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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2002.
Conflict theory based on Marxist assumptions and how this can be applied in criminal justice studies.
3,479 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. This paper discusses how conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. It explains that the theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It also shows how the theory argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. This paper addresses how the theory and models of punishment based on the theory require an understanding of criminal justice that takes into consideration the social and political causes of crime, particularly models of treatment based on a concept of restorative justice.
Table of Contents
History and Definition of Conflict Theory
Human Nature
Social Order
Causal Logic of Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Policy
Conflict Theory and Criminal Justice Practice
Evaluation
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Before the 1960s, most criminology research and theory was conducted under the rubric of structural-functionalism, which assumed the primacy of the social system and the inter-relationship of social institutions without much focus or consideration for the individuals or groups who made up the institutions. However, critics of these theories argued that by minimizing the social conflict and tension inherent within society, these theories supported a politically conservative agenda within sociology and criminology."
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Terrorism and Conflict Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism as a subject of criminology and conflict theory.
2,064 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that terrorism is a methodology that belongs to military science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of criminology in library cataloguing systems. The writer notes that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, conflict theory seems best equipped to explain terrorist organizations and acts, depending upon circumstances, for reasons that are explained in the paper's later sections. The writer concludes that like well planned crimes, incidents of terrorism often do work, as a set of considerations to be kept in mind before denouncing crime or terrorism, or acts of terrorism as mere random crimes which they are not.
Outline:
Introduction
Classical Theory and Terrorism
The Consensus School and Terrorism
Conflict Theory and Terrorism
Conflict Theory, Sri Lanka and Tamil Terrorism
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" If one traces the rise of modernity from the Industrial Revolution, capitalist development and the ideas of the Enlightenment, one appreciates classical models of criminology to assert that deviance was a natural result. Since human beings are rational creatures, they should have and will demand rights and freedoms, eventually. The deviant person asserts his or her rational self-interest due to a particular form of 'free thought' and agency that we discuss as deviant and thus, criminal, because it departs from a society's legal framework and moral standards. This classical approach has replaced earlier ideas of the criminal as a person acting under supernatural influence, as in medieval ideas of the criminal as a person possessed by the devil. Instead, crime came to be seen as a rationally calculated action with the result that reducing crime meant deterrence, in approaches based on how the deviant could be dissuaded from committing a crime, its penalty helping a criminal to see that a planned crime was not rational or appealing because of its risks. Further thought moved from a concept of the punishment fitting the crime, proportional to the harm done to society, or a specific victim."
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Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice, 2000.
A defines and examination of conflict theory and view that crime is the inevitable result of social conflict. Includes human nature, social order, logic of theory, legal policy and practice.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety.
From the Paper
"Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice
Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. The theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. The theory and models of punishment based on the theory would require an understanding of criminal justice that took into consideration the social and..."
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Conflict Theory, 2004.
A brief overview of the key concepts of conflict theory.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an explanation of the conflict theory of social problems and social interaction, with examples of how conflict theory often marginalizes minority groups in U.S. society.
From the Paper
"The conflict theory of social problems and social interaction presupposed the existence in any and all societies of dominant groups and institutions which employ coercive power to impose their values upon others. In light of such dominant-minority group relations, stability in society is brought about because of the needs of the dominant groups to maintain social arrangements that are in their best interest. In conflict theory, both conflict and change are defined as essential features of social life. Conflict theorists often expand on Marx's insights about struggle..."
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Environment-Conflict Theory, 2003.
A critique of Thomas Homer-Dixon's "Environment-Conflict Theory".
2,816 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
Homer-Dixon's Toronto project, on the links between environmental scarcity and violent conflicts, has produced influential recommendations for the U.S. and developing policy makers. However, this paper argues that his recommendations have Western biases. This essay points out those dubious aspects that may deter a more balanced analysis of the problem. The author gives some recommendations in order to achieve more effective measures in reducing the impact of environmental factors on violent conflicts.
From the Paper
"During the 1960s and 1970s, several events have brought the environment into public attention. One that is cited as the public eye-opener is Rachel Carson?s book entitled Silent Spring, published in 1962, in which she clearly listed and elaborated on many signs of environmental degradation which until then had not been noticed by others. Exactly ten years later, the United Nations held the first international forum related with the environment, the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, which is referred to as ?the event where international debate on the environment began.?
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Conflict Theory and the War In Iraq, 2002.
This paper examines various theories of conflict resolution as can be applied in the case of the American war on Iraq.
2,516 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at classical theorists such as Karl Marx and Max Weber, as well as modern theorists such as Ralph Dahrendorf, Lewis Coser, Randall Collins and Immanuel Wallerstein. The different views they have of conflict theory are then be applied to the war in Iraq. Once an understanding of conflict theory is established based on how these particular theorists choose to view it, a comparison and contrast of the beliefs that they hold is discussed as well.
From the Paper
"Classical theorists include Karl Marx and Max Weber. Karl Marx is basically the father of conflict theory, and many of the conflict and other social theories around today came from his beliefs and opinions. Marx believed in a materialist view of history, and saw the most important part of a social life as being the work that individuals were doing. This was especially true of work that resulted in the basic necessities such as shelter, clothing, and food. The value of society therefore resulted from human labor, and everything that men and women were doing to create society and shape it actually created the conditions for their very own existence (McClelland, 2000)."
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Marriage and Conflict Theory: Divisions of Labor, 2002.
A discussion on how sex and gender constitute the basis for a division of labor and as such determine conflicts in a marriage as a conflict in divisions of labor based on social roles.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses marriage from a perspective of conflict theory. Based on theories of Marx, and economic structures in societies, conflict theory assumes that all social relations are based in kinds of conflicts and that social order is determined through coercion. Power is the dominant feature of conflict.
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Conflict Theory, 2002.
A discussion of theorists from sociology and political science.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Discusses theorists from sociology and political science. How they complement each other. The sociological model that posits organizations have usurped the power from individuals' individuals & societal interests. The political science model of applying conflict theory to world conflicts; role of peacekeeping. Common intervention strategies of both groups of theorists.
From the Paper
"With their objectives of addressing human problems and finding solutions, both the disciplines of sociology and political science share common theoretical approaches. The goals of conflict theory are to address the repression and exploitation of people by social organizations and overcome these problems by creating an alternative paradigm for genuine interaction (Young, 1975). While conflict theorists from the disciplines of sociology and political science share this fundamental objective, they deal with this issue on a different level and scope. Sociologists are concerned with individuals' interaction with society. Political scientists are interested in the relationships between larger entities such as social organizations and states.
From the sociological perspective, the conflict theory is..."
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Conflict in Social Theory, 2002.
Examines the views of social theorists on issues of conflict, alienation and paradox in social structures.
1,204 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This research examines the sociological work of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Roland Barthes, with reference to their treatment of theoretical antinomies, or unresolvable contradictions embedded into accounts of social structure, form, and change and their impact on American interactionist and French structuralist social theory. The research sets forth the context of the emergence of modern social theory and then discusses how the works of Marx, Durkheim, and Barthes offer a way of analyzing the relative situations of individuals, groups and societies as a whole.
From the Paper
"This view of division of labor is that the more specialized and personal an individual activity is, the more vital the social experience (328). But diversity also implies social conflict, since too much specialization may infringe on mechanical solidarity, or collective sentiment (Durkheim 298). Inhibiting creativity implicit in organic solidarity may create an artificial, mechanical stability. The implication for individuals overwhelmed by that social context is what Durkheim terms anomie, expressed by reference to dysfunctional elements "which tend to become institutionalised or resolved" (233)."
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Functionalism and Conflict Theory, 2000.
A comparison of social theories and application to social inequalities, sterotypes, discrimination and socialization.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to assess the relative merits of functionalism versus conflict theory according as each theory explains the historical emergence and maintenance of social inequalities based on race, ethnicity, or gender in the U.S. The plan of the research will be to set forth the principal tenets of each theory of sociology and then to discuss, with reference to concrete examples, how each theory appears to explain prejudicial stereotypes, personal and institutional discrimination, and pervasive patterns of socialization.
Even the most superficial look at the field of sociology reveals that various "schools" of sociological thought, method, and theory appear to be associated with one or more specific core theorists whose writings define the principal bases on which1 social analysis will take place. In the case of functionalism..."
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Theories on Social Conflict, 2005.
An examination of the theories that attempt to explain why social conflicts occur.
11,526 words (approx. 46.1 pages), 46 sources, APA, $ 225.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews literature concerning theories on social conflict and looks at how these theories shaped the social conflicts that occurred in Northern Ireland. The theories discussed in the paper include 'Social Identity Theory', 'Identity Theory', 'Self-determination Theory' and 'Human Needs Theory.' The paper concludes with the finding that, overall, the literature review indicates that there is reason to believe that there will be lasting change in Northern Ireland.
Introduction
Social Identity Theory and Identity Theory
Self-determination Theory
Human Needs Theory
Social Movement Analysis in Context of Northern Ireland Social Attitudes
and Conflict
Conflict Resolution
Indications that Northern Ireland is Changing
From the Paper
"In other words, the social identity theory argues that, in any social situation where an intergroup distinction is significant, human beings will seek a positive social identity that will eventually result in "social competition" ( Hogg & Abrams, 1988; Tajfel & Turner, 1979, Duckitt, 1994). As a result, people groups will have the tendency to assume a competitive orientation when dealing with one another other (Duckitt, 1994). Such a competitive orientation leads people to vie for status or prestige although there is an absence of any actual conflict of interests. "
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Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of conflict and resolution, studying the terrorist attacks of September 11.
3,753 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer first discusses the term 'conflict' and looks at how it can be defined. The writer then describes that when an Islamic militant and terrorist took it upon himself to resolve a conflict as he saw it, he launched terror attacks on the people of the United States of America, and the result was large scale devastation and destruction and panic and adverse impacts on the economic and political and social system of the United States. Further, the writer studies the impact and attempts at resolution of the conflict. The writer concludes that perhaps, in the long run, Bush's ideals would create more conflict around the globe, than resolve them in any way. One can only wait and see what will happen eventually, and find out whether it is possible to resolve conflicts of high order with any amount of success.
From the Paper
"However, at the same time, it must be remembered that there were other losses that were not covered by private insurance, or were not qualified under the charitable contributions, or even by the emergency relief funds, and these were the really huge losses that occurred due to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Several different agencies undertook the study of the economic losses that were caused by the September 11 debacle, and according to the New York City Partnership, the attacks on the two World Trade Center Buildings must have cost the state, at the very least, $ 83 billion, as per the value in the year 2001, and this included the costs of total losses, that is, both the direct and the indirect costs. Out of this estimate, only about $ 67 billion of the losses would be completely covered by insurance and other contributions. In a more recent study, according to an Officer of the New York City Comptroller's Office, as of April 2002, the total costs of the clean up of the World Trade Center has been much quicker and also much less costly than the initial estimates had indicated."
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Sociological Theory: Gang Behavior, 2002.
A discussion on the fundamental components of sociological theory, examining gang behavior using symbolic interactionism and conflict theory.
3,575 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This essay is a basic introduction to the fundamental components of a sociological theory. Included is a comprehensive analysis of both conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Gang behavior is used to illustrate key terms and concepts from each theory, as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
From the Paper
"Theories serve several functions in the development and evaluation of scientific knowledge. Theories provide us with systematic procedures to evaluate social phenomenon. These procedures are well organized and comprehensive. Theories are not just knowledge structures; they are sets of interrelated statements that apply to a wide range of phenomenon. Chafetz said, ?in theory construction, the exercise is only more systematic, comprehensive, more guided and constrained by rules, and finally is more self-conscience? (Chafetz, p. 2). "
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Social Conflict, 2006.
An examination of James Schellenberg's discussion on social conflict theory as defined in his book "Conflict Resolution".
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how in his book "Conflict Resolution", James Schellenberg discusses many theories, including one that deals with social structure and social conflict. It also discusses how although this theory is not new to Schellenberg, the basic principles of the social conflict theory, established by Karl Marx, still hold true today.
From the Paper
"Another study, one conducted by Weis (1998) on a very different subject, discusses sex and gender and how those that belong to one group often view those in another group as alien to some degree. For example, heterosexual men often do not identify well with homosexual men. Although they are both men, their lifestyle preferences when it comes to this aspect are likely too strong to bridge the gap in most instances. Studies like this are significant because they show how divided most of the world still is on various points of view about so many aspects of life and the different things that happen in it. Without this type of information, there would be less understanding of what was truly needed to make individuals more cohesive and to show them how better to identify with one another. "
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Differential Association Theory, 2002.
An overview of Edwin H. Sutherland's theory on criminal behavior.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The theory of differential association by Edwin H. Sutherland states that "criminal behavior is learned behavior and learned via social interaction with others". The paper shows that Sutherland's theory is influenced by three major theories that he used in order to present a better formulation. These three major theories included the ecological cultural transmission theory, symbolic interactions and culture conflict theory. The paper shows that from the culture conflict approach Sutherland uses the different crime rates, while the symbolic interactions approach was used to describe the process through which individuals turned into criminals. The objective in doing so was the explanation of the individual criminal behavior as well as of the criminal behavior of the various societal groups.
From the Paper
"The main postulates of the theory note that criminal behavior is learned from the interactions individuals have with others and the values they gain during those interactions. The sources of these values are found in families, friends, co-workers, and hence individual may be supportive, or may altogether oppose criminal behavior. Another point noted by Sutherland was that individuals became criminals due to the sixth postulate, according to which individuals become criminals because of excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law, rather than definitions that are unfavorable to violations of the law. The greatest drawback in this postulate is that it emphasizes on the definitions of the associations of the individuals, and not the associates themselves. To support this contradiction, it is noted that once the techniques are learned, the values in support of the criminal behavior need not be from any one of our family, friends or co-workers. (Akers: 1996:229-230)"
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