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Inquiry-Based Education in Earth Science Instruction, 2005.
A discussion of a teacher's experience when presenting Earth Science coursework in the secondary school setting.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the experience of a secondary school teacher presenting Earth Science coursework, covering the various teaching related tools and skills necessary for teaching science in the secondary school setting.
Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Inquiry-Based Instruction Defined
Development and Demonstration of Inquiry Based
Learning Activities in Science Instruction
National Science Education Standards and Grade Appropriateness
Classroom Dynamics for Secondary School Instruction
Assessment in Earth Science Teaching
Design of Curriculum
Example: High-School Earth-Science Activity
Original Middle-School Earth-Science Activity
Teacher Presentation
Lesson and Activity Objectives
Grading for Science
National Norm Referenced Testing for Science
From the Paper
"Earth Science is particularly complicated in relation to instruction in the contemporary classroom. This is because of the many political and social issues involved in this area of study which, in the eyes of many, is an area of religious import as well. Furthermore, the initiative to teach in an inquiry-based manner further expands the research and examination in relation to providing instruction in Earth Science. When considering a method of instruction it is critical to take into account the grade-level appropriateness in relation to the curriculum and inclusive classroom activities when planning the instructional lessons and accompanying activities."
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Oceanography, 2007.
This paper presents an in-depth look at oceans and earth science in general.
3,165 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the points in the globe that are most surrounded by water and land. The paper compares the land and water areas in the northern and southern hemisphere and discusses flying and sailing between the two most distant points. The paper discusses convergent plate boundaries and the correlation between ocean depths and plate tectonic processes. The paper examines major ocean surface current patterns, swells, breaking surf, tsunamis and tides. The paper also looks at depositional coasts versus erosional coasts.
Outline:
Identifying the Current Location
The Point Most Surrounded by Water
The Point Most Surrounded by Land
Comparison Between the Land and Water Areas in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
Flying Between the Two Most Distant Points
Sailing Between the Two Most Distant Points
Convergent Plate Boundaries
The Correlation Between Ocean Depths and Plate Tectonic Processes
Major Ocean Surface Current Patterns
Swells, Breaking surf, Tsunami
How do Tides in a Bay Depend on its Location in the Ocean?
Depositional Coasts versus Erosional Coasts
Marine Organisms in Pelagic and Benthic zones
From the Paper
"New York belongs to the state bearing the same name and is situated on the north-eastern coast of the U.S.A, at the point where the Hudson River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The city's geographical coordinates are latitude 40047'N and longitude 73058' W. The city is renown for its cultural aura, but also for its financial, business, and trading organizations which play a major role to the national and world economy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City)."
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Succeeding on the Science Praxis, 2007.
This paper describes the Praxis science exam used for teacher certification.
1,851 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the format and content of the Praxis science test, which most states in the US require for teacher certification. The paper further suggests strategies for students to prepare for the exam, such as how to anticipate correct answers and using the study manual. The paper is divided according to each section of the test and examines each section's specific content.
Outline:
Introduction
Test-Taking Strategies
Physical Science
Life Sciences
Earth Sciences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The content area of the Praxis II Science test consists of multiple choice and constructed-response questions. Every time a student takes a Praxis test, the questions will be will be multiple choice and constructed-response questions, but every time, the questions will be different., Nevertheless, the questions will always test the same areas and domains within the subject content area. There are several strategies that can be applied to improve the chance of answering the multiple choice questions correctly. As the teacher candidate is preparing to take the Science content area test of the Praxis II, the following strategies can help improve the student's chance of correctly answering the questions. "
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Bad Engineering in Science Fiction, 2004.
This paper discusses that four works of science fiction stand out for their use of bad engineering: Jules Verne's "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865); Karel Capek's "R.U.R"(1921); Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" (1926); and Maurice Elvey's "Transatlantic Tunnel
1,865 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that some of the devices and instruments featured in many popular science fiction novels and films are, in essence, conceived through bad engineering, meaning that these devices and instruments are neither practical nor possible according to present scientific knowledge. The author points out that Verne's "rocket to the moon" stands as the ultimate example of bad engineering, even when one takes into consideration that Verne was using his imagination as a means of conveying his ideas to the reading public, who, at the time of the novel's publication, were obviously quite ignorant of science. The paper relates that Capek's plot in "R.U.R" is the seminal robot motif that has influenced every science fiction film, but the vision of creating a race of robots that take over the roles usually assigned to human beings in the context of work and labor was far-fetched for its time and is still so even in the 21st century.
From the Paper
"Michel Ardan then suggests that the spaceship launching will be powered by a formidable quantity of guncotton, and that the occupants of this spaceship will be protected from the shock of the launch by a layer of water filling the space between the vehicle's double walls. There will also be thick glass portholes for observation, sealed during the liftoff and then opened by screws controlled from the inside of the vehicle. The air supply will be renewed by oxygen obtained by heating potassium chlorate, a powerful oxidizing agent. The flight, of course, will be monitored from the ground by a powerful Rocky Mountain telescope operated by the Cambridge observatory."
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Earth Odyssey: A Review, 2001.
This is a book review of Mark Hertsgaard's book, "Earth Odyssey: Around the Earth in Search of our Environmental Future."
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion and analysis of the environmental issues that are discussed in Mark Hersgaard's book, "Earth Odyssey." Some of the topics examined are nuclear technology, humanity's addiction to the automobile, the health of the planet and the affects of unbounded capitalism. The author also discusses poverty, and some of the reasons for the disparities between the richer and poorer countries and their populations. The author also poses several solutions to some of these problems.
From the Paper
"But Hertsgaard also brings up other ways we are destroying our environment, that beyond our own selves. According to Hertsgaard, "the automobile may well be the ultimate symbol of the modern environmental crisis" (p.90) The world's fleet of cars contributes " between 20 and 25 percent of current greenhouse gas emissions; only electric power plants, with 25 percent, and deforestation, with 25 percent, are as damaging." (p.94) And then there's health effects: "A study released by Harvard University researchers in 1995 found that 30,000 Americans die every year from respiratory illnesses related to car exhaust, while another 12,000 people die prematurely because of such exhaust" (p.95) Clearly, this is a point in his argument he feels especially strong about. And more importantly, it's one we as a population can control."
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The Snowball Hypothesis for Earth, 2005.
This paper discusses the Snowball Hypothesis for Earth theory, which proposes that the Earth has a history of temperature cycles.
1,440 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Snowball Hypothesis for Earth, which is a theory speculating that the earth has experienced consistent cyclical hot and cold periods, can be considered a possible cause of the current trends toward warmer climates and rising seas. The author points out that the theory encompasses tropical sea-level glaciers, distributions of continents, carbon dioxide levels, solar input, banded iron formations and early bacterial life. The paper states that scientist speculate that approximately twenty thousand years ago, our deep ocean waters moved towards the freezing point, but those water temperatures were not near the equator as was the case during the Neoproterozoic period.
From the Paper
"As we currently fear global warming, evidence may be pointing to eventual temperature shifts that follow the Yin and Yang of life. First, there are opposites hot and cold. The planet is merely going through its normal cyclical changes so we should not fear global warming any more than we should expect it as we should also expect another future snowball. "For the last million years, the Earth has been in its coldest state since the Neoproterozoic. We are now living in a relatively warm episode, some 80,000 years from the next glacial maximum, but some evidence suggests that each successive glaciation over the last several cycles has been getting stronger and stronger.""
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David Orr's "Earth in Mind", 2005.
This paper discusses the environmental issue of ecology education in "Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and The Human Prospect" by David Orr.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the environmental issue reflected in the cross-disciplinary theory for ecological education within the junior high and high school levels of education. The author points out that, by understanding the problem of traditional disciplinary methods of education, a comparative analysis can help one understand the ramifications of separate fields of study for ecological school curricula. The paper relates that David Orr in "Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and The Human Prospect" presents critical issues in cross-disciplinary education to forge a new cooperation between branches of science in relation to understanding the Earth's ecological systems.
From the Paper
This educational study will focus on the use of cross-disciplinary theory in environmental studies to help bring about a change to disciplinary methods within Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and The Human Prospect by David Orr. By understanding this position within modern educational curricula, one can reflect how other theorists approach this growing problem and how it can be changed. Through Orr's perspective on education a far more cross-disciplinary application for ecology should be applied, reflecting a more collective approach in crossing boundaries within disciplinary formats. David Orr relates in his book the prime objective of learning to create a far more universal approach to education within approaching pedagogical disciplinary methods within different fields (Orr 113).
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Why We Can Only Live on Earth, 2005.
A look at why Earth, as far as our technology can determine, is the only planet that can sustain human life.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at why life forms on Earth can live on the Earth but cannot survive on other planets. In exploring this fact, this essay discusses scientific theories about the creation of the universe, how conditions on Earth support life, and how the conditions on other planets are hostile to it.
From the Paper
"The current scientific theory about the creation of the universe states that at one time all the matter and energy in the universe was condensed in a very small and infinitely hot mass. About 10 and 15 billion years ago, a huge explosion, termed the "Big Bang," took place that sent matter and energy expanding in all directions, and the universe was born. The formation of the stars (including our sun), the galaxies, and the planets are all explained by the Big Bang theory. This hypothesis about the creation of the universe was developed following the observation by an American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, in the late 1920s that distant stars and galaxies are receding from Earth in every direction-indicating that the universe was expanding."
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The Origins of the Earth, 2002.
A look at the different theories on the creation of the Universe and the development of the Earth.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the creation of the universe, and more particularly about the earth and its early development. To date, no conclusive answer has been drawn about the events of 10-20 billion years ago when the universe came into existence. The whole idea of the 'big bang' is still a matter of debate for scholars, and this paper will attempt to do no more than touch on some of the commonly held ideas about the origins of the universe and the earth. The paper will discuss a few of the events that followed the creation of the universe and the earth, and to explain events as they are currently understood. The format of the paper will be as follows: first, it will discuss the formation of the universe; second, the earth in some detail, looking at the creation of the oceans and the atmosphere; third, it will conclude with an overview of the topic at hand.
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"Science as a Vocation", 2002.
An epistemological review of Max Weber's article, "Science as a Vocation."
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the epistemological and ontological foundations of Max Weber's article, "Science as a Vocation." It identifies the distinction Weber made between scientific reality-the earth has gravitational pull-and the social existence of scientists-who must secure appointments and develop a 'career.' In the former realm Weber identifies epistemological certainty and in the latter, social imperatives.
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The Geology of Earth, 2002.
A history of the geological development of the Earth.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the evolution of the Earth, with a brief explanation of how this process was started and how it continues. By understanding the growing process of the Earth structural growth, we can get a good look at the geological proof it has to offer. In the many faceted view of the Earth's history in geology, the growth of the planet can explain many structural changes involved.
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Earth's Diameter, 2002.
An insight in how to measure the diameter of the Earth.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's diameter, based on one assumption and two measurements, that the Earth was a sphere and that the two measurements made are the degree of the Earth's shadow at noon at two points and the distance between those points. It outlines how this experiment can be repeated by measuring the degree of the shadows cast at two locations either directly north or south of each other at noon on the same day and details the equipment required, the measurements to be taken and the mathematical equations involved.
From the Paper
"Eratosthanes used the city of Syene in Egypt as the first point. This point was selected because it was known that on noon on the first day of summer the sun was directly overhead. This was known because people observed that at this time, the buildings cast no shadows (York University). Therefore, the degree of the shadow at Syene was 0o.
Eratosthanes then needed to know the degree of the shadow at another point either directly north or directly south, at the same time of day. Eratosthanes selected Alexandria as the second city. The degree of the sun's shadow was measured and found to be 7.2o (HEASARC)."
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Ecological Footprints: Sustaining Our Earth, 2002.
Explains the effects ecological footprints have on sustaining our country and the planet Earth.
2,406 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ecological footprints, effective ecological tools used to help maintain our world, impose many questions in sustaining the earth's life. Charts are included with the paper.
Defining Our Ecological Footprint
Dependency on Nature
Carrying Capacity of Cities and Earth
Comparison between Countries
Natural Capita: Effects on the Earth
Impact of the World Economies
Solutions
From the Paper
"The world economy has a great impact on the ecological footprints of the world. Every country wants to obtain economic growth to produce more money. But in doing this, they have to deplete their natural capital, which in turn, is not helping in sustaining this world. As William Rees states, "there is simply not enough on the planet to sustain present international development trends using prevailing technologies" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). So something drastic has to be done. As the ecological footprints of humans are already too large for the earth to handle, how can we accommodate the rising materials and rising in population, while trying to sustain the earth. Most analysts agree that it can happen in two ways: through a reduction in the standard of living or through the increase in material and energy efficiency (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). These two issues also apply problems, through cultural, economic, and social values. Especially in the more developed countries. To lower the standard of living would be outright rejected in the more developed countries such as Canada and the U. S. So indeed, most people agree that "global sustainability is achievable only through large increases in the consumption of goods and services in both poorer and richer countries" (Westra and Werhane ed. 1998, 115). But still a problem arises. There will still be inequity in the growth of the more and less developed countries. It seems the richer get richer and the poorer get poorer. A consensus seems to be emerging though. They say that the needed consumption will work if there is a reduction in the material energy costs of goods and services. "
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The Planet Earth, 2007.
A look at Earth as compared to the other planets in our solar system.
1,957 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why Earth is the only planet in our solar system capable of sustaining life and how it is the only planet that has plentiful liquid water and an atmosphere that can protect the planet from the harmful ultra-violet rays of the Sun. The paper attempts to determine what makes Earth so special by using comparative planetology to understand what makes Earth a habitat for life and what makes it so different from the other planets in our solar system.
Outline:
Terrestrial Planets
Jovian Planets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If we were to look at Earth as a starting point to compare the other eight planets in our solar system, the first thing we notice from space is the magnificent blue color and swirls of clouds. This is an inviting sight and is the first hint at why life is found on our planet. Earth has many features that the other planets do not have. Earth has many features that make it unique. Earth is made of rock and metal. It is one of the four terrestrial planets and has the largest Moon in the solar system. Earth has abundant volcanic activity because of its size in comparison to the other terrestrial planets. With the abundance of water and oxygen, Earth's atmosphere stays in balance and is able to continue supporting life. The liquid oceans help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the presence of a stratosphere helps protect the surface from the deadly ultra-violet rays of the Sun. Another unique feature of Earth is plate tectonics. Plate tectonics acts as giant conveyor belt that moves the mantle of Earth around, which constantly changes the look of our planet. Although Earth's interior needs much more exploration, scientists can tell about the composition of the deepest regions of Earth by using seismic waves following an earthquake. By reading this seismic data carefully, scientists get a better understanding of interior Earth."
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"Frankenstein" and "Journey to the Center of the Earth", 2004.
An examination of the theme of exploration in "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley and "Journey to the Center of the Earth" by Jules Verne.
1,368 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in Mary Godwin Shelley's 1818 Gothic masterpiece, "Frankenstein", the main protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, a young student of the alchemical arts and sciences, takes the reader on an exploration into the unknown, for his primary goal is to create life from the dead. It looks at how, after much experimentation, he produces a creature of hideous proportions and intellect, bent on nothing but revenge. It also shows how, likewise, Professor Hardwigg, the main protagonist in Jules Verne's "Journey to the Center of the Earth", published in 1864, leads the reader on another "journey" into the unknown, only this time into the bowels of the earth, where Hardwigg and his companions discover another world, much like Victor Frankenstein with his experiments concerning the mysteries of life and death.
From the Paper
"The beginning of Frankenstein opens the proverbial door to the strange and horrifying tale related by Victor Frankenstein to Captain Walton, an English explorer surveying the polar regions of the far north. One day, as the ship's company is looking out over the empty ice fields, they are astonished to see a sledge drawn by dogs speeding northward with the sledge driver huge and misshapen. That night, an ice floe carries another sledge with a weakened man to the ship, and once the man (Victor Frankenstein) discovers that the first sledge has been sighted, he turns quite agitated. As Victor convalesces on the ship, he becomes friendly with Walton and after recovering his strength, relates the tale of the creature that he created artificially from the dead."
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