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Exercise Physiology--An Article Review, 2007.
This paper summarizes and critiques an article about exercise physiology entitled "Effects of Moderate Exercise on Metabolic Responses and Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)" by Toda, et. al.
1,098 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an article that describes a study on exercise physiology and its relation to insulin resistance. The review presents the aim and hypothesis of the article in Part I. Part II of the paper consists of a critique and evaluation of the scientific merit of the study. The review concludes that the rationale for designing a study to probe the question of how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization, was well founded.
Outline
Part I: Summary
Part II: Critique
From the Paper
"The hypothesis of the study is that fatty acids are available for energy even following short-term exercise (109). In other words, the authors designed this study to test the notion that fatty acid utilization could be increased even following lower levels of physical exertion and exercise. If this proved to be the case, then it would open up an incredible wealth of exercise methods and regiments for counteracting insulin resistance."
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Reproductive Physiology, 2002.
This paper deals with the culture of reproduction and reproductive physiology.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses premenstrual syndrome, post-partum depression and the practice of female circumcision or clitirodectomy. The author concludes that women's bodies and experiences, particularly in the realm of reproductive physiology have been appropriated by medical paradigms.
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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Music, Physiology and Performance, 2004.
A research paper on the relationship between music and human physiology.
5,336 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that temporally, music?s structure has many determining characteristics, which shape affective properties (such as tempo and tonality). Throughout this paper these structural characteristics are explored, accompanied by an exploration of the ability of music to elicit emotions, the link between performance (both visual and manual) and emotions and the relationship between music and physiological response. Conclusions of this review involve general methodological considerations for future research and potential hypotheses to be explored.
From the Paper
"Music is a key element of everyday life; its role within society is divergent, and temporally, music takes on many forms. Such variation in temporal structure allows for diverse utilisation, thus permitting music to pervade all cultures and play a significant role in the majority of social and religious rituals, such as birthdays, weddings and funerals. The affective properties of musical stimuli upon behaviour appear as the source of much research throughout psychology with theories regarding its effects and emotive properties being recruited, and adapted, from non-musical literature (Ritossa and Rickard, 2004). With such apparent impact upon individuals throughout society, the profound effects of music deserve further exploration. This paper shall conduct such an exploration with the primary focus concerning the impact of musical exposure upon affective states, arousal, performance (both visual and manual), and physiological reactions."
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Human Behavior, Physiology and Freedom, 2002.
This paper is a personal essay which argues that human behavior is the result of physiology and the physical environment.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is difficult to ascertain whether behavioral changes are the result of purely environmental or worldly changes or more probably a combination of the worldly happenings and subsequent physiological changes that follow. The author believes that even if a perfect human being were to be formed, there is no guarantee that this individual will act ?appropriately? as designated by society. The author conjectures that the science of freedom would likely define freedom as the ability to decide mentally what is right and wrong, what is best and what is unworthy for any individual in particular.
From the Paper
"For example, take an average individual, with characteristically ?normal? behavior. A disaster occurs, a worldly event such as 9/11 where the person in question loses a loved one. The person, suffering a great loss and concern loses interest in every day activities, including working, taking care of the children and eating. The subsequent lack of nutrition that follows and the build up of stress hormones in the body results in physiological changes, which ultimately may lead to the person becoming depressed. Once depressed, further physiological changes may occur as medications may or may not be introduced that disrupt the chemistry of the body and result in variant behavior."
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Environmental Physiology, 1994.
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
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Physiology Of Pressure/Altitude, 2004.
An overview of the physiological changes that take place in the body when exposed to high altitudes.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physiological changes that occur in the body at high altitude, particularly in respect to the heart. The paper examines what happens to the body during short-term exposure and long-term exposure to high altitude, and exposure to extremely high altitudes.
From the Paper
"Several circulatory changes mediated by stimulation of the carotid body which causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated by short-term altitude exposure less than three or four days. These changes occur within a few minutes of altitude exposure and are related to a transient epinephrine secretion combined with a more sustained secretion of norepinephrine. These cause immediate changes which include an increase in ventilation, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output and an elevation of blood pressure. There is also an increase in coronary blood flow."
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Human Physiology in Space, 2004.
An examination of the human body's reaction to a space environment.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological changes to the human body during space travel. Early predictions of the response of humans to spaceflight assumed that space adaptation would be analogous to human disease processes rather than to normal physiology. Through studies of bed-rested healthy adults and medical examinations of crews returning from space, we now recognize the adaptive nature of the responses to spaceflight or its ground-based models. e are also aware of the necessity to minimize the flight-induced changes so that crews maintain their Earth-readiness and avoid injury on landing. Lack of gravitational loading affects multiple physiological systems, especially support structures that are particularly vulnerable to injury during reentry and renewed exposure to gravitational forces. Thus, most crew members exercise extensively during flight. Although many physiological systems appear to be affected by spaceflight, only the cardiovascular, neurovestibular, and musculoskeletal systems are covered in this paper.
The paper includes illustrations.
Table of Contents
Table of Illustrations
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Neurovestibular System
The Musculoskeletal System
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As soon as they switch to an internal alignment and use the feet to signal down, they are able to function normally. Upon return to Earth, the brain is confused once again as gravity is now available for orientation. This confusion creates postural instability that is compounded with the cardiovascular difficulty in standing. Also, reflexes associated with posture are slowed even on short-duration missions. With long-duration flights, changes in reflexes may become a major issue."
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2008.
This paper studies hepatic portal circulation and fetal circulation.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
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Sports Physiology: Women vs. Men, 2000.
An examination of the biological differences between men and women when they exercise.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how it is an evolutionary fact that neither men nor women are born equally and how the genomes of males and females are designed to be different so that physiologically males generally have higher levels of muscular mass, maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. It concentrates on these processes and attempts to explain why there are differences in these between men and women.
From the Paper
"A women?s maximal strength in either isometric or dynamic contractions of the leg muscles is on average sixty-five to seventy five percent of a mans maximum value. For trunk muscles women have only sixty to seventy percent of their male counter parts maximal values. The major disadvantage in maximal strength is in elbow flexion and extension. Females can only attain fifty percent of the male?s maximum. Women have a smaller muscle mass than men so their maximal muscle strength will be different. There is no evidence for sex differences in the quality of skeletal muscle so it is concluded that muscle mass determines the potential for developing strength."
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Physiology and Disease, 1992.
Examines the theories of Roman physician Galen and other ancient thinkers on the nature of body and ailments.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Theories of Physiology and Disease of Ancient Scientists
The purpose of this paper is to present several ancient scientists' theories of physiology and disease. In addition it will explain and interpret their various philosophies of life which had so great a bearing on the way they perceived the physiology of the human body and disease. Furthermore, this paper will attempt to prove that the observations of the Greek physician Galen about the workings of the actual mechanisms existing at the time in his day-to-day life, had a far greater impact on his interpretation of the physiology of the human body, than did the writings and teachings of his predecessors. This paper will demonstrate how the processes on which Galen modeled ..."
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2004.
This paper studies aspects of the ear, such as its function and structure.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper answers a number of questions about the ear. The writer discusses the ear's structure and function of the different parts. The ear's function in maintaining balance and equilibrium is also examined. In this article the writer looks at different tests for vestibular problems and auditory acuity. In addition, the writer discusses nystagmus, vertigo, endolymph, conduction deafness and otoliths. The effects of alcohol on balance and equilibrium are also examined in this paper.
From the Paper
"Vibrations enter the outer ear via the pinna auricle, the portion of the ear visible from the outside which collects the vibrations and funnels them into the ear canal, external auditory meatus. The ear canal is about an inch long and a quarter inch in diameter and extends from the pinna to the eardrum. The vibrations then reach the eardrum tympanic membrane at the end of the ear canal and the beginning of the middle ear. The middle ear contains the ossicles, three tiny bones which move ... "
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Pain Physiology, 1994.
A look at the history and development, definition, types (acute, phasic, chronic), neural analysis, gate control, modulation system and medications.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 22 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Pain Physiology
Pain can be thought of as both a sensory and an emotional experience. It can also, however, be considered the consequence of the operation of specific neural circuits. The study of pain encompasses a broad field; it includes both the peripheral and central nervous systems, as well as the various different types of pain and the methods employed for their control. Pain may be acute, chronic, associated with some underlying disease, or possibly the result of some previous injury. Moreover, the diversity inherent to the phenomenon of pain is equally matched by the complexity of the physiological mechanisms which cause it. This complexity has consequently resulted in a wide variety of therapeutic approaches towards pain management.
The phenomenon of pain has always been a major concern of..."
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Electro Physiology, 2004.
Designs a study for looking at the use of implantable pacemakers for cardiac malfunctions.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study that would look at the use of implantable pacemakers and anti-arrhythmia devices in heart patients. The paper includes a review of literature on the topic and an outline of study.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this project is to look at the use of pacemakers and anti-arrhythmia devices in heart patients. Because of new guidelines it is necessary to review the use of these devices in patients in which they are now being used and carefully screen new patients to see if they would benefit from the devices. The population that will benefit from this project is patients being considered for implantation with pacemakers and anti-arrhythmia devices."
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Physiological Space, 2005.
A discussion of the dimension of Physiological Space in architecture.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Physiological Space in architecture, noting that this dimension both allows and encourages the viewer to orient him or herself with the work and to gain meaning from the experience. The physiological space is not simply a reflection of physical space but includes a psychological dimension that cannot be discounted. The paper explains that the way the viewer is oriented to the art involves not merely where he or she stands and how he or she relates physically to the work, but also the mental constructs involved, the psychological reactions and other internal processes.
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