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Environmental Management in Pakistan, 2006.
This paper is an original survey of the oil and gas industry of Pakistan to evaluate their pollution control and environmental management.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the oil and gas industry, which is one of the largest industries in Pakistan, is a major contributor to the serious pollution problem in this country, whose rapidly growing industrialization is creating grave environmental problems. The author surveyed many companies in the oil and gas sector of Pakistan and discovered that these companies are concerned about the environment and are attempting to control the pollution caused by their company. The paper points out that the only thing lacking is the cooperation of government, which has not assisted by funding and providing resources that would help these companies bring the pollution level down.
Table of Contents:
The Issue
Scope of Work
Steps Taken to Resolve the Issue
Oil And Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL)
National Refinery Limited (NRL)
Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL)
Attock Refinery Limited (ARL)
Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL)
Shell Petroleum Limited (SPL)
Pakistan State Oil (PSO)
Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC)
Some Other Steps That Have Been Taken to Solve the Issue
Conclusion
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"NRL has developed some guiding principles which commits them to the protection of the environment. They have developed plans to minimize harm from any accident and comply with laws and regulations. NRL believes in interaction with government on environmental issues. The recent introduction of 90RON unleaded motor gasoline is an evidence of their concern towards good health and preservation of environment. A number of energy conservation projects have been implemented at NRL. Improvement programs are constantly undertaken to combat pollution in respect of emission and effluent waste water."
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Environmental Justice, 2005.
An in-depth study of environmental justice and environmental racism with a focus on the state of Illinois.
17,249 words (approx. 69.0 pages), 60 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper is a thorough review of the problem of environmental racism and whether it does indeed exist in Chicagoland. The paper also examines whether or not instances of environmental injustice have increased or decreased since President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 was issued in 1994. The paper also attempts to determine whether the civil rights movement in general has left the environmental injustice/environmental racism agenda behind.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Chicagoland Contaminated Sites
Environmental Racism/Environmental Injustice
Civil Rights Movement/Environmental Justice
Methodology
Results
New Handling of Environmental Remediation
Post-Executive Order 12898
Pre-Executive Order 12898 Remediation
Second Radioactive Cleanup Site
Printing Chemicals
Lead Removal at East St. Louis Sites
Illinois EPA Projects, 2004 and 2003
Activities in 2003
Activities in 2004
Activities in 2005
Discussion
From the Paper
"Within days of taking office the first time, William Jefferson Clinton initiated his 'governing by memoranda' activities. This article begins with his immediate overturning of the Bush I gag rule concerning abortion, and then went on rapidly to other birth-control issues, gays in the military and more. Because of these rapid and far-reaching actions, the concepts of policy tools has become one open to more scrutiny than before Clinton began his series of 25 presidential memoranda and 18 executive orders that "implemented the administration's reinventing government initiatives." Among the important memoranda this article analyzes was Executive Order 12898, the purpose of which "was to 'focus Federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions in minority communities and low-income communities with the goal of achieving environmental justice'." The memorandum, however, "specifically involved" civil rights laws already on the books and required to be used by federal agencies in, arguably, all the agencies' endeavors."
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Environmental Policies, 2006.
This paper looks at the shaping of environmental policy and environmental law.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that there can be little doubt that a host of factors determine a nation environmental policy, just as there can be no doubt that a host of factors determine a country environmental laws. With that in mind and at the risk of appearing simplistic, it may be said that environmental policy is the public posture a government takes on environmental issues as well as the way in which it materially addresses environmental concerns through the allocation of resources and or through the physical regulation of industries.
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Germany?s Environmental Policy after Reunification, 2004.
This paper is evaluates the integration and achievements of Germany?s environmental policy after reunification.
9,415 words (approx. 37.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, many years ago, the development of a systematic environmental policy began in Germany; but the reunification of the two German states (Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic), in 1990 created a great new challenge for German environmental policy because of the extensive environmental damage in the former GDR and because of the major economic crisis that started during this time. The author points out that the most remarkable result of increased environmental awareness was the development of an ?eco-industry,? a new manufacturing sector that develops pollution-control devices and other environmentally useful equipment. The paper concludes that the constantly changing world of politics requires innovative strategies to keep up with these changes; therefore, all available economic resources, environmental group leadership, and public environmental support, including the Green Party, should combine to overcome the obstacles created by potential economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
A Brief Review of Germany?s Environmental History
Integration of Systems and Policies
Energy and Environmental Policy
Environmental Programs and Initiatives
Methodology
Results of Study
Organizational Structure of Environmental Protection in Germany
The Environment
Germany?s Future
Economic and Political Options for Environmental Protection in Germany
Traditional Features of German Environmental Policy
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Regulations and government actions to protect nature and human beings against environmentally hazardous activities of commercial and industrial firms have a long history in Germany. Environmental protection is anchored in private and public law, including building, public health and sanitation, and police laws. The Water Rights Act and the Factories Act set the standard for many subsequent laws. The various regulations created to prevent offensive emissions from becoming a nuisance to health and property were systematized and concentrated for the first time in the Prussian Industrial Statute of 1845."
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Environmental Management in the Construction Industry, 2006.
Examines practices for environmental management in the construction industry and their effectiveness in Pakistan.
883 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the management practices related to environmental protection and control in the construction industry of Pakistan. The study focuses on a major firm from the industry and presents relevant information on the techniques used to prevent environmental degradation. The paper includes colored photographs.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Area of Work
Findings
References
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"It was only until recently that people began to realize that it is also one of the major contributors to pollution and environmental degradation. The government needs to emphasize the need to control pollution and to protect the environment by promoting the conservation of energy and resources throughout the building industry. Some of the environmental threats faced by the industry include proper treatment of waste materials used during construction, energy conservation during construction and noise pollution emitted during construction processes."
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The Influence of Environmental Organizations on U.S. Policy, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on the influence of three environmental organizations on U.S. Federal Government environmental policy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
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Environmental Protection, 2007.
This paper takes a look at the necessity of environmental protection.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of environmental protection. Specifically, the paper discusses what environmental protection is, and why it is vital in today's global culture.
Outline:
What Exactly is Environmental Protection?
A Short History of Environmental Protection
Why Environmental Protection is so Important
Why Some People are Opposed to Environmental Protection
How the Environment is a Vital Part of our Lives
From the Paper
"Some people do not believe humankind can destroy entire ecological niches on the planet; they believe it will always "heal" itself in some way. Others do not believe that humans are causing environmental issues such as global warming. These people are opposed to most environmental protection efforts, because they see them as "liberal" posturing, causing expenditures that could be used in other areas. Many business owners, especially those engaged in harmful industries, such as chemicals and such, are opposed to environmental protection because they feel it takes away some of their profits and applies rules and regulations that are difficult to conform to. As another environmental author notes, "Environmental regulations are certainly costly. The relevant question is whether they produce much in return. After all, if the benefits outweigh the costs, it may not be worth quibbling over the price tag" (Adler 653). In addition, many people are opposed to government agencies controlling environmental policy, as they feel there are too many rules, regulations, and government meddling already, and environmental protection simply adds more regulation and government intervention to the problem. "
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Environmental Justice, 2003.
Examines environmental justice and its effect on Native-American communities. Provides a study of environmental racism.
17,010 words (approx. 68.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This research provides an overview and review of the research concerning Native-American or other minorities to identify and understand the cultural differences that lead to environmental racism.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Statement of the Problem
Purpose
Importance
Scope
Rational
Definition of Terms
Overview
Chapter Two - Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Environmental Justice Research
The Campo Indian Landfill War: The Fight for Gold in California Garbage
Chapter Three - Methodology
Data Validity
Human Health and Social Effects
Analytical Methods
Treatment Technologies
Originality and Limitations
Summary of Methodology
Chapter 4 - Data Analysis
Chapter 5 - Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper
"Native American nations have become increasingly concerned about the adverse effects that toxic substances have on human health and the health of the environments on which these communities depend. Many tribal governments are now working to identify environmental contamination problems and their sources; establish and enforce environmental regulations and standards; and develop long-term environmental protection objectives and restoration plans that will promote balance and health in their communities and in their relationships with the natural environment. As the magnitude and complexity of environmental problems have increased, the scientific and technical competency of Native Americans has grown to the point where they now demand a meaningful role in risk assessment, remediation and restoration decisions."
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Environmental Management, 2003.
Explains the different approaches to environmental management and waste management within organizations.
4,233 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates different approaches to waste management by exploring ways that can help organizations become more environmentally aware and by constructing an example of an environmental policy for a particular organization. The paper also examines the impact of UK and European Union environmental legislation on organizations and describes the different types of waste produced by organizations. It offers suggestions to organizations about how they can reduce waste and presents an outline for a particular organization of the environmental and commercial benefits of reducing waste.
Main Structures and Approaches To Environmental Management
Compare and Contrast Attempts to Raise Awareness
Environmental Policy ?Best Practice?
EU legislation / Regulation for Environmental Management
Approaches to Waste Management
Different Types of Waste Produced within Each Council
Evaluation
From the Paper
"The Reading Borough Council is implementing an Environmental Management System, which complies with both the international standard ISO14001 and the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). These accreditations mean that the Reading is one of the top local authorities in the field of environmental management. The Environmental Management System (EMS), which is also in place at the Royal Borough or Windsor and Maidenhead, currently covers a number of services. The EMS along with Agenda 21 (discussed in task 2) and Sustainable Development initiatives, are all aimed at achieving and improving a balance between economic, social and environmental issues in the Borough."
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Environmental Treaties, 2006.
Looks at recent environmental treaties designed to assure that future generations will not be burdened by the environmental errors of today.
2,705 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that numerous countries have created specific agreements aimed at protecting our natural environment. The paper points out that these treaties are formal agreements between states, which present guidelines aimed at various environmental problems. The paper then goes on to discuss and analyze the Kyoto Protocol, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the Montreal Protocol, the Energy Charter Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The paper concludes that it is abundantly clear that all of the above-mentioned protocols and treaties have the capability to greatly affect the present and future status of our global environment but only if all nations and not just a few agree to their principles and guidelines.
From the Paper
"In 1945, President Truman challenged the Freedom of the Sea doctrine by extending the United State's jurisdiction regarding natural resources up to 200nm. At this time, conflicts of sovereignty, oil exploration, mining and fishing were beginning to wreck disastrous effects on our ocean environments which led to the first UNCLOS conference in 1958; however, no agreement was reached regarding the breadth of the territorial sea. A second conference (UNCLOS II) took place in 1960, whereby a 6nm territorial breadth was proposed, yet this too suffered the same fate as the previous conference."
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Environmental Terrorism, 2007.
This paper discuses environmental terrorism and analyzes the Gulf War oil spill of 1991 as an example.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that environmental terrorism is one of the most significant terrorist tactics that not only impacts multiple nations but also serves to destroy the livelihood of the natural environment. The author relates that the Gulf War oil spill annihilated an entire shoreline and was responsible for billions of dollars in reconstruction and economic fallout. The paper emphasizes that Saddam Hussein's intent was not only a military strategy as a reactive and symbolic agent to the U.S. intervention, but was also an ideological principle rather than malice towards the environment. The author points out that, nonetheless, the Persian Gulf oil spill demonstrates strong similarities to the model of environmental terrorism developed by Daniel Schwartz and contains a number of characteristics that classify it as an act of environmental terror.
Table of Contents:
Terrorism on the Rise
Environmental Destruction as a Symbol
The Persian Gulf War
The Oil Spill: Historical Review
Terrorism Defined
Terrorism during War
Modeling Environmental Terrorism
The Justification for Environmental Terrorism
The Persian Gulf Oil Spill: Terrorism and Justification
From the Paper
"Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 would be the introduction of the United States involvement in Middle East affairs. Hussein's stranglehold upon the citizens of Iraq was known across the world; with his intolerance to those who dissented by government or religion feeling the wrath of his punishment. Notable acts of genocide against Kurds and Shiite Muslims in the 1980's brought his notoriety to the international scene. However, the Iraqi oil reserves were not to be rivaled by many countries, and Hussein's invasion of Iraq only served to increase the country's wealth."
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Environmental Problems and Social Action, 2007.
This paper attempts to reveal how social conscience and action can change environmental policy for the better in Japan.
2,978 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the environmental problems in Japan and then explores how these problems can be affected by social actions aimed at decreasing the intensity of contaminants, stopping environmental degradation, preserving organic assets and controlling wastages. The paper discusses the need for social groups to provide the producers and customers obvious indications about the price of employing ecological and organic assets. The paper also talks about the efforts that Japan must make to reinforce legislative and organizational formations managing ecological supervision. The paper concludes by pointing out that, while Japan has its own environmental problems to deal with, the solution to these problems cannot be executed in other countries as every government and social group varies.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Fiscal Measures
Amalgamation
Environmental Audit
Environmental Statistics
Public Partnership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The post-industrialization era in Japan has radically transformed its political landscape, along with its societal elites and non-profit social organizations. Furthermore, a new mode of relationship has been discovered between the individual members of the society and nature. This is being thoroughly nurtured by non-profit social groups and organizations through collective social action (John et al, 1987). It is important to note here that social action ought to be backed by political influence. However, political influence varies from one part of the country to another (Yasumasa, 2001). For instance, social actions taken in Tokyo may have more political influence than social action taken in a remote city of Japan."
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Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
This paper discusses the Environmental Protection Agency: Political, economic and environmental issues of making EPA a cabinet-level department. Background, 1988 election, Bush 1 policy.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the process and results of the effort currently under way to elevate the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to a cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the United States government. The plan of the research will be to set forth the key issues that have been raised around the discussion of cabinet-level status for the EPA, and then to discuss the issues in a way that will help clarify their political implications.
One theoretical view of the issue is that creating a Department of the Environment and a Secretary of the Environment would have the effect of providing executive-branch sanction for management and direction of national environmental policy. In 1990, a veteran of environmental issues who had once been an administrator at EPA framed the key reasons in favor of .... "
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Tort Law as Compensation for Environmental Damage, 2007.
An analysis of the effectiveness of tort law with regard to providing compensation and preventing environmental damage.
2,881 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effectiveness of tort law in providing compensation for environmental damage. It also looks at the ability of tort law to prevent environmental damage from occurring. The paper describes some of the obstacles suffered by tort law in fulfilling a central role in environmental protection, such as cost, evidence and standing and then looks at the limits to the limitations that exist in terms of tort law and environmental damage.
Table of Contents:
Developing, and Restricting an 'Environmental Tort': Issues of Locality and Use
Establishing the Causative Link and Proving Foreseeability
Further Obstacles: Evidence, Cost and Standing
Limiting the Limitations
The European Influence - Lowering the Hurdles?
Assessing the Use of Common Law Actions in Tort
From the Paper
"Today there is a propensity to think of environmental protection as attained by the volume of specific legislation, but this does not mean that the role of the common law in environmental protection has become obsolete. Although perhaps a somewhat tenuous link, it has been argued that actions in tort are able to prevent environmental harm by deterring others from engaging in the same behaviour due to a fear of having to pay damages. However, Barbara Young, the chief executive of the Environment Agency, challenges such a rationalisation, arguing "the scale of penalties levied by the courts makes pollution and prosecution an acceptable risk and an acceptable business expense" . Naturally, the extent to which the extent to this will vary according to the polluting offender involved, however it would seem unlikely that the prospect of paying damages would have the same influence as the fear of facing an environmental regulator is set standards are breached."
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Business and Environmental Law, 2008.
This paper discusses that an integration of all operational policies regarding environmental law is necessary to maintain market competition within an organization.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper states that environmental issues are not mutually exclusive to private entities that try to maximize profits and that there is the common misconception that the legal environment for businesses or business regulations does not coincide with environmental law. The paper's analysis of the simulation shows that business regulation especially in industries that deal with natural resources includes many aspects of environmental law, legal ramifications associated with environmental issues, and government regulation and bodies that maintain the laws and balance between productive activity and environmental depletion.
Outline:
Introduction
Major Issues in the Simulation
Ethical Dilemma: Understanding Values and Stakeholders
What Would Legal Counsel Suggest? Current Organizational Suggestions
Risk Analysis Matrix and Ethical Dilemma Revisited
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other noted issues in the case study relate to the fact that Alumina realizes the importance of maintaining a good public image in the community by relying on critical public relations. This becomes an important aspect of business operations in the 21st century as the society is now more 'environmentally conscious' and makes purchases or support businesses that preserve the environment.
"Legal ramifications surrounding environmental issues are also evident from the situation that developed between Bates and Alumina. Bates made the claim that Alumina was responsible for her daughter's leukaemia, the issues surrounding the allegations and the way Alumina's management team dealt with the issue highlight some very important aspects of the regulations and legal issues in the simulation."
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