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An Elected Judiciary, 2008.
This paper explores the ethical issues involved in having elected versus unelected judiciaries and having a mandatory retirement age.
848 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the ethical advantages and disadvantages of the practice of electing justices to the Supreme Court of Virginia, or of any American state. The paper considers the argument most commonly put forward by opponents of elected judiciaries but maintains that this argument is not as strong as its supporters might wish. The paper also looks at the ethical benefits to be found in having mandatory retirement ages imposed upon all presiding justices.
From the Paper
"The distinguished career of Harry L. Carrico immediately brings to the forefront the issue of what ethical advantages may be found in having a mandatory retirement age in place for justices. Because Justice Carrico and his colleagues have all been elected to the Supreme Court of Virginia (after having been nominated by the Governor, of course) it may be said that their tenure is characterized by a democratic strain that is not to be found in other western democracies (such as Canada) where jurists are selected to appellate courts (most notably the Supreme Court of Canada) and do not have to go through the rigorous process of winning confirmation in both houses of a bicameral legislature. While the American (and Virginian) model may strike some foreigners as dangerously permissive (placing as it does great power in an elected body to determine the composition of a court when such a state of affairs can easily lead to politics being injected into the proceedings) it does have many advantages."
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U.S. and British Judiciary Branch, 2005.
A comparison and contrast of the structure of the U.S. and British governmental judiciary branch.
2,597 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The structure of the judiciary branch of the government in the United States and the United Kingdom are quite different. The paper points out that textbooks in relation to the American government and politics pay substantial attention to the role of the judiciary; while many textbooks on the government and politics of the United Kingdom have virtually ignored the role of judges in Britain. The purpose of this work is to research and examine the lack of information and attention to the role and function of the judicial branch of the British government and to compare and contrast the judicial branches of the U.S. and the United Kingdom.
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
I. The Legislative and Judicial Branch in the U.S. versus the U.K.
A. The United States
B. Great Britain
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is common knowledge that the Constitution of the United States is preserved very studiously in a vault that is lowered into an airtight and secure chamber each evening. The United States Constitution in its written form is a treasured patriotic document symbolically as well as in substance as it states the premises on which America was declared to be independent and free of the sovereignty of the Crown as well as stating other inalienable rights that are held to be sacred by Americans who are patriotic and love the United States. There is a pronounced difference in the form of the U.S. and British Constitution in that the British constitution is not preserved in written form as is the constitution of the United States. Instead it is formed by statute in part, by law in part, by convention in part, and can be altered by general agreement for the creation, variation or abolishing of a convention and finally may be changed. Finally the constitution may go through changes or alterations due to an Act of Parliament. Although the sections of the government in the United Kingdom can often be observed overlapping one another each part of the government has a specific role to fulfill."
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The Canadian Judiciary: Balancing Public and Private Spheres, 2001.
Focuses on explaining the Judiciary's role in Canadian society.
3,090 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper represents an attempt to identify the Canadian Judiciary's ability to balance the interests of the public and private sphere's according to changing social and political attitudes, as well as an evaluation of internal characteristics of the judiciary and how they necessarily effect this balance.
From the Paper
"Without question the judiciary's role in protecting individual liberties is valuable, however there are certain elements involved in the judicial process that have made its role highly controversial. The undemocratic nature of the judiciary calls into question its merit in handing down "activist" decisions that see the judiciary competing with legislatures to form the laws of Canada. Similarly, the its undemocratic, unrepresentative nature creates suspicion as to whether the judiciary is interested in protecting the rights of the common man which is the underlying purpose of the Charter. Perhaps of greatest concern is the tremendous scope of interpretive power the legislature commonly leaves to the judiciary, through the formation of unspecific, inconclusive legislation."
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The Role of the Judiciary in the American Legal System, 2002.
The paper discusses to what extent the court system should be involved in making politically-charged rulings. It discusses the history of this issue and the way that events have dictated the size and nature of the judiciary's role.
1,117 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper argues against judicial activism, maintaining that it is a dangerous concept only appropriate in extraordinary situations. It explains the fact that the judiciary's independent nature gives it considerable unchecked power. The paper advocates judicial restraint but agrees that judicial activism is justified when the aggrieved party has no other recourse.
From the Paper
"Americans have debated the proper role of the judiciary since the nation was founded in the 1780s. Though the founders established the judiciary as one of the three equal branches of government, the Federal Courts did not assert that role until the mid-20th century. Indeed, the nation's leaders and courts themselves have often been wary of the judiciary because it is such an undemocratic institution. Federal judges wield considerable power, often unchecked except by other judges, and they wield such power for life."
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The 2004 Canadian Federal Election, 2005.
This paper discusses the 2004 Canadian Federal election, which was a watershed election in the political history of Canada because it shows the trend towards coalition governments as in Italy.
1,958 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Canadian Federal Elections 2004, also called the 38th General Election, which were held on June 28, 2004, resulted in the Liberal government of Prime Minister Paul Martin losing its majority but still were able to form a minority government, being the single largest party. The author points out that the elections were preceded by a 36-day intensive election campaign, which was marked by the fact that all the leaders of the three major national parties were changed after the 37th General Elections of 2000. The paper relates that Prime Minister Paul Martin was expected to have an easy victory and form the fourth consecutive Liberal majority government, but the impact of sponsorship scandal reduced the margin of victory and the Liberals could not have a clear majority.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Issues
Gender Mix in Nomination
Seats Won
Division of Votes (%)
From the Paper
"The Conservative party leader was quite sanguine when he said: "We will accept the verdict of the Canadian people but will remind the government...they will be held accountable." The threat of the Conservative party was a Damocles' sword having over the head of the Liberal government. The Liberal win had the seeds of its own defeat in its victory. Historically, Canada had nine minority governments and none of them lasted for more than two years. These minority governments have been limited by their ability to get their bills passed. Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative party, realized that Ontario is the most important province where he did not fare well."
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2000 Election, 2002.
A discussion of the 2000 U.S. presidential elections and a comparison to the elections of 1876.
993 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief insight to the main events of the 2000 U.S. presidential elections. It analyzes how George W. Bush won the original vote in Florida and then won a recount of the same vote and how the Gore team opposed Bush's win, trying to hold on as long as they could. They claimed that the "butterfly" ballot used in several counties, including the Democratic Palm Beach County, was unconstitutional. It compares these events to the elections of 1876 between Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican governor like Bush and how like the 2000 election, the outcome of the 1876 election depended largely upon contested votes, recounts and even legal posturing in Florida .
From the Paper
"The legal ballot used in Palm Beach County was actually designed by an elected Democrat official. Prior to the election, it was reviewed and approved by both Democrats and Republicans, publicized, and mailed to all registered voters in a sample ballot. New ballots were also provided for voters who complained of making mistakes. At the request of the Gore's team, hand-counts of individual ballots were conducted in many Democratic counties, including Palm Beach. However, during the first hand-count in Palm Beach, the standard was changed for judging whether or not a ballot was valid."
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The Election of 1876, 2004.
This paper discusses the 1876 election, which was marred by a controversy over ballots, and compares it to the 2000 elections.
2,955 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Republicans were represented by Rutherford B. Hayes, while the Democrats were represented by Samuel B. Tilden. The author points out that the 1876 election, a highly publicized and explosive battle between the Democrats and the Republicans, took place ten years after the Civil War, a crucial time for the United States of America. The paper compares the election of 1876 and the election of 2000; a candidate had to face defeat in the jaws of victory, the electoral votes were in dispute in the state of Florida, and the outgoing president tainted with scandals had completed two terms in office.
Table of Contents
Introduction: What Is an Election?
Brief Study of the 1876 Election
History of the 1876 Election
From the Paper
"The Democratic Party believed that the Republicans stood to lose due to the record levels of corruption in the administration of President Grant. The Democratic Party also believed that people were tired of the Republican Party as they were responsible for the economic crisis, which had hit the nation and had left them all suffering as a result. The republicans were also hated due to their constant quotation of the term reconstruction. Reconstruction was something, which the southern states, hated, as they had to adapt according to the plans laid out by the reconstruction process."
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The 2004 U.S. Presidential Election, 2005.
This paper discusses the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, including background, election results and an assessment of what each campaign did right and wrong.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the 2004 Presidential elections were not as contentious as the 2000 election and may not go down in history as one of the worst election in history, it certainly changed the way many politicians look at elections and the way the Democratic Party will attack elections in the future. The author points out that the campaign issues were quite clear and quite emotional on both sides: President Bush ran on a conservative ticket, opposing moral issues such as gay-marriage, abortion and gun control: whereas, Senator Kerry's focused on the positive and was far more liberal on just about every issue, from gay marriage to foreign policy. The paper states that Senator Kerry's campaign could not rouse the American people as much as President Bush's could and it seems that many of Kerry's supporters and political advisors did not know how to advise Kerry; therefore, he seemed to "flip-flop" on many of his positions.
From the Paper
"Election week was a flurry of campaigning, political ads, and polls. In the Showdown States, many voters complained of numerous phone calls and in-person visits from both parties, along with many special interest groups who were employing every measure they could in a last ditch effort to elect their specific candidate. The polls showed the election was extremely close (nearly 50-50), and so, the campaigning was much more intense than many people remembered in previous years. The battle for electoral votes seemed all in Kerry's favor early in the election results, when many East Coast polls closed. Kerry won in many East Coast states, including New York and Massachusetts, but Bush carried the states in the Midwest, such as Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and of course, Ohio. These states tend to be more conservative in their outlook, and are traditionally Republican strongholds, and this was the case in 2004."
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Local Elections in the City of York, U.K., 2004.
This paper discusses that the reasons why the City of York, U.K., like many cities in Western democracies, is experiencing the problem of low voter turnout in elections.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in a democracy, when so few people turn out for an election, it denies legitimacy to the government that is elected and often results in a government that is not answerable to the people because that government was only elected by a small percentage of the people. The author points out three main reasons for the small voter local election: the United Kingdom's use of the First Past the Post system for local elections; the age of the voters; and the proximity of the voters to the polling places. The paper relates that most European nations now use a proportional system for national and local elections, making the United Kingdom's use of the First Past the Post system for local elections somewhat of a relic.
From the Paper
"However, there is still a third variable which must be considered in this problem. The vicinity of the voters to the polling places has been found to have a bearing on how many people participate in the local elections. In areas in which residents live less than five minutes away from the polling place for a local election, voter turnout has been found to be very high, almost sixty-five percent in some cases. However, in areas in which voters lived more than five minutes away from their polling places, voter turnout dropped astoundingly to around thirty-five percent. This indicates that voters want convenience in their polling places, probably because people today lead such busy lives that it is difficult for them to take much time out of their day to go and vote in a local election."
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Election Cycle Politics, 2007.
An analysis of the problems caused to presidential policies, resulting from election year politics.
1,262 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems that are created during election year politics and how they are often blamed for the demise of entire presidential agendas; even cherished economic policies. The paper explains the election cycle and then explains the executive and legislative branches of government. Finally, the paper discusses the power of the elected official.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Election Cycle
Executive v. Legislative Branches
Elected Officials
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The entire political apparatus in the U.S. is fairly tainted by special interest and lobby groups that have co-opted the political process for their benefit and gain. While the average citizen has seen his influence and vote become extremely minimized over the past 20 years or so, the influence of institutional forces and private enterprise has blossomed into clear policy forces. While the President may stump for votes in on Main Street during an election cycle, he spends most of his administrative efforts furthering the interests of Wall Street and Park Avenue which is where his party's largest political donors reside. Until this situation is resolved, the average individual will continue to have his or her political voice eroded."
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Election Poll Results and Public Opinion, 2006.
A look at how election poll results have been used to sway public opinion during a Canadian federal election.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This essay explores the use and power of public opinion polls by news media during a Canadian federal election. The focus is the Toronto Start and indicates the bias to the Liberals. Furthermore, whether it concerned placement, context, or lack there of, time and again, the paper used polling information to the best advantage of the Liberals, even when there was not much that could be done.
From the Paper
"The fact that The Toronto Star is a Liberal newspaper is well-known. During the 1988 election, for instance, the paper was one of handful of Canadian news outlets to take an editorial stance against the Tory darling of Free Trade, once again endorsing the Liberals. Since and before, the paper has been steeped in Liberal tradition, and this partisanship was just as evident during this year's federal election, as evidenced by the use of polls, in particular. Whether it concerned placement, context, or lack there of, time and again, the paper used polling information to the best advantage of the Liberals, even when there was not much that could be done.
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Economy and Elections, 2002.
A look at the effect of the status of the economy on the results of an election.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This piece provides an overview of the economy during elections. Using data from economists Ray Fair and Patrick Lynch, the author analyzes the notion that a strong economy (high GDP, low inflation) help incumbents get re-elected, while economic weakness helps the opposite party get elected. The author also asserts that a weak economy combined with high amounts of crime can also affect the outcome of a given election. The most important factor, however, is not which party can best control the economy, but which one can best control the illusion.
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Nicaraguan Elections of November, 1996, 1996.
Pre-election conditions. Reviews 1990 election & effects, role of U.S., six years under President Chamoro, economics, parties & candidates, constitutional issues.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"NICARAGUA: ELECTIONS 1996
Introduction
A national election is scheduled in Nicaragua in November 1996 (Rohter A7). This research examines the political environment in Nicaragua in this period of the run-up to the election.
The Last General Election: 1990
The last general election in Nicaragua was held in 1990, when on 25 February a so-called business-oriented, non liberal government headed by Violeta Chamoro was elected (Mulligan 32). Political participation in Nicaragua on the part of those who oppose the government is most often violent, because the government in power attempts to insure that opponents cannot be victorious through the electoral process. Exceptions to that case occurred in.."
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Presidential Elections, 1987.
Discusses problems, shortcomings & injustices in theory, structure & process of election system and emphasizing Reagans' 1980 & 1984 victories. Examines electoral college, indirect elections, TV dominated campaigns and primaries.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 8 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"This study will investigate problems associated with the system of Presidential elections, dealing in general with the theory and structure of the Presidential election process, and specifically with the elections of 1980 and 1984 in which Ronald Reagan triumphed in landslide victories over Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale.
The most common criticism of the Presidential election process in the past (that is, before the advent of television, debates presented immediately to the nation as a whole, the emergence of the primaries, campaign lengths and costs, etc.) has centered on the Electoral College. The major criticism of the Electoral College has been that it serves as an impediment to the direct election of the President by the people.
However, as Cummings and Wise write, that was the very(...)"
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Election Reform, 5.
This paper discusses the history of election reform in the U.S..
3,245 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the founding fathers, who wrote the Constitution, were extreme elitists, who gave (1) suffrage to all white men with property and (2) the power to elect the highest executive office, not to the people, but to the Electoral College or the House of Representatives. The author points out that, although the Constitution has been amended to permit people of color, women, 18 year-olds and residents of the District of Columbia to vote in both local and national elections; the U.S. Congress, unlike most other countries, still retains (1) the voting day as "the first Tuesday in November" instead of a weekend day and (2) indirect election of the President through the Electoral College. The paper relates that the bipartisan bill, HR 57, would establish a nonpartisan 12-member commission to examine the advisability and feasibility of proportional voting systems, instant runoff voting, voting system technology and and other issues such as the Electoral College and voter registration options including same-day registration and universal registration.
Table of Contents
Why Do We Need Continuous Reform of the Election Process?
A Short History of Amendments to the Voting Process as Defined by the U.S. Constitution
Article XXIV
Section 1
Section 2
Article XXIII
Section 1
Article XXVI
Section 1
If, How and Why Should We Now Amend the Constitution in Response to the Election of 2000?
Conclusion: Can We Afford a Disenchanted Voting Majority?
From the Paper
"Once African Americans were allowed to register to vote without paying a poll tax, local electors used strong-armed tactics by lawful and unlawful groups such as the local sheriff and the Klu Klux Klan, to dissuade any civic-minded individuals of color. Those people of color who were willing to face physical and financial coercion were further subjected to stringent intellectual requirements as a prerequisite to registering to vote. The black population had to quote chapter and verse of the State and U.S. Constitution and analyze it in order to qualify to vote. Men belonging to the white population in the South only had to prove they could read at the second grade level and write their names. Given that those in power were the ones to create electoral divisions in the various states, those in power artificially created voting blocks that were favorable to their own ends, not to that of the people. We still face that problem today."
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