| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY": |
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Emission Spectroscopy, 2005.
A write-up of a laboratory looking at the emission spectra of various light sources.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This is the write-up for a laboratory looking at the emission spectra of various light sources: incandescent lights, fluorescent lights, neon lights and sunlight, using diffraction glasses as a simple spectroscope. The emission spectra of the different lighting sources are noted in the paper as color spectra seen, Angstrom unit range for the color spectra seen, and intensity of the spectra seen.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET), 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to determine the current and potential clinical applications for positron emission tomography and to develop a ?best practices? approach to developing a partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET), an
imaging technique, allows clinicians to localize safely and monitor accurately the activity of areas in the normal human brain during specific mental tasks. The author points out that the traditional methods of research, such as experiments in memorizing and observation of individuals who had suffered localized brain damage, have been facilitated by innovative methodologies, such as positron emission tomography, that connect human behavior to specific brain structures and functions. The paper relates that the research methodology will be a critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature, followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis of how partnership between cognitive scientists and neuroscientists can be created and improved based on the technique?s demonstrated efficacy in various clinical settings. Color illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
How Positron Emission Tomography Works.
Figure 1. Typical Positron Emission Tomography Device, Clinician and Patient
Radionuclides Used in PET
Figure 2. PET Scan of Damaged Human Brain
Methodology
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"PET provides clinicians with a functional brain-imaging technique to identify brain regions activated in motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional processes. ?PET is based on a simple principle: a radioactive isotope that emits [[Beta].sup.+] particles (i.e., positrons, with a mass equal to an electron but with a positive electrical charge) is artificially integrated into a biological molecule and then injected intravenously.? In the various PET applications, a chemical compound that is ?labeled? with a short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclide (either carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) is injected into the body. The activity of such a radiopharmaceutical is then measured quantitatively throughout the target organs through the use of photomultiplier-scintillator detectors."
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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, 2003.
An analysis of the efficacy of positron emission tomography imaging versus gamma camera imaging today.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that involves the use of radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It looks at how positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is used extensively as diagnostic tool in the U.S. and Europe, but has limited availability in the U.K. It shows how the information obtained from these examinations can differentiate between different organs without the need for the patient to undergo surgical procedures. It also examines how, despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain unknown. It reviews the relevant literature to determine whether PET imaging should be used more extensively in the U.K. instead of conventional nuclear medicine imaging.
From the Paper
"These researchers report that despite the long history of PET development, the costs and effectiveness of its use in routine clinical practice remain virtually unknown. However, what is known is that the bottom line for these and other advances in medical technology is clinician and patient accessibility. According to Michael Johns, ?Physicians who do not have access to or choose not to utilize cutting-edge technologies could potentially limit the care provided to their patients. But for many in the developing world, the cost of new equipment and materials continues to be prohibitive. Even in the West, both public and private insurance agencies take into account the cost of a test or therapy before deciding whether to pay for it? (2001, 132)."
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NMR spectroscopy, 2003.
This paper discusses the use of NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography in nucleophilic substitution reactions. The author describes methods of the scientific procedures. The paper discusses the principles and procedures used in the study.
From the Paper
"Bassindale Parker Taylor Aunerb and Herrschaft measured the x-ray crystal structure of four halodimethylsilylmethyl quinolinones to model the reaction profile for the nucleophilic substitution of silicon. They developed a method to obtain similar structural.."
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Positron Emission Tomography, 2002.
A look at how the technique of PET (positron emission tomography) has advanced both our ability to diagnose brain injury and our knowledge of localisation of function within the brain.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the technique of positron emission tomography, a technique used for imaging brain activity by measuring the flow of blood containing radioactive atoms that emit positrons. It describes the uses of PET scanning as a research tool and in the diagnosis of brain injuries. It also compares PET to other similar methods such as MRI scanning, x-raying and CT scanning.
From the Paper
"In particular, PET has been used with great success in the study of which parts of the human brain are involved in language. With the assistance of positron emission tomography, studies have shown striking evidence that there are several independent regions of the brain involved in language. Among these areas that are crucial for language and speech are Wernicke?s and Broca?s regions. Due to the use of these non-invasive techniques (PET, MRI etc.) we now know that these regions are significantly spread out and are not located near the conventional language regions. We can see in scans from patients that different regions of the brain are used for specific tasks. Eg. a patient hearing words, reading words and seeing words uses very different parts of the brain for each task. (Delcomyn; 1998)."
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Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, 2002.
A paper which discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
A paper which examines the arguments that refute that it is not accurate to mainly attribute the problem of global warming to the increasing carbon dioxide emission caused by human activities. The paper discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming. This paper provides the necessary information needed to support the argument presented, as well as discusses and analyzes the opposing arguments that are given in light of this controversial environmental issue. In the last part of the paper the author contends that despite opposing claims refuting the main argument, increased carbon dioxide emissions are still the primary reason why global warming has been prevalent over the years.
From the Paper
"There are significant effects in the health of human beings and the environment due to global warming. Human health is threatened because too much heat in the atmosphere causes certain deadly diseases to propagate. Malaria is an example of this disease, which propagate under local climates (hot and humid climates). Excessive heat also result to respiratory ailments and death. Heat strokes attack many people especially when they encounter heat more than their body temperature can take or adapt to. Environmental elements such as water resources dry up due to excessive evaporation. Climate changes occur when excessive precipitation happens because of uncontrollable conditions in the atmosphere. Different landforms become barren and dry, making it impossible for plants to thrive. When this happens, animals that live in their habitats will leave, and may not survive. All of these effects in the environment contribute to the imbalance in ecological diversity."
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Carbon Emissions in the United States, 2005.
An analysis of the benefits and implications of deforestation and reforestation techniques on carbon emissions in the United States.
1,997 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to show how, by analyzing greenhouse gas uptake via measuring the trunks of different ages of tree stands, an estimate of carbon content can be derived. It looks at how the amount of carbon dioxide present helps to determine the success of the regeneration of deforested areas and the effects of mitigating global warming. It tests the difference in carbon accumulation in different age stands of trees to see which is most helpful in carbon accumulation and aiding in the fight against global warming.
Outline
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"The data we collected is vital to the reduction of greenhouse gases and necessary decrease of global warming in this day and age. Awareness is key to this situation due to the fact that roughly 25% of annual greenhouse gas emissions from human activities come from the United States (Rubin et al, 1992). By knowing the proper means of reduction of carbon emissions, one can contribute to the conservation of the planet, and live a healthier lifestyle. Maintaining healthy young forests is crucial to reducing the effects of emissions. Carbon uptake is strongest in trees before 50 years of age. Therefore, deforestation and reforestation techniques are important in the window of time after this stage. By clearing out forests and planting new trees, carbon mitigation will increase again over the next period of 50 years."
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Aircraft Emissions and The Environment, 2000.
A technical analysis of the data on the destructive effects of engine exhaust on the stratospheric ozone layer.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
"It has been known since the 1960s that the emission of nitrous oxides and water vapor in the engine exhaust from supersonic transport planes may be destructive to the ozone layer, the layer which keeps much of the sun=s biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth=s surface (5).
From the Paper
"It has been known since the 1960s that the emission of nitrous oxides and water vapor in the engine exhaust from supersonic transport planes may be destructive to the ozone layer, the layer which keeps much of the sun=s biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth=s surface (5). This paper will look at the data which has emerged over the years since then in respect to the effects of aircraft emissions on stratospheric ozone.
In 1995, the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to three atmospheric chemists for their research which identified chemicals that destroy stratospheric ozone (5). The discovery paved the way for an international agreement to ban the production of ozone-destroying compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, beginning on January 1, 1996. Paul Crutzen discovered that a naturally produced compound, nitrous oxide, spawns related chemicals in the atmosphere which..."
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Automobile Emissions, 1998.
A look at aspects of automotive pollution.
3,800 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the connection between automobile emissions and the problem of air pollution.
From the Paper
"Pollution from automobile emissions has become over the past few decades an issue of great concern. With a growing number of motor vehicles on our roads, great concern has been attributed to the effects of these emissions to our health and to the environment. Several of the gases emitted, which when present in certain concentrations in our atmosphere, can be toxic, therefore these ultimate concentrations must never be achieved. Strict legislation, as well as sophisticated control technology, has been implemented in the automotive industry in order to limit the pollution caused."
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PET Imaging, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
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Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965, 2002.
A study on the American 1965 motor vehicle air pollution control act that created emission control regulations.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the necessity and results of the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965. It looks at the affluent American culture of the 1960s that created emission control regulations, which generally requires that auto exhaust gases have to be cleaner than ambient air. The paper argues both sides of the age-old debate of the environment versus economics.
From the Paper
"Since World War II, the growth of industrialization skyrocketed. The industrialization growth caused more and more environmental problems. In 1952, a London ?fog? killed three thousand (3,000) people in a few days. (Sullivan, p.12) Los Angeles smoke and fog or smog was already famous among the American people during that time. Attention needed to be paid to the growing environmental problems."
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Electric Vehicles, 1995.
This paper discusses electric vehicles: Advantages and disadvantages, battery technology, range, energy savings, ecology, consumer acceptance and state emission mandates.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Although state mandates such as California's Low Emission Vehicle Program require major automakers to manufacture large numbers of zero-emissions vehicles by 1998, current transportation technology cannot meet this goal. Electric vehicles are the only automobiles capable of fulfilling the zero- emissions standard. Unfortunately, significant barriers to the introduction of electric cars exist. In addition, the potential ecological benefits of electric vehicles are difficult to predict because of variables such as battery technology, infrastructure, and market acceptance.
Current automotive technology has developed two types of electric vehicles: pure electrics and hybrids. Pure electric vehicles are exclusively battery-powered. Hybrid vehicles include a small internal combustion engine and fuel tank as well..."
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Dangers of Radiation, 1997.
Definition of radiation, types, pros & cons, scientific aspects. Examines nuclear policy standards and emission avoidance. Includes a table.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
This research examines the concept that "all radiation is dangerous" from three perspectives: as a matter of scientific fact or truth, as a policy basis for radiation protection programs, and as a warning for everyday precaution among a general public. Beyond differences in radiation types, substantial differences in the sciences can be invoked to consider the truth of a question. The bulk of this work is addressed to biophysics, agriculture, and medicine. The premises will be considered as follows: Is there any benefit (as opposed to danger) that can result from any level of irradiation?; Can there be a threshold level of radiation of any kind above zero below which no deleterious effects will be manifested among plants, animals, or minerals? "
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Carbon Dioxide & Greenhouse Effect, 1989.
Discusses dangers to environment of build-up of carbon dioxide in atmosphere, emission & exchange, statistics, impact of temperature increase and the future.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
" Scientists all over the world are growing increasingly concerned about the steady build.up of trace gases in the atmosphere. Presently, the most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO2). This has been due primarily to the use of fossil fuels. Several studies have concluded that CO2 emissions may alter the radioactive balance of the earth, increasing the global temperature and dramatically changing global climate (Jager, "Floating" 6).
The "greenhouse theory," which states that increases in CO2 will warm the earth, was first developed by scientists before the turn of the century. This theory holds that CO2 and other "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere allow the sun's ultra.violet and visible radiation to penetrate and warm the earth, with the (...)"
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Technological and Environmental Improvement, 2002.
Looks at the problems of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by citing some statistics on carbon dioxide emission rates in the United States to demonstrate the need for changes in U.S. commuting policies and technologies. The paper then discusses two overall approaches that could be taken in order to cut the emissions of motor vehicles and suggests that these approaches are mutually supportive. The paper goes on to discuss the many environmental effects of carbon dioxide emissions and concludes with a warning of what will happen if the problem is not addressed.
From the Paper
"National Research Council brought out a report in 1997 recommending that important changes in the U.S. commuting policies, technologies, and activities may turn essential to minimize emissions of the motor vehicles and the following hazard of global warming at the time of the consequent century. And due to the fact that commuting has its part in the society of the nation and economy, there needs to be a balance created in mobility and need for access of people as against the resources of the environment and natural resource requirements. The report has said that there are two overall advances which have to be taken into account in cutting of the emission of motor vehicles of the generally termed greenhouse gases in course of time."
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