority students succeed academically. The costs of bilingual programs for minority students are estimated to be $5.5 billion, and for ESL $1.9 billion in. On the contrary, intensive English programs do not require so much funding. Besides, research shows that these programs are much more successful then bilingual programs in providing competency for non-native language learners."
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Bilingual Education and Arab-Americans, 2002.
A discussion of the original purpose of bilingual educational programs as primarily for Spanish speaking children.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Discusses original purpose of bilingual educational programs as primarily for Spanish speaking children. Development of a transitional model not based on a pedagogical foundation. Deveopment of a new model of dual immersion that is based on neurological research. Court decision re: binlingual programs. Cites problems of bilingual education today. Centers on bilingual education in the context of the Arab-American community. ESL studies. Special needs of Arabic speaking children; lack of teachers proficient in Arabic and English.
From the Paper
"Bilingual Education and the Arab-American Community
Introduction
Bilingual education programs were initiated in the United States and intended to be "transitional in that their goal was to facilitate the rapid movement of non-English speaking students into mainstream classroom. Luisa Garro (p. 5) claims that these programs were created in the late 1960s and the early 1970s in response to legislation and court orders requiring schools to provide an education in a child's native language. The transitional model was developed rapidly and without much pedagogical foundation.
A new model known as dual immersion is emerging in bilingual education (Garro, p. 5). This model is based on neurological research suggesting that the window of opportunity for..."
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Bilingual Education, 2003.
Discusses the purpose of a dual-language program.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses the purpose of a dual-language program, providing an historical overview since 19th century and examining the immigration backlash, English-only programs, the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974, and the importance of bilingual or ESL (English As A Second Language).
From the Paper
"English as a Second Language (ESL) or Bilingual Education has been a part of America's educational history since America's educational conception. Bilingual Education is defined as a dual-language program designated to provide equal ..."
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Educational Comaprison, 2003.
A comparison between special education and ESL (English as a Second Language).
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the differences and similarities between special education and ESL (English as a Second Language). It focuses on the teaching methods and different programs of these two minority groups.
From the Paper
"In a discussion of meeting the educational needs of ESL and or special education students, Garcia and Ortiz long ago noted that if a child who needs ESL instruction is mistakenly ..."
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ESL Instruction in Egyptian and British, 2006.
This paper is a complete research project to compare the effectiveness of English as a second language instruction (ESL)in Egyptian and British secondary schools.
16,370 words (approx. 65.5 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the way information and communication technologies (ICT) resources are currently being used in secondary classrooms in the United Kingdom and Egypt to determine how these can be better used for language education applications. The author used methodologies that include a critical literature review, a statistical analysis of grade point averages before and after ICT initiatives were used and a qualitative and quantitative survey of the secondary students in three secondary schools each located in Egypt and the UK. The paper relates that the delivery of effective language instruction in Arabic and English require a different set of tools and techniques although both ASL and ESL students are motivated by comparable factors and experience similar reactions and emotions concerning their language instruction. This paper includes many table, graphs, quotations, questionnaires and a complete analyzes of the data.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Research Questions
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Terms
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Education in Egypt
Education in the United Kingdom
Information and Communications
Technology and ESL Applications in the Classroom
Constraints to ESL Delivery in the Arabic-Speaking Egyptian Classroom Constraints to ESL Delivery in the UK Classroom
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-Gathering Method and Database of Study Population
UK Schools Participating in Study
Egyptian Schools Participating in the Study
Data Analysis
Egyptian and UK Student Survey Results
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary Conclusions
Egypt
United Kingdom
Recommendations
Egypt
United Kingdom
Excel Spreadsheet Used in Analysis
From the Paper
"The educational systems in Egypt and the UK bear some similarities as well as important differences that will be discussed further below. One of the similarities, though, is the manner in which the stages of general education are provided. In Egypt today, there are three stages of state general education: (a) primary (six years), (b) preparatory (three years), and (c) secondary (three years). The primary education is for students between the ages of 6 and 12 years and is compulsory; students who are successful in examinations have the opportunity to continue their education first at the preparatory and then at the secondary level. In this regard, there are two types of secondary school, (a) general and (b) technical; the majority of Egyptian technical schools are either commercial, agricultural, or industrial."
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English as a Second Language (ESL).
This paper reviews English as a Second Language (ESL) bilingual programs, its history, legislation, and funding.
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the influx of immigrants to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries made it necessary to adopt policies regarding bilingual education; by the end of the 19th century, many states had adopted bilingual laws or provided bilingual instruction without creating formal legalization. The author points out that California's Proposition 227 is a threat to bilingualism within school curricula; therefore, supporters of ESL are attempting to have limited English proficiency listed as a special education need. The paper describes and evaluates three types of ESL instruction, including the withdrawal program, in which students are withdrawn from the classroom for instruction; submersion, in which students are placed in an English-only classroom with no additional help; and structured immersion, in which students are in an English environment, but the teacher, proficient in their native language, helps the student whenever difficulty arises with English in the classroom.
Table of Contents
History of Bilingual Education in the United States
Legislation Regarding Bilingual Education
Proposition 227
Type of Bilingual Program in the Classroom
Other Types of Bilingual Programs
Evaluation of Bilingual Programs
From the Paper
"According to this initiative, federal funds are provided to support English language learners (ELLs). The focus is thus entirely on teaching and learning English only. This is encouraged by "accountability" provisions, including the judgment of schools according to the number of ELLs reclassified as fluent English speakers. Furthermore, the failure to show progress in English learning will be punished. This appears to be a return to the earlier and paranoid legislation regarding language instruction during the World War I years. It also appears once again to be unconstitutional; schools are practically being forced to abandon all attention to native language instruction in favor of English-only instruction."
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SACSA and ESL, 2005.
A contextual analysis of the ESL learner within the South Australian Curriculum Framework (SACSA).
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper contains a critical evaluation of the South Australian Curriculum Framework (SACSA) with the help of the "R-10 English Teaching Resource" document, geared towards the ESL learner. The key aspects of languages education reflected in the document are considered. The paper points out certain problems within the document: What is the ESL view of the document analyzed; are there any mismatches in the document from the ESL point of view; how does the curriculum document combine with the ESL teaching and learning context?
1. Introduction.
2. The Document Key Aspects of Languages Education.
3. The Learning-and-Teaching Context of the Document
4. Conclusion.
From the Paper
"The analysis of "R-10 English Teaching Resource" document is especially interesting from the view of an ESL learner as there are some mismatches in this particular part. The key decision makers about these mismatches are teachers who critically evaluate the document and make correct decisions on further teaching and learning development: "Thus, the teacher can learn the purpose of their learning a language, their favorite / least favorite kinds of class activities, and the reason why they learn a language" (Hismanoglu, 2000). The mismatches often result from the lack of cultural and sociological context knowledge of ESL learners, and teachers as the main decision makers should pay appropriate attention to it: "Language is culture. When a person decides to learn French, for example, he or she is not merely absorbing the linguistics of the language, but everything to do with French and France" (Tang, 1999)."
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The English Second Language (ESL) Classroom, 2008.
This paper discusses common traits of adult English Second Language (ESL) students, which impede their learning, and gives examples of how understanding American culture can increase the student's ability to learn the English language.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that culture is embraced and at times rejected by people trying to assimilate into another culture and to learn a new language. The author points out that a student's diverse attitude towards culture does not have to be seen as negative; however, in education, it often is. The paper lists eight common traits of people, who try to assimilate into a culture, which must be taken into consideration in the ESL classroom. The author stresses that language is the key to successful adjustment and identification into a dominant society. The paper underscores that the easiest way to teach a language is to have the student identify with the culture they are moving into. The paper stresses that the teacher has a responsibility to not only teach the English language to the bi-cultural student but also to assimilate the student into the culture with minimal conflict.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Common Traits of an ESL Student
Examples of Incorporating Culture into the Teaching of Language in the ESL Classroom
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are a variety of ways to incorporate culture into the ESL classroom like including music, stories, teaching gender roles, differences in food and the proper behavior in public. These are all things that must be done to flow freely and easily in American society, but could be filled with conflict for a person who does not speak English and who needs to fulfill the basic requirements of assimilating into American culture. The incorporation of these simple yet basic elements in American culture will enhance the teaching of an ESL classroom and provide a fundamental understanding of the language they are learning."
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The Experience of Being an ESL Student, 2005.
This paper discuses the experiences of an English Second Language (ESL/EFL) Japanese student as a base for examining language learning strategies, specially the relationships between language, culture and society.
3,240 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because students come with specific purposes for learning, one of the best ways to keep them motivated is to help them feel progress towards their goals, which are identified by interviewing informally the student. The author points out the importance of engaging ESL learners in communicative (game type) or integrative (short/small activities form larger activities) activities using materials, which are authentic, thereby, aiding the learners in unpredictable spoken language outside the class. The paper relates that students of English conversation must understand the fundamental difference between learning about the language and learning to use it for verbal communication.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background Information of Interviewee
Report and Commentary on the Information Collected in the Conversation
What are Main Reasons for Learning English for ESL/EFL Learners in Japan?
What Stereotypes Take Place for a Foreign Teacher While Teaching ESL in Japan?
What are Key Features and Problems of ESL Learning in Japan and How can They Be Resolved by ESL Teachers to Achieve Best Results?
What Type of Class is more Desirable for ESL Students?
Does "Cultural Background" Play Any Role in Learning ESL in Japan?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The learner that I have interviewed generally has a strong first language model back at home in Japan. The interviewee had been in institution and educated at home from young till diploma level. Later, when he came to Australia with pursuing a degree in mind, he had a choice to either take an exam, TOFEL or take up a course with the duration of 3 months to learn English. This is because, his previous education did not meet the requirement of the university that he intended to enroll in. The requirement was that his previous education has to be taught in English for duration of more than 12 months."
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Vygotsky and the ESL Classroom, 2007.
This paper examines how the "zone of proximal development" as stated by Lev Vygotsky operates in the ESL elementary classroom.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how Lev Vygotsky's 'zone of proximal development' might be best utilized in the provision of instruction and learning in the classroom. The paper explains that Vygotsky's proposed 'zone of proximal development' is a learning theory based on the social aspect of learning. The paper shows that Vygotsky's 'zone of proximal development' is relevant in the ESL elementary classroom; cooperative learning provides a fertile learning ground for ESL students in language acquisition, due to the frequent and collaborative use of the language in a setting that is non-threatening and non-demanding. The paper provides case study literature that relates the success of these methods, particularly in the ESL classroom.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stated as effective strategies to access the zone of proximal development are the strategies of: (1) scaffolding; and (2) reciprocal teaching. (Riddle) First the interest of the student must be engaged by the teacher and tasks must be simplified so as to be manageable. The students must be motivated in order to pursue the goal of instruction and the teacher must "look for discrepancies between students' efforts and the solution, control for frustration and risk, and model an idealized version of the act."(Hausfather, 1996; as cited by Riddle, nd) The development of a dialogue between the teacher and students is possible in 'reciprocal teaching'. Through the interactive instructional strategy of communication between the student and teachers the students are provided support and encouragement to reach beyond merely answering questions and to become engaged in the discourse in the classroom."
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ESL Learning, 2007.
A comparative analysis of the works of N. Chomsky, M. Stubbs and M. Halliday and R. Hasan on English as a second language (ESL) learning.
2,301 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the actual and perceived competence of the ESL individual while communicating in the English language. More specifically, the paper centers the discussion on the concept of heterogeneous (communication) competence. It draws from the theories and concepts of linguists such as N. Chomsky, M. Stubbs and M. Halliday and R. Hasan. The paper posits that heterogeneous communication competence is a pragmatic concept that is developed, ironically, from linguistic theories and concepts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Case Under Study
Analysis
Noam Chomsky: "Competence" And "Performance" In The ESL Context
Michael Stubbs: Vocabulary Generation & Development And Communication Competence
M. Halliday & R. Hasan: Communication Competence And Social Relations
From the Paper
"Looking into Marcella's narrative highlights this important insight by Halliday and Hasan. As previously mentioned in the preceding section, Marcella's use of the word "braves," rather than "waves," can create confusion to the other communicator when expressed. However, communication roles are assumed in the process of understanding her narrative: as the listener of the story, the other communicator seeks to understand the meaning of "braves" in the context of Marcella's story. Though this is the ideal situation--that is, the other communicator would seek understanding in making sense of Marcella's story--there will be cases in which she may not be understood by other listeners/communicators, and at the worst, being labeled as incompetent as a communicator because of her wrong word choice and usage. Power relations (conflict) emerges when this happens, wherein the other communicator, more knowledgeable of the English language, fails to understand the context in which Marcella's story is applied, thereby generating confusion and ineffective communication between Marcella and the communicator."
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