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The Egyptian and Mayan Pyramids, 2006.
A paper comparing the similarities between the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and compares the pyramids of Egypt and those of the ancient Mayan culture, found in Mexico and parts of Central America. In an attempt to explain why these architectural legacies share so many striking similarities in spite of the thousands of years and geographical distances that separated the cultures that produced them, the paper considers what was important to the two civilizations and what it was that they were they trying to accomplish by building these complex and enormous structures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Egyptians
The Mayans
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Half a world and three thousand years apart, two ancient civilizations built a series of remarkably similar structures shaped like and known as pyramids - or The Pyramids to us latecomers. The Egyptians built theirs in the twenty-sixth century b.c., or earlier, a short distance inland from the west bank of the Nile River; to date, eighty are known to exist. Built between 250 and 800 a.d., the dozen or so Mayan pyramids excavated thus far are located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. The biggest, the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza in Egypt, was originally built to a height of 481 feet (though the top thirty feet have simply disintegrated over time) and was for more than four thousand years the largest man-made structure ever assembled. The Mayan pyramids are somewhat smaller, but imposing nonetheless."
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Egyptian and Mayan Writing, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of Egyptian and Mayan writing.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Egyptian language is one of the first languages to be put into written form by using hieroglyphics, a system that used symbolic pictures. The author points out that the ancient writing systems of Mesoamerica can be traced back to the cliff paintings by North American Indians in the desert Southwest. These are known as petroglyphs because they are written on stone. The paper relates that the Mayan languages were lost due to the European invasions, and early Egyptian writing was absorbed into Coptic and replaced by Arabic.
Table of Contents
Egyptian Writing
Mesoamerica (MAYA)
Development of scripts. Egyptian
Development of Scripts. Mayan
Why Are Those Two Written Languages Not in Use Anymore?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recently, Egyptian writing dating to 3,300 B.C. has been discovered. A German archaeologist has claimed that he has found what could be the earliest known human writing - records of linen and oil deliveries made about 5,300 years ago during the reign of a King named Scorpion in Southern Egypt. The discovery throws open for debate a widely held belief among historians that the first people to write were the Sumerians of the Mesopotamian civilization sometime before 3,000 B.C.."
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Mayan Culture, 2007.
A discussion of Mayan culture, including their art and religion.
2,807 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the ancient Mayan culture, with an emphasis on their art, religion and their daily lives. The author first examines the significance of the Mayan pyramids which still stand today. The pyramids are felt to give insights into the Mayan's religion and government. The paper continues by suggesting theories of why the Mayans disappeared. Despite the disappearance of ancient Mayans, the author suggests that cultural influences of the Mayans still exist in Central America today.
Outline:
Introduction-Who Were the Mayans?
The Case Against the Mayans
The Case for Mayan Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As for what architecture tells us about the Mayan people, the creation of pyramids and temples that were as large and time-consuming as those created by the Mayans indicate a race of people who were strong, intelligent, and willing to work together for a common goal. Very likely, Mayans were interested in their collective society, as well as their own families, and they worshiped their King. Religion was extremely important to them, as has been mentioned. They used their pyramids and other structures as places to worship, and reverence to their gods was a vital part of their daily lives."
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"Sinuhe the Egyptian", 2007.
This paper examines the story of "Sinuhe the Egyptian", as a work of ancient Egyptian literature.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer maintains that to read "Sinuhe the Egyptian" as solely a piece of political propaganda would significantly underestimate the narrative qualities of the tale and the maturity of ancient Egyptian literature. The writer notes that Miroslav Barta, an Egyptologist, claims that the text serves primarily as political propaganda, idealizing Egyptian society and especially its monarchy. The writer maintains that the lengthy poetic interlude at the point in the story at which Sinuhe meets the Syrian King for the first time does suggest an idealistic attitude toward the Egyptian theocracy. However, the writer notes that other scholars point out that Sinuhe demonstrates literary prowess; its ending comes as a surprise but only when read within a modern framework and corresponding biases. The writer concludes that rather than being propaganda, "Sinuhe the Egyptian" is more clearly an epic literary journey.
From the Paper
"In the first case, Sinuhe naturally waxes poetic about the ruler from whom he fled; he never once suggests that he doubts the divinity of the pharaoh's office. His fear of civil strife stems not from a disregard for the court but from personal cowardice (Lorton). Furthermore, he praises the new king so as to not appear weak and pitiable in the eyes of the Syrian King who discovered him. His positive attitude engenders favor, causing the Syrian King to trust him immediately and give him his daughter's hand in marriage as well as scores of wealth and land. If the Syrian King suspected that Sinuhe were a disloyal subject it is unlikely he would have offered such kind service."
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Egyptian and Greek Architecture.
This paper compares the temple architecture of Egyptians with the Greeks and explores the differences in structure, art, symbolism, and function.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that architecture is more than the design of buildings because it incorporates the thought of the person building the structure; the architecture of Egyptian and Greek temples differs in function, structure, and symbolism. The author points out that Egyptian temple architecture is much larger than the Greeks because the geographical location was abundant with resources and building materials, such as limestone, and the Egyptians maintained a highly organized society capable of carrying out such large constructions. The paper explains that another main difference between the Egyptian and the Greek temples is that architects, not priests, directed the design of the Greek temple, which distinguished the Greek temples from those of the Egyptians because they made conscious choices in design for aesthetic reasons, not just function.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Architectural Structure
Function
Architectural Art and Symbolism
From the Paper
"The earliest Greek temples were small and gradually became larger and grander. The first temples were similar to small huts and were long and narrow. These early temples were about 25 by 18 feet and were built using stone and unbaked mud brick. As the wealth of the Greek people grew and the geographical locations became more abundant with resources, temples began to take a much more sophisticated style. "There was a compelling need, given the dominant role of the gods in society, to pay at least some benefits thus received to them.""
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The Disappearance of the Mayan Civilization, 2006.
This paper examines the numerous cultural attributes of the Mayan civilization while focusing on the reasons for its eventual collapse and disappearance.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the disappearance of the Mayan civilization while focusing on the various theories surrounding its eventual collapse. The writer of this brief yet concise paper details the history of the Mayan culture which emerged in 2000 BC. The Mayan civilization gave birth to numerous cultural progresses such as the establishment of a writing system, an organized political council as well as the introduction of organized religion. This paper examines the theories surrounding the dispersal of the Mayan civilization, when at around 800 AD it was purported to have suddenly collapsed. There have been numerous arguments based on archaeological and anthropological evidence that attempted to explain the collapse of this particular civilization. This paper focuses on several theories which may explain the disappearance of the Mayan people which include climatic changes as well as socio-cultural collapse through the population's expansion.
From the Paper
"The theory that argued that a climatic collapse led to the disappearance of the Mayan civilization was based from scientific findings that were caused by a severe drought. As reported by History Today, "[d]rilling samples from the Cariaco Basin off the Venezuelan Coast show there were intensely dry periods between AD 810 and AD 910..." From this finding, it was found that because there had been scarce supply of the people's basic needs, such as water and food supply, Mayan society disappeared, supposedly due to deaths caused by these series of drought. A more specific version of this theory was presented in Kerr's journal article on the scientific evidence pointing at climate changes as the catalyst towards the disappearance of the civilization."
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Mayan Culture, 2006.
An overview of the history and culture of the Mayan Empire.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the cultural accomplishments and legacy of the Mayan Empire. The paper demonstrates how their system of higher mathematics and geometry allowed them to build palaces, public buildings, athletic arenas, monuments, pyramids, pottery, jewelry and other various art forms, all without the benefits of modern technology. The paper also examines the archaeological evidence left behind by the Mayan Empire, discussing their creation of whole cities based on stone technology, as well as discovered artifacts that demonstrate the Mayan's culture and cleverness. The paper concludes with a discussion of the legacy of the Mayan Empire and the continuing Mayan cultural presence in Latin America today.
From the Paper
"The Mayans kept time with a combination of several cycles that converged and marked the movement of the sun, the moon, and Venus. Archeologists believe the Mayans began to keep track of time on August 31, 3114 BC. The year 3114 BC is called the zero year and is comparable to January 1, 0000 AD. The Mayan calendar records time in 400 year cycles, which means that 13 cycles of 400 years will have passed before the next cycle begins on December 27, 2012 (1-0-0-0-0 in Mayan time). The Mayans realized there were cycles in the Cosmos. From this astronomical realization came instruments for reckoning time and a calendar that accurately measures the solar year to within minutes."
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An Analysis of the "Egyptian Book of the Dead", 2003.
An analysis of the "Book of the Dead" and its implications for Egyptian concepts of sin and morality.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The ancient Egyptians were much concerned about their afterlife, and this concern is reflected in many inscriptions and texts found in their pyramids and coffins. The "Book of the Dead" served to outline the difficulties that awaited them after death and provided them with some practical information to help them along the way. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the Egyptian "Book of the Dead" and its purposes, the practice of magic, the moral and ethical beliefs that are reflected in its writings, a discussion of the importance of the Code of Ma?at, and ancient Egyptian concepts of the human soul. An examination of how various ancient Egyptian concepts of sin and morality are reflected in the "Book of the Dead" is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"According to S. G. F. Brandon (1970), ?It became the custom in ancient Egypt from about the 18th Dynasty (1580-1320 BC) to place in the tombs of the dead papyrus scrolls inscribed with texts. These texts were designed to help the dead to rise to life again and obtain a happy lot in the next world? (305). The name Book of the Dead is a contemporary one that has been assigned by Egyptologists, beginning with Karl Richard Lepsius, a German Egyptologist who published the first collection of the texts in 1842. Brandon points out that the ancient Egyptian title was ?Chapters for Coming Forth by Day.? This title was intended to describe what the Book of the Dead texts would do for the dead, according to Egyptian belief. Many of the texts can be traced to two earlier collections of funerary texts, the Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts."
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Brazilian and Egyptian Music, 2001.
An analyisis of the similarities and differences between traditional Brazilian and Egyptian music.
1,137 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Brazilian and Egyptian music. A brief history of the two cultures illustrates the development of their music. The paper outlines the primarily European influence on Egyptian music, and the African and European influences on Brazilian music. The Portugeuse influences on early Brazilian music is also discussed. The paper contrasts Brazilian and Egyptian music through their use of instruments, theory, and artists. A brief overview of the development of modern Egyptian and Brazilian music is presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"Traditional Brazilian and Egyptian culture date back centuries, even millennia when considering Egypt?s rich past. Many aspects of their cultures such as dress, language, and government have changed and evolved from their genesis. Two major elements of both these cultures that have been a major part of life are the music and dance. Yet, despite their deep native roots, Brazilian and Egyptian music and dance have been greatly influenced by European and African cultures, thereby creating the blend of today?s modern styles."
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Materials and Technologies used for the Development of Egyptian Art, 2002.
This essay investigates how the natural materials and technologies available at the time influenced the development of Egyptian art.
2,959 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This essay investigates whether the natural materials and technology available influenced the development of Egyptian art. The essay argues that the wealth of natural materials Egypt had in its possession provided the Egyptians with access to a range of mediums with which they could develop art. An argument is put forward that the technology and techniques used by the Egyptians greatly influenced and contributed to the development of Egyptian art. This essay begins by looking at the earliest materials and technologies that were used during the prehistoric period followed by an examination of how these materials and techniques developed over time. Evidence is provided throughout the essay to support these arguments.
From the Paper
"Pottery was also one of the earliest forms of artwork in Egypt dating back to the Prehistoric Neolithic and Predynastic Periods. In 1985 Sir Flinders Petrie discovered a variety of Predynastic pottery vessels ranging from Badarian handmade vessels to decorated pottery from the Naqada Period that showed evidence of ?exquisite craftsmanship? (Romer 1982:38). The natural materials that allowed for the creation of such pottery included Nile river silt clay, limestone and clayey shale from the cliffs (Romer 1982:45). The early technology used to produce pottery included polishing the pottery with a pebble to give a burnished red or black appearance before being fired in a kiln (Shaw & Nicholson 1995:226). Other
decorative characteristics included rippled lines that were produced by running another natural material, fish bones over the wet clay (Hart 1995:30)). Improvements in ceramic technology and the introduction of the potter?s wheel allowed an increase in the range of shapes that could be produced (Quirke & Spencer 1992:178). However J. Romer (1982:70) states that the use of the potter?s wheel led to a decline in the quality of Egyptian pottery. He argues that the potter?s wheel, although allowing larger vessels to be made quickly and easily from clay, ultimately led to pottery becoming more utilitarian and of less artistic quality. Therefore although the standard of art declined, this is still evidence of how the technology available influenced the development of Egyptian art."
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Mayan Civilization, 2002.
This paper compares Mayan civilization with ancient Mediterranean civilizations.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ancient Mayans, Greeks, Romans and Egyptians.
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Egyptian Souls, 2002.
A discussion of Ancient Egyptian concepts of the soul and the Messianic message of the Cruxshadows? "Angel Cycle".
1,949 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Egyptian mystics were the first to conceptualize a coherent theory of the human soul and how remarkably, their theories also bear many striking resemblances to modern theories of the conscious and subconscious. It shows how being both ancient and relevant, it is no surprise that Egyptian mythologies and theoretical constructs have had a great influence on many artists. It looks at how among artworks bearing an obvious debt to Egyptian theories of the Soul are those of the founder of the Cruxshadows, an American-based artist who is wildly successful in Germany. It evaluates how despite the fact that Egyptian soul theories have influenced the entire course of modern thought, particularly in their influence on Greek and Hebrew thought, they remain immensely confusing to modern researchers.
From the Paper
"The Cruxshadows are an independent musical group primarily consisting of an artist named Rogue and his accompanying musicians. (Incidentally, ?Rogue? is the only name by which the artist in question is known, having used it exclusively since early childhood.) In America they are not particularly well known, due to the highly academic nature of some of their work, however they have reached super-star status in much of Europe, particularly in Germany and Austria. Much of Rogue?s work deals with mythological and classical tradition applied to futuristic concepts, and he is particularly concerned with Egyptian mythology and history. According to the Book of Cruxshadows (an independent organization devoted in part to the scholarly study of ?Cruxshadowian? lore), the entirety of Rogue?s available work deals with a single over-arching story called the Angel Cycle."
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Ancient Egyptians and the Afterlife, 2004.
An overview of the ancient Egyptians belief in the afterlife.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the ancient Egyptian civilization, which lasted for millennia and had a considerably advanced cultural and artistic heritage, left scholars with detailed artistic depictions, monumental archaeological remains, and written records of its societal functions and processes of the government, commerce, and daily life of its people. It briefly assays some key tenets of Egyptian religion and society and then explores the way in which the ancient Egyptians thought of the afterlife as an extension and modification of their lives on earth. The mummification process is covered, as are the other complicated and exacting funerary rites of this venerable culture as applied to both the ruling class and the working class of ancient Egyptian society and the ways in which they thought of the afterlife.
From the Paper
"As was stated, Egyptian tombs contained quotidian items from the person?s life that were of value to them, as it was assumed that as the person continued into the afterlife, they would continue to utilize these items. A person?s clothing and occupational tools would often be included in the tomb, along with writing materials. Sometimes, to save cost and space, models of actual items were used to represent them in
their stead, as they were seen to be transformed in the afterlife into their real equivalencies. Even food was provided in the tomb: offerings of food were also made after the person?s death. It seems odd from the present cultural perspective to think of the afterlife in terms of eating actual food, but it must be kept in mind that the Egyptians did not as drastically polarize life and afterlife in the same way that those of the current Western tradition tend to."
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Greek, Norse and Egyptian Gods, 2002.
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the Greek, Norse and Egyptian Pantheons --- gods and goddesses.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the ?father-creator? God, a ?trickster? God, and a ?love? Goddess of Greek, Norse and Egyptian cultures. The author believes that the ?father-creator? Gods have the most in common: Greek God, Zeus, the Norse God Odin and the Egyptian God Amen-Re. The paper introduces the ?trickster Gods?: Norse God Loki, the Egyptian God Seth, and the Greek God Prometheus. The paper also describes the ?love goddesses?: Egyptian Goddess Hathor, Greek Goddess Aphrodite and Norse Goddess Freya.
From the Paper
"The myths of these gods also referred to the sky. Both Zeus and Odin had palaces high above the mortal world, known as Mt. Olympus and Asgard. These palaces served as meeting places for the gods, and as observation decks. Zeus is often depicted as looking down from Mt. Olympus into the mortal world. Odin also gazed at mortals and gods similarly, from Hlidskialf, his throne in Asgard. Though he did not have a palace in the sky, Amen-Re was referred to as the ?Sun? god. "
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ESL Instruction in Egyptian and British, 2006.
This paper is a complete research project to compare the effectiveness of English as a second language instruction (ESL)in Egyptian and British secondary schools.
16,370 words (approx. 65.5 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the way information and communication technologies (ICT) resources are currently being used in secondary classrooms in the United Kingdom and Egypt to determine how these can be better used for language education applications. The author used methodologies that include a critical literature review, a statistical analysis of grade point averages before and after ICT initiatives were used and a qualitative and quantitative survey of the secondary students in three secondary schools each located in Egypt and the UK. The paper relates that the delivery of effective language instruction in Arabic and English require a different set of tools and techniques although both ASL and ESL students are motivated by comparable factors and experience similar reactions and emotions concerning their language instruction. This paper includes many table, graphs, quotations, questionnaires and a complete analyzes of the data.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Research Questions
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Terms
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Education in Egypt
Education in the United Kingdom
Information and Communications
Technology and ESL Applications in the Classroom
Constraints to ESL Delivery in the Arabic-Speaking Egyptian Classroom Constraints to ESL Delivery in the UK Classroom
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-Gathering Method and Database of Study Population
UK Schools Participating in Study
Egyptian Schools Participating in the Study
Data Analysis
Egyptian and UK Student Survey Results
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary Conclusions
Egypt
United Kingdom
Recommendations
Egypt
United Kingdom
Excel Spreadsheet Used in Analysis
From the Paper
"The educational systems in Egypt and the UK bear some similarities as well as important differences that will be discussed further below. One of the similarities, though, is the manner in which the stages of general education are provided. In Egypt today, there are three stages of state general education: (a) primary (six years), (b) preparatory (three years), and (c) secondary (three years). The primary education is for students between the ages of 6 and 12 years and is compulsory; students who are successful in examinations have the opportunity to continue their education first at the preparatory and then at the secondary level. In this regard, there are two types of secondary school, (a) general and (b) technical; the majority of Egyptian technical schools are either commercial, agricultural, or industrial."
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