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Election Poll Results and Public Opinion, 2006.
A look at how election poll results have been used to sway public opinion during a Canadian federal election.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This essay explores the use and power of public opinion polls by news media during a Canadian federal election. The focus is the Toronto Start and indicates the bias to the Liberals. Furthermore, whether it concerned placement, context, or lack there of, time and again, the paper used polling information to the best advantage of the Liberals, even when there was not much that could be done.
From the Paper
"The fact that The Toronto Star is a Liberal newspaper is well-known. During the 1988 election, for instance, the paper was one of handful of Canadian news outlets to take an editorial stance against the Tory darling of Free Trade, once again endorsing the Liberals. Since and before, the paper has been steeped in Liberal tradition, and this partisanship was just as evident during this year's federal election, as evidenced by the use of polls, in particular. Whether it concerned placement, context, or lack there of, time and again, the paper used polling information to the best advantage of the Liberals, even when there was not much that could be done.
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Public Opinion in Elections, 2004.
A look at how public opinion can be used as the primary tool in an election campaign.
1,515 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the use of polling data about public opinion to formulate a strategy is the single most essential element in a successful campaign and how, by properly employing public opinion in a campaign, the candidate increases his or her chance for election. It demonstrates how, in general, today, the campaign revolves around the necessity to interpret the poll information and respond accordingly to the public's desires.
From the Paper
"In the last decade the modern election has moved in the direction of more important campaign consultants. Politicians need to delegate the jobs in an election to multiple people who have a set goal of being voted to office. As stated in Sabato?s American Government, ?Many critics claim that consultants strip campaigns of substance and reduce them to a clever bag of tricks for sale, even blaming the degeneration of American Politics in the latter half of this century on the rise of the political consultant? (p. 517). Running a successful campaign has turned into a game of sorts. No longer does the candidate with the best plan to represent his people come into office. They political consultant takes everything that the politician already has, and tries to mold all the information into an image that the public will buy. Campaigns raise money for a variety of tasks that need to be managed."
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Public Opinion Polls, 2007.
This paper argues that the role of the public in politics should be limited.
4,005 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses George Gallup's belief in the collective wisdom of the general public and their ability to govern in a democracy. The paper argues that due to the inherent limitations of the public to form quality public opinions, the public is not fit to play a direct role in a democracy. The paper then examines public opinion polls, the primary tool for the general public to govern in a democracy. The paper argues that polls have a number of methodological deficiencies that make their findings too questionable to be used as a way to adequately measure public opinion. MLA style endnotes are used in this paper in place of a bibliography.
From the Paper
"George Gallup, a pioneer of public opinion polling, believed in the collective wisdom of everyday citizens. He distrusted intellectuals and experts, and thought elite rule and democratic government were incompatible. The challenge for democracy, as he saw it, was "Shall the common people be free to express their basic needs and purposes, or shall they be dominated by a small ruling clique?" Essentially, how does one make those holding high public office responsive to the needs and wishes to the public? Gallup's answer: polls. Public polls, he argued, could be considered a "mandate from the people," a concrete expression of the policies the public desires the government to enact. Polls therefore allow for a more responsive, direct form of representative democracy. Importantly, behind Gallup's views lie two primary presumptions of the public and the use of public opinion as the basis for a democratic system: first, that the people are in fact capable of forming a quality public opinion, and second, that opinion polls are capable of accurately measuring this opinion."
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Public Opinion Polls, 1989.
Discusses political polls; cross-influences of public & polls; theory; Harris & Gallup polls; errors, pitfalls, fraud possibilities; effect on candidates and accuracy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" Opinion polls are by far one of the most used tools in the areas of politics, advertising, and market research. The use of polls within the context of a political campaign, the Gallup and Harris polls for instance, is the way in which most Americans become familiar with this type of research. Although polls are far from infallible, there is little doubt that their use has some value. As a leading research scholar said, "However partial, misleading or inconclusive polls may be as indicators of public opinion, they are better than anything else we've got" ("The," 1988, p. 1). Polls take on particular significance in Presidential election years, witnessed most recently by the 1988 campaign in which both Vice.President George Bush and Governor Michael Dukakis made extensive use of polls as an indicator of public views. Nevertheless, opinion polls have been severely (...)"
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Public Opinion and Immigration, 2007.
A review of public opinion towards immigration based on the results of scientific public polling.
4,830 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies the focus of research questions used by public opinion scientists to frame the issue of immigration in their studies. The author discusses the known attitudes of Americans towards immigration, including overall public opinion, specific attitudes of significant demographics and relevant research trends. The paper concludes that, even though public opinion regarding immigration is both socially and politically important, research on this topic is still relatively limited. The author points out that polls indicate that, while generally Americans do not support increased immigration, the overall public believes that immigration has benefited the country as a whole but has negatively affected certain economic and social issues. The author underscores that researchers have suggested that family relations and friendships with recent immigrants have shown to produce positive attitudes towards immigration while feelings of prejudice typically coincide with restrictionist immigration views. The paper includes tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methodological and Theoretical Issues Presented by Scientific Public Polls
Objectives and Insights: Overall View, Significant Demographic Disparities and Notable Trends
Attitudes towards Immigration Levels with Possibilities for Future Work
Attitudes towards Immigration in General and Regarding Specific Concerns
Proposed Explanations of Inconsistencies and Possibilities for Future Research
Explaining the Gap between Ethnicities with Recommendations for Future Research
Explaining the Gap between Public and Elites' views with Prospects for Future Work
Two Brief Anomalous Periods in 40-Year Trend Reveals Apathy
Possible Factors Influencing Public Opinion: Significant Case Studies
Methodological and Theoretical Issues Identified with Proposed Framework for Future Research
Kathleen Moore: Direct Exposure Theory
Peter Burns and James Gimpel: Prejudice Fueled by Economic Anxiety
Charles Chandler and Tsai Yung-mei: Ranging Social Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A more likely explanation for this gap is represented by the public's combined ignorance, and even sometimes apathy towards immigration legislation. Take, for example, the Gallup polls surveying public opinion towards the proposed 2007 immigration bill. Despite extensive news coverage and the fact that this poll was conducted just days before Congress was scheduled to debate the bill, the number of respondents claiming to have paid attention to the legislation is discouraging. 40% admit to paying little or no attention to the issue, 42% were somewhat attentive while only 18% followed the bill closely."
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World Public Opinion, 2002.
This paper defines public opinion and examines whether governments have used public opinion as a political weapon.
3,236 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define 'world public opinion' by drawing upon facets of what we understand of 'public opinion' and by drawing on insights in existing literature. It argues that we see the communication of opinion as a feature of dynamic systems, not merely as a tool unto itself that exists purely as someone's weapon, but an inherent characteristic of human society.
Outline
Public Opinion and Consent
The Notion of World Public Opinion
Opinion as an Inalienable Part of an Open System
References
From the Paper
In the texts from the Western political tradition, the existence of government as moral arbiter for a community of individuals has been assumed to depend on the consent of the ruled. This started off with the idea of the Athenian democracy, where the decisions of the polis were decided with the elites and an assembly of citizens in counsel through discussion and debate. Even as Niccolo Machiavelli generally wrote of the Prince as only needing to appear good, he also wrote that "one of the most powerful remedies that a prince has against conspiracies is not to be hated by the people generally" and even if Machiavelli did note the alternative of securing consent to rule from "those communities which are most powerful" - the soldiers, it is still consent of a different stripe.
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The Supreme Court and Public Opinion, 2006.
An analysis of the effect that the Supreme Court has on public opinion.
2,721 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses the effects of Supreme Court decisions on public opinion as debated by Johnson and Martin in "The Public Conditional Responses to Supreme Court Decisions," Mishler and Sheenan's "The Supreme Court as a Countermajoritarian Institution? The Impact of Public Opinion on Supreme Court Decisions" and Rosenberg in his book "The Hollow Hope". This paper argues that the Supreme Court does have an effect on public opinion but that such effects are conditional.
From the Paper
"It would be simple to conclude that the Supreme Court either has an effect on public opinion or that it has no effect whatsoever on public opinion. The correct conclusion would be to say that the Supreme Court has an effect on public opinion and that such effect is not always clearly determinable. In other words, "The Supreme Court can and does influence public attitudes toward highly salient issues, but its effect is conditional" (Johnson and Martin, 1998, 306). This is known as the Conditional Response Theory, as established by Johnson and Martin in their article The Public's Conditional Response to Supreme Court Decisions. Johnson and Martin assert that the Conditional Response Theory is based on three facts: First, the Supreme Court is viewed as a creditable institution and therefore a highly legitimate one. "
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Public Opinion, 2002.
This paper looks at the effects of public opinion on politics.
2,470 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues relating to public opinion. It discusses what moves public opinion and the implications for the political process. This paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the relationship between policy making and public opinion.
From the Paper
"Public opinion is both essential and vital in our information-fueled democracy. Many factors influence politicians, including constituents, lobbyists, mass media, political parties, and special interest groups. In addition, politicians are directly and indirectly influenced by public opinion, i.e., sentiments expressed by citizens regarding a particular issue. Public opinion is crucial to policymaking because it has the ability to determine or shape policymakers? choices. Unlike lobbyists, political parties, and special interest groups, public opinion is less vulnerable to external influences and motivations (i.e., the desire to vote a certain way in the hopes of gaining increased financial support). Likewise, public opinion creates an opportunity for politicians to get in touch with their constituents and to understand their views. This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues relating to public opinion. Part II discusses what moves public opinion. In Part III, the implications for the political process are examined. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the relationship between policymaking and public opinion."
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Sexual Equality and U.S. Public Opinion, 2006.
A discussion regarding the attitudes toward sexual equality within U.S. public opinion.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper starts off discussing the importance of public opinion in a democratic society. It then discusses how statistical principles of voter polls offer a scientific method of exploring how the public views candidates and their issues. According to the paper, a candidate's previous political and work experience, education, race, religion, and gender, may influence how he or she is received by the voters. Sexual equality, in particular, is often discussed in connection with American politics. This paper reviews how U.S. public opinion views sexual equality as a value and whether America's attitude toward gender and equality has truly changed, and if so, how it has changed.
From the Paper
"True or not, these beliefs reflect real issues for America's two major parties. A party that is perceived as being unfavorable to women's rights i.e. does not support sexual equality, may not receive as many votes from women as a party that is seen as being strong in its support of sexual equality. On the other hand, many voters might associate a push for sexual equality with the denigration and abandonment of traditional values, in this case symbolized by traditional, "separate but equal" gender roles. Public opinion polls help both Republicans and Democrats to tailor their message to the electorate at large. On the most basic level, the question of sexual equality in American politics centers on the gender of potential candidates. The higher the office aspired to, the more urgent the need to answer the questions: all other things being the same, would Democrats vote for Hillary Clinton over a male challenger, or would Republican voters choose Condoleeza Rice over an equally-qualified Republican man? Would voters of either party choose a woman over a man?"
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"Public Opinion and the Supreme Court", 2002.
An analysis of the book "Public Opinion and the Supreme Court" by Marshall, in light of the O.J. Simpson trial.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A book report and analysis of Thomas R. Marshall's "Public Opinion and the Supreme Court". The book itself concerns the influence of public opinion, the media, and interest groups on the decisions handed down by the Court, and vice versa. The conclusion points out that the influence of the public has grown (or the Court's has diminished) in the wake of the OJ Simpson trial.
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The Power of ?Public Opinion? in Europe from 1750 to 1815, 2001.
This is a study on the growth of public opinion and political debate in eighteenth century Europe, and the consequences this had for its rulers.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This essays charts the emergence of 'public opinion' as a political force in Europe, through newspaper readership, books, pamphlets, and improved transport, with particular reference to Britain, France and Germany. It shows the liberalizing effect this had on the monarchy, as they slowly became answerable to their own people.
From the Paper
"Pre-eighteenth century traditional monarchies in Europe expected to be able to rule over their people without being questioned or without providing explanation for their policies. Opposition was in the form of rival families in the aristocracy, and battles were fought on the grounds of religion, land and power. Little relevance was given to political and social issues, neither by the ruling classes nor the people they ruled over."
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Political Corruption and Public Opinion, 2006.
This paper examines America's public opinion on the political corruption surrounding electoral campaigns.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper focuses on America's lack of faith and trust in the reforms directed at campaign financing and funding. The writer of this paper stresses that America's growing distrust in the electoral process is due to the amount of funding needed to launch and run an effective campaign. The writer explores the rising costs involved in running an election campaign while stressing the relative ease for any candidate to simply purchase a political post, albeit at the right price. This paper contends that the only way to once again regain the public's trust and support is to adopt and implement strict electoral and finance reforms and regulations. This paper delves into the growing abundance of reform initiatives aimed at making political elections more ethical and less dependent on personal wealth and/or large external donations.
From the Paper
"The clean elections style of campaign finance reform has a great deal of favorable potential for success, mainly because of its delicate balance between the opposing schools of thought on campaign finance. In other words, the clean elections system is very capable of respecting the rights of those who wish to exercise their free speech (in order that all citizens have opportunities to be "active and equal partners" in the political arena through high levels of spending on campaigns), as well as attempting to level the playing field, which many view as a highly important strength of clean elections. Considering our representative democratic government in the light of a collective partnership with an emphasis on equal, individual rights demonstrates the strong advantages of a clean elections system."
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Public Opinion and the Declaration of War, 1993.
Looks at the role of public opinion, the president and congress in the declaration of the Gulf War and the military action in Bosnia.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The decision to go to war is a difficult one for any President. The question faced is whether that decision is made entirely on the basis of a perceived military need and to what degree public opinion influences the decision. The matter has been raised recently with reference to Bosnia-Herzegovina as it seems that the administration may be holding back from doing something to help the Serbs while ascertaining the trend in public opinion. It is likely that politicians have always been concerned with how the public would react to a declaration of war, but that does not mean that Presidents have always tried to determine that reaction beforehand as a way of deciding whether or not to declare war. In an age in which polling has become a science and an on-going process for news organizations, candidates, and government ..."
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Media?s Influence on Public Opinion, 2004.
Position paper arguing that the press tends to favor the Republicans.
2,518 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the press is biased in favor of the Republicans. Examples of how the press reports in a positive manner about Republican values and politicians and in a negative manner about Democratic values and politicians are cited to illustrate this bias.The paper shows how this bias positively influences public opinion regarding the Republicans and negatively influences public opinion regarding the Democrats.
From the Paper
"Since the election of Jimmy Carter in 1976, the press has, generally, favored Republicans. To be sure, Jimmy Carter was elected, and so was Bill Clinton, another Democrat. Carter was not re-elected; Clinton was, but by the end of his second term, even his charisma could not carry the nation?s regard, especially as an increasingly conservative mood gripped more than just the very few owners of the conglomerate news media. And, increasingly, the press was negative. The Monica Lewinsky affair, reported by a press increasingly enamored of ?family values,? ensured that Clinton?s achievements would be eclipsed in the public consciousness by his very human failings."
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The Influence of Media "Agenda Setting" on Public Opinion, 2002.
A discussion of the claim that "agenda setting" by the popular media is the most important factor in shaping the public?s view of the importance of an issue.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the research that has been done on the phenomenon of agenda setting by the popular media, and the influence it has on public opinion. The relevant literature is reviewed, demonstrating that a plethora of studies have established that agenda setting is a common occurrence in the popular media. The opposing argument, that the evidence for agenda setting is purely correlational, is addressed. The effects that this influence has on the public's view of what issues are important are explored.
From the Paper
"Agenda setting is a real phenomenon, and is the most important factor in shaping the public?s view of the relative importance of a story. Early studies in communications revealed that the media had a minimal effect on public thinking. As such, the study of agenda setting has become one of the first real investigations into the powerful effect of the media on public opinion (Morgan). Agenda setting is important because it shows that the news media has an important role to play in the subjects that the public think about. Agenda setting, in its most insidious form, tells the public what political matters to consider important (Severn & Tankard)."
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