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English Reformation, 2006.
An examination of the English Reformation and its implications regarding the monarchy.
2,091 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the English Reformation in 1534, in terms of Christianity. It focuses on the changing face of Christianity in England, particularly regarding the Catholic Church and how the rule of the monarchy dictated and affected religion of the country at the time. The paper suggests that Queen Elizabeth's rule was a return to the middle road, a return to stability, and a return to peace.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that the ideological backing for much of the Reformation may have found a willing home in the minds of many Englishmen, to understand the reformation as a movement from the ground up would be to elementally misunderstand it--the English Reformation came from the top down. Henry VIII was the primary catalyst for the English Revolution and it is virtually impossible to imagine its success without him. However, Thomas Cromwell played a highly independent role as Henry's chief minister; this is particularly true--though often contested--regarding his role in the dissolution of the monasteries."
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German and English Reformation of the 16th Century, 2006.
A description of events between Germany and England of the causes and effects of the reformation of the 16th century.
3,898 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.
From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."
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"The English Reform Act of 1867", 2008.
A review of the contents and arguments of "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes "The Politics of Democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867" by Gertrude Himmelfarb. More specifically, the paper discusses the Himmelfarb's position that the Reform Act of 1867 was the most significant event in British history, specifically with regard to establishing household suffrage and democratic principles.
From the Paper
"Himmelfarb's real intentions and arguments are crystal clear. She wants to convince her readers that the Conservatives are responsible for the Reform Act, and history misrepresents their role in the affairs of the 19th century. The Liberals are not a progressive and altruistic party. She insinuates that the Conservative party is superior and works for the national interests, while Liberalism is an unstable and unimaginative ideology. Liberals see politics as a "rolling stone, uncontrollable and predictable" (Himmelfarb, 1967, p.123.). Civilisation is like the flickering flame of candle waiting to be snuffed out by the political mismanagement of the Liberal party. How, Himmelfarb asks, can such a party be responsible for the Reform Act of 1867? Only a strong and respectable party like the Tories could accomplish such a task. Although the Liberals advocated the Reform Act, Himmelfarb asserts that the "Reform Act was a Conservative measure, initiated and carried by a Conservative government"
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Anti-Clericalism and Pre-Reformation England, 2007.
An analysis of the extent to which anti-clericalism contributed to an atmosphere ripe for reform in the pre-reformation (pre 1529) English Church.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.
From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "
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English Teaching Methodolodgy - ESL (English Second Language), 2002.
This paper explores some of the fundemental principles of teaching English as a second language.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper serves as a guide for teaching students English as a second language. It is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the first three weeks of educating a group that has never before learned English. The paper explains the characteristics of the material intended to be taught. It also clarifies what one should do if the students made mistakes and deals with ways of encouraging students to talk. The second part of the paper explores the required environment for second language acquisition and the thirds part discusses factors that are beneficial for second language learning efforts.
From the Paper
"First impressions are important in establishing a good relationship between teachers and students. Foreign students often come to the classroom with many fears. (Cary, 2000) Therefore, it is very important that the teacher establish a friendly, enthusiastic atmosphere free of any negative vibes. (Samway, 1999) Even though the students are afraid, this can be eased by a friendly smile and pleasant small talk. This is especially important before giving any sort of assessment test, which should be given during the first class of the term as part of class orientation."
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Reformed Church History, 2005.
An analysis of "Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400-1580" and the "Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village" by Eamon Duffy.
2,451 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how Eamon Duffy, professor in church history at the University of Cambridge, has rewritten history and refutes what is considered a long-kept myth in his two books. It explains that he disputes the story long told by the Protestants of what encouraged the English Reformation in the Middle Ages. An analysis of his two books is provided in the paper.
From the Paper
"The Protestant Reformation eventually eliminated this community structure. It abolished devotions to images that were the purpose for much of the financial support. It then took possession of the resources that had been put toward so-called "superstitious" practices. Without this means of supporting the church, Morebath suffered and finally lost most of its involvement by the parishioners.
Yet, as noted previously, the eventual decline of Morebath does not mean that the people immediately went along with the Reformation and quickly forgot hundreds of years of tradition. At the beginning, they were either not discouraged or not moved by the battering rams of the Protestant church. When their chalice was stolen, the young men and women collected for another one. On the very eve of the Reformation in 1533, the statue of Our Lady of Pity was regilt, and a new image was purchased. In addition, in 1535, a new rood, with Our Lady and St. John was commissioned. The parish meeting in the autumn of 1534 did not know that a few days before the theft that Parliament had passed the Act of Supremacy. This made no difference in Morebath. The same was true for the dissolution of the monasteries and the abolishment of the holy days in 1536. Due to their long years of belief, the Catholic followers kept faithful as long as they could."
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English Constitutional Law, 2007.
An analysis of English constitutional law, particularly the purpose of the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, which enshrines in law, for the first time, a duty on government ministers to uphold the independence of the judiciary. The paper describes the history and the scope of the law, as well as its purpose. In addition, the paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act with relation to English constitutional law and its need for reform.
From the Paper
"The scope of judicial review today is almost unrecognisable compared to that of 25 years ago, and judges are more willing to intervene to ensure that the body in question acts in a procedurally correct manner, even when such a decision may impugn on the authority of the executive. For example in the case of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission , where a statutory provision seemed to exclude the courts' supervisory jurisdiction, the court, according to Wade and Forsyth, acted in a way of "total disobedience to Parliament" by recognising a broad concept of jurisdiction. Further, in the Pergau Dam case, Lord Irvine argues that the court "took away from the executive a considerable degree of autonomy" in holding that the Secretary of State's decision was unlawful. He continues arguing "it is this type of judicial activism which begins to blur the boundary between appeal and review, thereby undermining the constitutional foundations on which the courts' supervisory jurisdiction rests"."
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Matthew Arnold: Late Victorian English Poet and Critic, 2002.
This paper discuses Matthew Arnold's critical analysis of English culture and the English nation during late the Victorian period.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The author states the late Victorian period in England was a unique time in that country?s literary history. Both literature and the political culture supported one another by different notions of England?s future. Matthew Arnold addressed directly issues of the purpose of English culture and the English nation.
From the Paper
"Matthew Arnold was a conservative writer in the sense that he was not egalitarian. He feared an intrusion of ?vulgarity? into the culture and of ?Philistine populism.? (Wilson xvii; xvii) But his ideas were more complex than that. Arnold did believe that the essential thrust of English development should not be so much to expand its physical boundaries, but to create a culture of, as he termed it, ?Sweetness and Light.? "
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The Future of English and Mother Tongue, 2001.
This essay deals with shifts of languages other than English and the globalization of English.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
A personal opinion paper which addresses the following questions - Does globalization of English form a serious threat? Do languages other than English face a slow death? This essays argues the eminent future of English and mother tongue.
From the Paper
"It appears that English is to become the main language in Europe, and perhaps the world. This topic has been discussed extensively and widely and there has been massive scientific research in recent years. I came upon the article ?The Great English Divide? merely by chance, and the discussion caught my particular interest, as I am a Dutch-speaking Belgian, living in multi-lingual South Africa and currently studying towards a degree in English. I surfed the Internet, and found hundreds of articles discussing this same subject. The articles of my choice are only a few examples. Professor David Crystal has nominated a book to the subject ?English as a global language? , where he researched these three questions: What makes a world language? Why is English the leading candidate? Will it continue to hold that position? David Crystal has written a number of books on the topic itself. My main interest is how this globalisation of the English Language will influence English as a language. Is the idea of globalisation of English not just a triumphalist notion? Will the increase of the use of English in non-English speaking countries change English vocabulary and grammar? Will the use of 'Fusion English' increase? Paradoxically, could it mean that the population of Europe will become monolingual and could therefore mother languages become extinct?"
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Who and Which in Bulgarian and English, 2006.
Examines problems of number and gender transfer when translating "who" and "which" from Bulgarian into English.
4,983 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
There are a number of problems that a translator might come upon when translating wh- words from Bulgarian into English. This paper looks at "who" and "which" in particular. Why is there a problem? In English, "who" and "which" do not take grammatical markers for gender and number, while in Bulgarian they do . In English and Bulgarian, gender is grammaticalized differently. This particularity is sometimes considered a problem for certain translations from Bulgarian, and more specifically, when gender seems of importance to the Bulgarian text. This paper deals with the notions of grammatical and semantic gender only because the former exists in Bulgarian and the latter is used in English. This paper begins with some preliminary remarks, exposing the differences between Bulgarian and English when it comes to number and gender markings. Some translation examples are discussed in more detail in the section entitled "Examples". It must be pointed out that the paper investigates only one side of the problem, where Bulgarian is the source language and English is the target language. Back translation is not discussed here. The main focus is on how gender itself is produced and translated. Following paragraphs clarify what gender is in both languages and what problems translators might encounter if they choose to transfer a gendered reference from Bulgarian into English.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Preliminary Remarks on Gender and Number in English and Bulgarian
Who and Which in English
Who and Which in Bulgarian
Examples
Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In the extra-linguistic world, gender is a physiological phenomenon connected with the structure of some living beings. There are objects with no sex (inanimate) and others with sex (animate). The category of sex has two exponents (male and female). These facts can be reflected in language since gender markings in a given language are, on the first place, categories established through our contact with the natural differences between the sexes and between what we have called "the animate" and "the inanimate". Thus, the linguistic exponent of sex has the following grammatical and/or lexical correspondences in English:
1 M / he male (animate) boy, father, John, etc.
2 F / she female (animate) girl, mother, Mary, etc.
3 N / it O gender (inanimate/undetermined) cat, stone, table, baby (if sex unknown)"
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English Language Learners (ELLs), 2007.
This paper discusses writing strategies for English language learners (ELLs).
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the problem of English language learners (ELLs) learning to write English may be in the failure of the current educational system to distinguish between the differences in the oral and written traditions of the English language. The author points out that ELL students may acquire verbal English skills fairly quickly, which is often mistaken for complete English proficiency; however, research demonstrates that the conventions of written English are far different than spoken English and that ELL students develop written English skills at a rate far slower than the rate at which they develop spoken English skills. The paper relates that ELL students must have a clear understanding of the methodology behind the writing process in order for them to comprehend the general writing traditions of the English language.
Table of Contents:
Discussion
Time Expectations for Adaptation
Conversational English versus Written and Academic English
Failure to Distinguish Oral and Academic Communication in Teaching
Strategies for Teachers
Prewriting
Revising and the "Writer's Workshop"
Journal Writing
Reformulation
Benefits of Encouraging Primary Language Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The wide variance in writing conventions amongst different languages often forces ELL students to 'unlearn' the conventions of their first language. For example, if a student's first language is a mainly a symbolic, or logographic language, a student may have difficulty learning to form letters that in turn form a word. However, this aspect of language acquisition should not always be considered a hinderance in learning written English. It can also have positive benefits. If a student is already writing in their first language, it is likely that those skills can be utilized to advantage of teaching written English."
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Teaching the English Language, 2008.
This paper discusses task based instruction in English language learning for English second language (ESL) students and presents a teaching module combining English language learning and social issues.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a task based curriculum provides students with the opportunity to apply immediately their learning to tasks on a consistent basis. The author points out that task based instruction provides students with a true learning experience in which they are capable of demonstrating learning through actual experience. The paper indicates that, as students perform tasks they are capable of building on the knowledge and skills that they have already acquired and realizing their abilities related to the unit of instruction. The author includes a module that focuses on the combination of English language learning and social issues, which are relevant to the student's learning and growth and will lead to positive outcomes in education.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
English Language Learning and Social Issues Module
Part One
Part Two
Part Three
Part Four
Part Five
Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The module will focus on the theme of social issues and the target learning stage is intermediate, at grades 9-12. At this stage of learning and development high school students are consistently focusing on social issues that impact their everyday lives. Allowing these students to focus on these issues, as well as using English as a means to that expression will motivate the students toward successful completion of the unit. Additionally, tasks that are defined for the students that will allow them to realize their goals in the unit will support the learning and ensure retention of the skills and knowledge that have been acquired."
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Linguistics and the History of the English Language, 2002.
This paper explores the areas of linguistics and the history of the English language in terms of what an English teacher should know before teaching the subject.
4,392 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper asks if future English teachers should study the history of English. The writer shows that teachers should have a knowledge of linguistics. Main points of the paper include: why English is complicated, why languages (especially English) change, grammar rules and problems, spelling history and problems, how dialects are developed and how they influence English in the classroom, semantic changes and more. The paper concludes that all these contribute to a better and more interesting English classroom.
From the Paper
"The English language has a rich history, spanning centuries and passed on by different tribes. A lot of other languages, especially French, has had some influence on the English language. The language has undergone many changes in its history, including the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the way English was spoken. Some people who know more than one language have said that English is the hardest language to learn. As of today, many educated professors and acclaimed administration members probably don?t know the real reasons behind some grammar rules and depend on technology to correct their fragment sentences. What makes English such a hard language to learn and use, even for its native speakers? Will the knowledge of the history behind the English language enable teachers to help students master English? I believe that knowledge leads to understanding; therefore teachers with a strong background in the history of English will be better equipped to teach this difficult subject."
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19th Century Reforms in Great Britain, 2004.
An analysis of the political, social, and economic reforms in Great Britain up to 1850.
2,061 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses 19th century Britain and focuses on the political, social, and economic reforms that took place during this era. The paper explains that the reform in the British government between 1831 and 1850 greatly aided in the dynamic changes within England based on the economic, political, and social agendas held by the various political parties. The paper claims that these reforms were a necessary adjunct to English history, for they made the country stronger and more cohesive, helped immensely during the coming years of the 20th century when England would be tested to its limits in the 'Great War' of 1914 and World War II.
From the Paper
"Between 1831 and 1850, Great Britain experienced numerous economical, political and social problems that threatened to literally tear the country apart. For many of those associated with the English government, especially the men that sat in the House of Lords and the House of Commons, it was clear that after the disastrous war with the American Colonies that England must somehow reform its laws and statutes that mostly affected the middle and lower classes. Thus, many new bills and acts were passed that in essence served as the dynamic process for change in Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution, which had vastly altered the social and economic face of England between 1750 and 1850, brought about the need for change, for it "posed a set of technical administrative problems which no. . . party, Whig or Tory, was capable of handling" and forced the British government to seek out "a fresh interpretation of the duties of government" (Churchill 23-24)."
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The English Language and India, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the British using their English language and culture in India to "educate the Indians".
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the 18th century, the British missionaries and their establishing institutions of learning, which initiated much of the early education of the Indians, thought that if English was intrinsically healthy, it stood to reason that the Indian languages were the opposite. The author points out that, to find employment in a civil service position, an individual needed to pass an English qualifying exam and receive a "western degree"; therefore, it is no surprise that the educated class, in some cases, became more English than the English. The paper relates that, with the leadership of Gandhi, who was once an avid Anglophile, the many Indian languages came to be favored over English; however, even today, English is used as a kind of national language for affairs of state because India is multi-lingual and having a unifying language is seen as important. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The group that benefited possibly the most was the Bengalis.
The Bengalis developed a vigorous Westernized culture quite independent of their British neighbors. Education became a mark of social distinction as well as a means for advancement. Competition in the schools and universities was (and is) fierce by Western standards. The highly educated and literate populace gave rise to a great demand for books. A few blocks south of the Marble Palace is the College Street Market where, adjacent to the dignified buildings of Calcutta University, there exists a prodigious collection of publishers and booksellers. The market is an intellectual phenomenon in itself, probably the largest book market in the world. Books on every conceivable subject are published both in English and Bengali. The Bengali authors have a marvelous facility with the English language and at its best the quality of literature in Calcutta ranks with that of any center in the world."
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