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Enron and Accounting, 2005.
An overview of the Enron case from an accounting perspective.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Enron case and what it says about how certain accounting standards were violated. The paper notes how the case involved unethical accounting practices which inflated earnings and spent other people's money, because while the accounting profession is governed by a set of rules to assure ethical conduct, many of these rules were ignored or broken outright by Enron and its accountants.
From the Paper
"The Enron scandal involved a company that inflated its earnings and so fooled investors, but the scandal also saw executives making a profit while the pensions of employees were dissipated until they were worthless. Examples of unethical behavior in this scandal are many. The issue was made all the more important because of other, similar lapses around the same time as several large companies went bankrupt and left investors stranded. At the heart of these scandals stood unethical accounting practices which inflated earnings and spent other people's money. The accounting profession is governed by a set of rules to assure ethical conduct. Many of these rules were ignored or broken outright by Enron and its accountants. The Enron scandal broke in 2001 when the company made a routine announcement about of $0.43 recurring third-quarter earnings per share."
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Enron and Creative Accounting, 2002.
A look at the impact of Enron's business and financial practices.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the "creative accounting" practices utilized by Enron in respect to the fall of the company in respect to the leadership of the company, its group dynamics, and its ethics and politics.
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Accounting and the Enron Debacle, 2006.
This paper discusses the issue of financial management and looks at the case of Enron.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 25 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer reviews the case of Enron and the financial scandal which rocked the financial management and accounting communities when the company fell. The role that accounting played in the debacle is highlighted and some suggestions for fixing accounting problems are made. Ultimately, in this article it is suggested that an accounting system is only as good as its enforcement.
From the Paper
"In the wake of the Enron financial scandals in 2001 and 2002, one of the world's largest companies declared bankruptcy due to accounting irregularities and the company's accounting firm, the well-known and respected firm of Arthur Andersen, disintegrated following public debates about accountability and transparency in financial management. Ultimately, accounting practices in the U.S. received a large part of the blame for the problem arising in the first place, even with the public acknowledgement of executive corruption and corporate fraud that drove the Enron collapse. The reverberations were felt throughout the world of financial management and accountancy, as the practice and oversight of accounting became a topic of intense interest in the business community and the policy arenas where business is regulated."
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Accounting Scandals, 2006.
Examines the Enron and WorldCom accounting affairs which led many to question the meaning of business ethics.
2,983 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the events leading up to the Enron and WorldCom accounting scandals. It examines the course of these two affairs and the subsequent results. The paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which is considered the most significant change to federal security laws in the United States since the New Deal.
From the Paper
"On August 27, 2003, the State of Oklahoma filed a 15-count indictment against Ebbers. The indictment charged that he violated the state's securities laws by defrauding investors on multiple occasions between January 2001 and March 2002. These charges were dropped, with the right to refile retained, on November 20, 2003. An agreement to extend the statute of limitations on these charges, allowing Oklahoma prosecutors time to see the results of federal sentencing, was signed on March 30, 2005. Federal authorities indicted Ebbers with security fraud and conspiracy charges on March 2, 2004. An amendment to the indictment on May 25, 2004 increased the list of charges to nine felonies: one count each of conspiracy and securities fraud, and seven counts of filing false statements with securities regulators."
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The Enron Scandal, 2007.
An in-depth look at the Enron accounting fraud and its consequences.
3,014 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economy of the accounting industry, the environment in which the Enron fraud occurred and the outcomes of the related lawsuits. The paper presents a SWOT analysis of the company and explores the company's market cap before and after the fraud. The paper concludes that the Enron accounting scandal may be credited with at least setting the stage for accounting reform in the United States.
Outline:
Introduction
The Economy of the Accounting Industry
The Environment of the Fraud
SWOT Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past decade several accounting scandals have emerged; however, the most notable accounting scandal involved the global business giant Enron, an American energy company based in Houston Texas. The Enron scandal encompassed a myriad of complex transactions involving mysterious partnerships that allowed Enron to book huge corporate profits and payments to insiders, while simultaneously ignoring any associated financial liabilities. In just 15 years, Enron grew from nowhere to be America's seventh largest company, employing 21,000 staff in more than 40 countries (BBC News, 2002). The firm's success turned out to have involved an elaborate scam."
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The Enron Scandal, 2004.
A look at the collapse of the Enron Corporation from an accounting perspective.
1,708 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons for the Enron debacle, the ethical issues involved, and how Enron was able to hide its precarious financial position from the public until the very end. It discusses how the meteoric rise and fall of Enron Corporation is a classic example of how market euphoria in times of an extended bull-run, individual greed, conflict of interest, disregard for ethical business, and unrelenting focus on increasing share value can combine to spell disaster.
Outline
Enron?s Birth: The Beginning of the End?
Enron?s Risky Operations
Ethical Issues
Raptor Oddities
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the times when Enron was making huge profits due to highly volatile energy prices, and there was widespread perception about the unlimited potential of online trade and technology innovations such as the broadband, things looked very rosy for the company. In the late 1990s, however, other energy companies such as Dynergy, Duke Energy, and El Paso started to enter the field of energy trading and the competition started to eat into the huge profit margins of Enron. Other factors such as falling energy prices in early 2001, the approaching world-wide recession and the broadband bubble burst began to work against Enron?s ?dream? run. The company, in the meantime, had embarked on a culture of cutting trading deals that had a momentum of its own that was hard to stop."
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Accounting, 2005.
A discussion on managerial accounting and financial accounting.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the two unique sub-functions within the accounting field: managerial accounting and financial accounting. The specific functions, responsibilities and duties of each function are discussed. Further consideration is given to the ethical implications involved with each accounting division. Enron is mentioned as a prime example of how ethical considerations can not only undermine the financial solvency of a company but, ultimately, can cause its demise.
From the Paper
"The presence of financial accountants and management accountants in most large corporations today is a testament to the complexity of the global economy, the legal and governance rules an entity must operate under, and the sheer amount of information the profession must deal with on a daily basis. Though there are many functions that overlap within these two divisions of the same profession, each classification serves a uniquely strategic function. In general, financial accounting is responsible for the historical financial records and data of a company and is largely responsible for ensuring legal and regulatory compliance. Managerial accounting is responsible for providing interpretive reports of financial accounts which managers and executives use to make operational decisions and devise corporate strategy. "
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Accounting Scandals, 2005.
A look at recent accounting scandals and their consequences to employees, investors, shareholder and ordinary consumers.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the Citibank and Enron accounting scandals, the cost of and damages caused by the scandals and the current status of the companies involved.
From the Paper
"$2.65 billion. That is the amount the investment Citigroup agreed, less than a year ago, to pay to investors who had bought stock and bonds in the telecommunications giant WorldCom before its bankruptcy filing two years ago. If the adage that 'crime does not pay' is not always true, it is certainly valid when estimating the tremendous cost the WorldCom and Enron investing and accounting scandals have cost employees, investors, shareholder, and ordinary consumers. (Morgenstern, 2004)"
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Aggressive Accounting, 2004.
This paper considers the bias introduced by aggressive accounting.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of accounting and auditing in an organization, including aggressive accounting techniques. The author describes bias auditing. The paper relates the problems at Enron with aggressive accounting.
From the Paper
"Accounting is sometimes called the language of business. Accounting provides managers with the tools they need to plan effective and focus attention on deviations from that plan direct day-to-day operations and arrive at the best solution to the operating problems faced by the organization. However, as the language of business accounting is also used by those outside the organization to make decisions that directly affect the company. This research considers two areas that can affect the reliability of accounting data-aggressive accounting ..."
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Deceptive Accounting Practices, 2004.
An insight into the various deceptive accounting practices used in recent scandals.
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This report endeavors to present some insight into the various deceptive accounting practices that were utilized prior to the recent scandals. The focus of the paper homes in on two very recent account situations that made media headlines, namely the recent Enron debacle and the latest bankruptcy by United Airlines. It looks a how the results of both of these situations will continue to influence the way all companies in the United States, and even some international organizations, will view and present their finances to the public and other governing bodies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Arthur Anderson
Enron
United Airlines
Bankruptcy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An example of the sinister ploy Enron executives used to bilk the nation can be demonstrated by the CalPERS natural gas project of 1997. CalPERS was a company that no longer wanted to work with Enron and so they backed out of a big deal with Enron. Enron executives could not afford to lose the derivative effect CalPERS provided so Enron executives created their own entities to replace CalPERS. Enron literally made up companies that were in effect used as derivatives to reduce losses. ?Known as Chewco, it was a partnership controlled by Enron employees, including Kopper. According to the Powers report, Chewco and similar partnerships were engaged in shuffling assets to cover losses and create illusory profits."
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Ethics in Managerial Accounting, 2004.
A discussion of recent scandals in managerial accounting in the U.S.
1,761 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the changes needed within accounting practices in light of the recent scandals at Enron and Arthur Andersen. The writer explores the new rules, which have become standard practice in the past few years.
Contents
The Constituencies
Investors
The public
Employees
Managers and executives
CPAs
Auditors
Financial advisors
Governing Bodies
SEC
FASB
GAO
IRS
Congress
From the Paper
"There are those doing a lot about the question of ethics in managerial accounting, and those doing little or even creating more opportunities for unethical behavior. If the loopholes are shut down here, will companies go overseas to grease the wheels of commerce? Possibly. Global ethics are not quite as demanding in many parts of the world as most constituencies would like to see them here. (Bray, 2000) Or possibly not. Enron marched across India with its financial sleight-of-hand, injuring that nation?arguably?as it did this one. Perhaps there are ethics watches going on globally in the aftermath."
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Soft Money and Accounting Scandals, 2005.
A look at the role that soft money has played in the demise of large corporations.
3,332 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Campaign finance and the accounting practices of various corporations have been the topic of debate in recent years. In particular, the issue of soft money and the impact that has on politics is a major concern. This paper seeks to discover if "soft money" has contributed to the recent accounting scandals, such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco.
Outline
Introduction
Context of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Research Methodology
Secondary Research
Preliminary Literature Review
Primary Research
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
" In March of 2002, President Bush signed a campaign finance law which, "banned parties from raising soft money, and also prohibits parties and interest groups from running "issue ads" naming a federal candidate for 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election. The law also restricts the way states can raise and spend soft money in federal elections, but does not change state laws regarding state elections ." Although this bill was signed into law, the bill fails to limit spending. For this reason, the campaigns have found ways to work around the rules presented in the bill. Kuttner (2004) explains that "Reformers have tried to use public financing to work around that judicial doctrine. But so much private money is available, especially to Republicans, which President Bush decided to forgo public funding for his re-election campaign in favor of unlimited private money .""
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Ethics in Business and the Accounting Industry, 2002.
A paper which looks at how several philosophers' views on ethics apply to the current trend of business frauds.
1,899 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The ethical side of business practices has become a hot topic within the last few years. The business world of accounting has always addressed the rights and wrongs of the industry, but only currently has been held responsible. The paper shows that white collar crime is on the rise and the recent events of the Enron scandal, the state of disarray of the accounting firm of Author Anderson and the Martha Stewart stock trades have left the American consumer wondering how the business world views and enforces ethical issues. The paper examines the views of philosophers such as Plato and Socrates whose principles of virtue have been proposed as the highest good - virtues such as happiness or pleasure, duty, virtue or obligation.
From the Paper
"Those working within the career of accounting should acknowledge the moral distinctions of right and wrong when keeping books, conducing audits, and managing accounts of any size firm. Accountants are to be dependable and trustworthy to all stockholders and consumers of America. If any of these trusts are broken, then not only has the firm suffered, but the nation as well."
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The Financial Accountant and Bankruptcy, 2002.
A look at the accountability of the financial accountant in terms of bankruptcy using Enron and Kmart as examples.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates how the financial accountant can affect the outcome of the company, especially in respect to promoting bankruptcy. This paper also notes that those companies that are in the process of re- organizing - such as Enron and Kmart - report to their investors to make them aware of the changes in their accounting and their management practices.
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Arthur Andersen and the Enron Scandal, 2002.
Looks at the accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, and its involvement in the Enron scandal.
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the question about whether accounting firms should act as consultants for the same companies that they audit. It uses the case of the accounting firm, Arthur Andersen, and its complicity in the Enron debacle to explore this question. The paper also addresses several larger issues on business and accounting ethics and looks at the need for reform in the accounting industry as a way of ensuring public confidence in the integrity of the accounting system.
From the Paper
"In late 2001, Arthur Andersen, one of the world's largest accounting firms, found itself plunged into what will likely be remembered as one of this generations greatest business scandals. The scandal involved Enron Corp., one of America's most successful corporations, and the darling of investors, employees, and market analysts alike. Enron was accused of a multitude of ethical breeches, including deliberately misleading shareholders about the company's true financial status. Ultimately, Enron was found guilty of a number of financial misdeeds, went bankrupt, and Anderson?s involvement in the scandal brought the ethics of accounting firms into question."
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