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The Eisenhower Doctrine, 2002.
Discussion of the Middle East in the 1950s.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discussion of the Middle East in the 1950s. Formation of the Baghdad Pact, a military alliance to defend the Middle East. U.S. response to the pact. The Eisenhower Doctrine & its concerns regarding Communist penetration into the Arab world. Details the major poiints of the Doctrine. Economic interests of the U.S. in the area.
From the Paper
"The United States in the 1950s worked to draw the Middle Eastern countries into a broader military scheme that would encompass the region as a whole, but this proved impossible as the Arab world was reluctant to enter into such an arrangement. In some areas in the North, the Soviet menace was ever present, and the United States turned her attention in this direction. The Baghdad Pact of 1955 was part of this effort and united in a military alliance three non-Arab countries (Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan), one Arab country (Iraq), and one Western country (Britain). The U.S. did not formally adhere in part out of fear that it would alienate forever the revolutionary regime in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world, but American civil and military representatives were active on various committees of the Baghdad Pact organization."
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The Doctrine of Constructive Resignation, 2006.
A critical analysis of the doctrine of constructive resignation and a discussion of whether or not it should be introduced or sustained in Malawian employment law.
15,553 words (approx. 62.2 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the doctrine of constructive resignation in the context of employment law or employment relationship. In particular, it attempts to address whether this doctrine should be introduced or sustained in employment law in Malawi. The paper proceeds on the premise that in Malawian employment law - statutory or case law- the doctrine of constructive resignation is not provided for. It is, however, recognized and applied in other jurisdictions namely, Unites States, Canada, United Kingdom and Philippines. This paper concludes with the recommendation that the doctrine be introduced in Malawi, although with necessary modifications to suit the employment situation and the right to fair labour practices.
Outline:
Acknowledgement
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Cases
Chapter One
Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of Problem
Objectives
Methodology
Lay Out of the Essay
Chapter Two
The Employment Relationship
Introduction
The Contract of Employment
Identifying the Contract of Employment
Employment Relationship
Nature of Employment Relationship
Terms, Conditions, Rights and Duties
Conclusion
Chapter Three
Termination of Employment
Introduction
Termination by Employer
Fair Dismissal
Lawful Dismissal
Termination by Employee
Rights Relating To Termination Of Employment
Conclusion
Chapter Four
The Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Introduction
The English Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Statement of the Doctrine
Theoretical Basis
The "Elective Theory"
The "Automatic Theory"
Elements of the Doctrine
Conduct
Fundamental or Repudiatory Breach
Self-Dismissal as the Result of Prior Agreement
The United States Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Conclusion
Chapter Five
Should The Doctrine Of Constructive Resignation Be Introduced Or Sustained?
Introduction
The English Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
The United States Doctrine of Constructive Resignation
Conclusion
Chapter Six
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Of late, it has been in issue whether one can or has constructively resigned10. This is in issue in Malawi and other jurisdictions. The doctrine of constructive resignation is to the effect that if the conduct of the employee amounts to a repudiation or a fundamental breach of the contract of employment the said conduct automatically terminates the contract, in which case it is the employee rather than the employer who will be deemed to have terminated it. The employer is entitled to dismiss him even without hearing him. He may as well say: "he sacked himself"11. In Malawi there is no statutory doctrine of constructive resignation, and apparently there is currently no case which has said the doctrine is applicable in our employment law."
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Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine, 2005.
Discusses the background and history of the common-law doctrine of forum non conveniens.
4,237 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 50 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
In its purest form, the doctrine of forum non conveniens permits a court to deny jurisdiction of a matter where principles of justice and convenience favor dismissal. This paper discusses the background and history of the common-law doctrine of forum non conveniens, how the doctrine found its way into federal law, and how it eventually came to be used as a bar to lawsuits by foreign plaintiffs in the United States. The paper then discusses some of the arguments advanced by opponents of forum non conveniens, and the suggestions they have made to correct the perceived inequities of the doctrine. Finally, the paper identifies some important issues that remain undecided under the modern doctrine.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
History and Background of the Foreign Non Conveniens Doctrine
History of the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
Private and Public Interest Factors Developed In Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert
Forum Non Conveniens Almost Goes Extinct
The Modern "International" Doctrine of Foreign Non Conveniens
Forum Non Conveniens Re-Emerges and Goes International
Change of Law Loses Importance
The Two-Part Forum Non Conveniens Test
Application of the Modern Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Problems with the "New" Application of the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Alternatives to the Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine
Other Issues Identified by Federal Courts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Probably the best and most realistic way to fix the perceived inequity of the forum non conveniens doctrine is for the United States Supreme Court to provide federal courts with a little more guidance on the rule, and to relax the harsh effects that it has been found to have. Although the Piper court claimed that part of the value of the doctrine was its flexibility, the current standards are a little too flexible, and allow courts to dismiss cases brought by foreign plaintiffs too easily. American courts should take responsibility for enforcing justice where justice is due, instead of continuously worrying about how many cases are on the docket."
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Eisenhower and Cuba, 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship between the Eisenhower administration and Cuba.
5,612 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer researches the political developments in Cuba during the Eisenhower administration. The writer looks at how the Eisenhower administration viewed and reacted to political developments in Cuba during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. The writer notes that the relationship between the United States and Cuba changed under the leadership of Dwight Eisenhower for many reasons, which include the fact that during the Eisenhower administration the United States had begun with a plot to overthrow Fidel Castro's leadership in Cuba. Further, the writer points out that there are certainly other factors that were key to many of the policies and decisions made by the administration during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and that all of those cannot be within the scope of the present work. However, the writer notes that it is clear that economic drivers were largely calculated into U.S. policy during the time of Eisenhower's presidency. These were characterized by nuclear arms creation and buildup and communist threats arising throughout the globe. Furthermore, the writer concludes that the proximity of Cuba and the association with communist forces played a great role in the decision-making process in Washington.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
American Interests in Cuba Defined
The Background of Dwight D. Eisenhower
The Background of Fidel Castro
Economic Reasons Castro Gained Support in the Revolt
American Policy Toward Cuba - Assistance to Batista
Fidel Castro's Revolt Ousts Batista
Bilateral Attack Launched on Castro by the U.S.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Analysis and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eisenhower's form of leadership was one that delegated responsibility, appearing as though he was not making key decisions and working only behind the scenes. The Domestic Policy of Eisenhower one a middle of the road policy balancing the freedom of the individual with the needs demanded in consideration of the whole nation as well. Eisenhower did not believe in intervention on a federal level of economic or social aspects and stressed the balancing of the budget. During the Eisenhower administration the welfare state experienced growth and social security was provisioned to 10 million more than previously and minimum wage was raised as well. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare was created and the polio vaccine was distributed. During the Eisenhower administration the highway system came into being along with the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956 with 42,000 miles of interstate funded through fuel and vehicle taxes. Job growth was stimulated as the trucking and automobile industries fought for laws and up sprang the fast food and motel industries which accelerated the growth of suburbs and a homogeneous national culture simultaneously. It was the fear of Eisenhower that defense spending of massive proportions would result in an unstable economy and development of a military industrial complex."
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The Bush Doctrine, 2005.
This paper examines the U.S. foreign policies of 'containment' and the 'Bush Doctrine'.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'Bush Doctrine', implemented in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks, has given a decisive new direction to the U.S. foreign policy, which was previously based on the principles of containment and deterrence. The author points out that this new foreign policy principles of pre-emption and unilateralism immediately were put to test by the U.S. administration by its war with Iraq. The paper relates that the results of this change in policy have been mixed and it is still too early to tell whether the Bush Doctrine would prove to be a long-term, lasting and successful change in U.S. foreign policy or the country would have to revert back to the time-tested and less controversial principles of containment, deterrence and multilateralism.
Table of Contents
Policy of Containment: Origin and History
The 'Bush Doctrine': its Roots and Implementation
The Defense Planning Guidance Draft of 1992
Neo-Cons' Letter to President Clinton (1998)
George W. Bush & His Foreign Policy 'Tutors'
Terrorists Provide the Opportunity
From Containment to Preemption
Formal Pronouncement of the Bush Doctrine: The US National Security Strategy
Preemption
Unilateralism
US Hegemony
Actively Promoting Democracy, and Liberty around the World
Pros and Cons of the New Bush Doctrine
Cons
Tarnished US Image
Invitation to Isolation and Enmity
Unethical Doctrine
Invites Abuse and Sets a Precedent for Others
Democracy Cannot be Exported
Pros
Threat of Terrorism needs New Strategy
Pre-emption by US: not the First Time
Is the Bush Doctrine Succeeding?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The doctrine of preemptive war invites abuse because it offers no criteria by which to judge whether a threat justifies a preemptive strike. The U.S. invasion of Iraq is an appropriate example of such a 'preemptive' war in which there was arguably no imminent threat of an attack except in the sole judgment of the Bush administration. It also sets a dangerous precedent for others to follow in order to settle their regional differences. There are a number of current political disputes around the world in which the stronger adversary could invoke the 'preemptive' doctrine to attack its weaker neighbor. For example, China could attack Taiwan over the question of Taiwan's independence; India could attack Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute, and Russia is already threatening to attack Georgia over the alleged cross-border terrorist activities of Chechen guerillas."
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The Doctrine of Eclipse and the Indian Constitution, 2008.
Analyzes decided legal cases to study the doctrine of eclipse and the Indian Constitution.
4,965 words (approx. 19.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the doctrine of eclipse and its relationship to the Indian Constitution. The author points out that, by virtue of this doctrine, the legislature can simply revive an inconsistent pre-constitutional law by amending the Constitution. This results in legislative inertia. Thus, the paper concludes the doctrine largely benefits the executive and not the people.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nature and Scope
Research Questions
Doctrine of Eclipse
Applicability of Doctrine of Eclipse with regard to Post-Constitutional Laws
Article 13(1) is Not Retrospective
Distinction between Unconstitutionality from Lack of Legislative Competence and from Violation of Constitutional Limitations on Legislative Power
Distinctions between Article 13 (1) and 13 (2)
Supreme Court Decisions which point out the Distinctions between Articles 13 (1) and 13 (2) of the Constitution
Distinction between Voidness in the case of Pre-Constitutional Law and Post-Constitutional Law
Amendment can Revive a Pre-Constitutional Law but not a Post-Constitutional Law Declared Invalid
A Critical Analysis of Doctrine of Eclipse
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The amendment to the Constitution can revive pre-Constitutional laws if it removes the inconsistency associated with that law. This is by virtue of the application of doctrine of eclipse on pre-Constitutional laws which were not still born and would exist though eclipsed on account of the inconsistency to govern pre-existing matters. In the case of post-Constitution laws, they would be still born to the extent of the contravention. This would mean that the doctrine of eclipse is inapplicable in this case. There is no scope for the revival of a post-Constitutional law by an amendment of the Constitution."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2003.
Examines impact of the Federal Trade Commission's doctrine.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Examines the impact of the Federal Trade Commission's doctrine and its effects. Discusses the impact the Fairness Doctrine has had on society from a political, social, and legal perspective. Discusses the history of the FCC doctrine, and the purpose of the Doctrine in balancing views on controversial issues.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine required broadcasters in television and radio, as a condition of getting their licenses from the FCC, to cover controversial issues within their community by offering some ..."
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The Monroe Doctrine: A Weak Assertion of Independence, 2002.
This paper looks at the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 and discusses its significance in the path for American independence.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this paper, a history of the reasons and need for the Monroe Doctrine are thoroughly examined. The Doctrine was a powerful statement but the U.S. had very little power of enforcement. Reasons behind this are discussed. This paper also shows how the Monroe Doctrine appeared on the surface to be an American declaration of independence from a colony-hungry Europe but in fact the document had many weaknesses.
From the Paper
"By the early 1800s, America was becoming its own country and trying to separate itself from Europe. The United States wanted to prevent future colonization of the Americas by European countries and attempted to accomplish this by issuing the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823, designed to discourage European nations from colonization that would threaten America, was merely a declaration of America?s independence, not a demonstration of it."
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President Dwight David Eisenhower, 2005.
This paper discusses the leadership style of Dwight David Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States and the commanding generation of the forces in Europe during World War II, credited to a great extent with the victory in that conflict.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Eisenhower's leadership style was different from his immediate predecessors. The author points out that formerly the view of Eisenhower's leadership held that he showed little concern for getting programs passed and that he failed to establish legislative priorities; however, new assessments depict Eisenhower as a more careful legislative strategist, who achieved much by limiting the targets of his interest and efforts. The paper relates that Eisenhower clearly fit the era in which he was president and made use of the skills and character traits he possessed to lead the country.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review of Literature
Results and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Of course, these times were not completely quiet. The reaction to Sputnik and certain other incidents shows that during this period, the perception of the threat of a nuclear strike was raised to a high level in part as a means of driving American policy in certain directions. This was the beginning of the era when leaders were to be divided into hawks and doves, into those who sought more nuclear capability and those who sought disarmament and a reduction in confrontation. It was also the beginning of a time when more and more diplomatic and international tensions would be fueled by the response to the nuclear threat. Eisenhower responded to fear of the Soviets with increased observation by spy planes, such as the U-2 flight that crashed inside Russia and so created a major diplomatic problem for the United States."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the Fairness Doctrine in mass communications and argues that it should be reinstated.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Fairness Doctrine was a law that balanced mass media information, allowing time and credibility to all sides of a given argument so that the listener would receive credible and reliable information. The author relates that, along with the new pioneers of broadcast journalism, advertising, and editorial commentary, the Fairness Doctrine came about in the mid-20th century as an extension of First Amendment rights, which remained in place for most of the latter half of the 20th century, but was revoked by the FCC in the early 1980s after long years of misunderstandings, political conflicts, and conflicting precedents in various court cases. The paper stresses that, although networks even advertise that their news is ?fair and balanced?, it is not; the Fairness Doctrine must be reinstated as an ethical broadcasting rule designed to provide controversial issues with a balanced presentation, not censorship.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine is involved explicitly with radio and television
broadcasters, and states that there are responsibilities which these broadcasters must uphold to the public so that the information that the viewing and listening public receives is fair and balanced and opposing viewpoints get a chance to be presented. In essence, it is a measure of responsibility and accountability for the free press that is able to give counterarguments and provide a space for counterarguments regarding issues that are controversial and require a public forum so that the viewing and listening public can get a full cognizance of the issues being presented on both sides. Objectivity has always been a key tenet of journalism, but the achievement of objectivity is less clear and the Fairness Doctrine has responded to a need for clarity in this presentation by highlighting balanced reportage of issues that concern the public or may be political, controversial, or the subject of dis- or misinformation."
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2005.
A research based paper discussing the reasons why the "Fairness Doctrine" should be reinstated.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The U.S. "Fairness Doctrine" refers explicitly to radio and television broadcasters. It states that the information that the viewing and listening public receives should be fair and balanced and opposing viewpoints get a chance to be presented. This paper discusses what the "Fairness Doctrine" is, why it was discontinued and by whom. It presents several court cases that directly relate to it and why it is essential that the "Fairness Doctrine" be reinstated.
From the Paper
"Opponents of the Fairness Doctrine argue that it unconstitutional because it violates the 1st Amendment by dictating what individualss can and cannot say. This is a weak claim and has been generally disregarded when looking at the Fairness Doctrine. The Doctrine in no way violates the 1st Amendment; if anything, it strengthens those rights by assuring the public a clear and informed knowledge base. Broadcasters are allowed to have opinions on issues and to broadcast those opinions, but what the Fairness Doctrine does is ensure that they also allow space for people to speak who have an opposition to their view."
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The "Monroe Doctrine": Implications for Foreign Policy, 2005.
A look at the "Monroe Doctrine" and how it has influenced and continues to influence U.S. foreign policy.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the "Monroe Doctrine" and the principles that were established by this statement of policy. The paper explores the original intents of ?The Monroe Doctrine? and to what extent adherence is given to the Doctrine in the present and what implications that adherence has in regards to future foreign relations.
From the Paper
"South America and the United States, having very little in common in aspects of government, religion, or race did little trading or traveling between during the time of the 18th Century. This period was witness to war in South America between Napoleonic forces, King Ferdinand and revolutionaries within the South American countries. Spain and France were speaking of joining together in a war on the new Latin American republics that were Chile, Peru, Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. This prompted Britain to request that the U.S. join with them against Spain and France."
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"The Monroe Doctrine", 2005.
An examination of the "Monroe Doctrine", 19th century American president James Monroe's speech written by John Quincy Adams.
1,251 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the "Monroe Doctrine" and the principles that were established by this statement of policy. "The Monroe Doctrine? set as policy certain principles that have been adhered to by U.S. administration in regards to events in other countries. This paper explores the original intents of ?The Monroe Doctrine? and to what extent that adherence is given in the present and what implications that has in regards to future foreign relations.
From the Paper
"James Monroe was the United States President during the period of the creation of ?The Monroe Doctrine". Monroe, served two terms during the period that has been labeled the "Era of Good Feelings". The 19th Century witnessed significant changes and adjustments in view of global relationships and added a new dimension to the nation as well as the world at large. During this time Monroe made his famous speech, written by John Quincy Adams, which came to be known as ?The Monroe Doctrine?. "
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The Fairness Doctrine, 2007.
An examination of the Fairness Doctrine and how it conflicts with the principles as laid down by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the Fairness Doctrine and charts its application over its forty year history. It also examines the relevant Supreme Court cases in relation to the Doctrine and looks at how two presidents embraced the doctrine and used it to actively curtail free speech. The party political argument from both the Democratic and the Republican parties is examined and explained, with criticisms being illustrated throughout the paper.
From the Paper
"The Fairness Doctrine was first introduced at the beginning of anti-communist hysteria in the United States in 1949 and stated that opposing viewpoints on issues of controversy had to be presented in an equal manor, with equal time given to each viewpoint in the media. This rule however was not applied to newspapers, but only to the broadcast media outlets of television and radio. The doctrine was intended to enable a wider range of opinions to be aired, so that the public would be better informed about current events. The owners of radio and television stations were threatened with having their licences revoked or having to pay hefty fines if the rule was not stringently adhered to. "
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Dogma and Doctrine, 2007.
An analysis of the close relationship between dogma and doctrine within the Catholic faith.
1,336 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the true cohesion that exists between dogma and doctrine within the Catholic faith. The paper defines the terms dogma and doctrine and then relates them to Catholicism and how they are expressed within Catholic faith, individually. It then goes on to show how the two concepts are closely related and used together in Catholicism.
From the Paper
"In theory, the Roman doctrine of salvation by faith and works support the understanding of true doctrine. Yet, all subscribed in word, as well as in deed, to the overriding elicitations of a divine love that directed human response to the divine self before it taught the soul volitional self-awareness. Any fair-minded individual of such representative medieval thinkers as these must be impressed by their working acquaintance with the spirit of un-prudentialized agape. Furthermore, one must be conscious, likewise, of categorical explications native to a doctrine of saving works illogically fostered by at least some descendants of the sixteenth-century agape revival. One may remark a sobering fact, not altogether without its humble efficacy, at work in the most diversified Christian soteriologies. The evangelical movements within the Reformed tradition have often acted based on eschatological premises thoroughly redolent of medieval Christian societalism. (Petry, 1956, p. 379)"
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