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Early Modern European Invasion, 2001.
Examines the early European conquest of the world, using Shakespeare's "The Tempest" as an example of the process of invasion.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the European invasion of the world and how it impacted the spread of cultures, thoughts, beliefs, ideas, practices and new ways of life. The author debates the type of assimilation that took place and whether the spread of new ways of life was warmly accepted or forced upon the natives. The paper uses William Shakespeare?s ?The Tempest? as a case in point of a perfect example of the process of occupation of a foreign land in the name of world expansion.
From the Paper
"When looking at the results of the European invasion of the world during the Early Modern Period, one must ask if it was all for the best. Then, if it was for the best, whom did it benefit? Taking the actual possession of land is the first stage, then settling in with the indigenous people is second, and when the trust has been won, bringing in more settlers to overpower the indigenous people and transform them into the image of the settlers."
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Henshall's "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy",, 1994.
This paper is a critical analysis of Nicholas Henshall's methods of questioning the validity of absolutism as label for 18th Century. European monarchiesin as presented in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Mo
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Nicholas Henshall, in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy", argues that the concept of absolutism as generally used by historians to describe kingly rule in early modern Europe is badly misleading and inaccurate. Henshall argues that absolutism is no longer a valid and significant concept, for it is too often equated with outright despotism, instead of being seen as a description of broader and more varied forms of monarchic rule. Therefore, the author examines the misuse of the term and endeavors to redefine the governments it was meant to describe in a way that will be useful to the understanding of the era and the governments in question. Monarchies were not "absolute" in terms of force and despotism and the crushing of liberties. In opposition, to traditional theories, Henshall argues that monarchies were ... "
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Early German vs. Early Russian Filmmaking, 2004.
This paper discusses early German vs. early Russian filmmaking
in terms of a controlled versus an uncontrolled narrative perspective.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the primary difference between the early Russian films of the first half of the 20th century and the German Expressionist movement, whose films exemplify an artistic ethos, is the significance given to narrative and to expressing a singular and coherent ideology for the viewer. The author points out that, in the case of Russian filmmakers such as Eisenstein, the narrative and descriptive sequences of the film are manipulated over the course of the film to invest particular images and aspects of the film with great importance. The paper relates that the German cinema creates a more ambiguous sense of meaning within its choice frames; the visual, rather than the story-based aspects of the film?s shot and the film?s overall plot arc, have greater significance.
From the Paper
"The greater emphasis on narrative within early Russian cinema also is evidenced in the way that the Russian directors, most notably Eisenstein, create meaning between frames of narrative, rather than within frame in a miens-en-scene approach. In this approach, the meaning of a single scene has a meaning in and of itself and can be invested with different meanings outside of the filmed narrative sequence. For instance, ?Potemkin? makes use of what is known as a dialectic montage, or a composition of rapidly evolving scenes, too rapid for the viewer?s eye simply to apprehend just one. The composition and the apprehension of scenes all at once creates a singularity of emotion and intent regarding the action, as opposed to a sustained scene where the viewer is able to consider the image and come to his or her own conclusion regarding the events that are transpiring. Miens-en-scene or middle of the scene approach became very popular in postmodernist and post-structuralism critiques and film analysis. Even the most impressionist examples of Russian cinema, such as the ?Man with a Movie Camera,? have a highly ideological and uniform tone, that of the glory of Russia, in sequences where seemingly unrelated images are created."
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Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism, 1999.
Examines these three major religious groups, major beliefs and the use of canonical scripture.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities.
From the Paper
"Research on Qumran, Early Christians, and Early Rabbinic Judaism
Introduction
Although fundamentalists in religious life assert that the answers to all human problems are available in inerrant scriptural form, there is still the problem of interpretation. From the beginning, differing stories, differing translations, and differing interpretations of scripture have led to the development of separate communities and sects within communities. The intent in this essay is to look at three separate groups the Qumran community, the Early Christians and Early Rabbinic Judaism exploring their major beliefs and their use of canonical scripture."
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European Monetary System in the Early 1990s, 1993.
A look at cooperation and conflict among European Community members including currency unity, exchange rates, devaluations and nationalism.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research considers the impact of recent developments related to European unity on the single European currency, the Ecu (European Currency Unit). The Ecu exists and is used in international settlements between members of the European Monetary System (EMS) and in some private settlements; however, the Ecu has not replaced the national currencies of the member states of the European Community (EC).
In the summer of 1978, the member countries of the EC agreed to the formation of the EMS, and the organization became a functional reality in March 1979. While the United Kingdom (UK) was a member of the EMS from its inception, it was not a participant in the major function of the system..exchange rate management, which involves operation of the exchange rate mechanism (ERM), throughout most of the organizational existence of the EMS. UK participation in the ERM did not begin until October 1990. Upon joining the EC, Greece, Portugal, and Spain also became members of the EMS. Of these three countries, however, only Spain participates in the ERM.
Formation of the EMS was given impetus by three major concerns in the late.1970s. First..."
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European Communities and the European Court of Justice, 1990.
This paper examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities: European cooperation in economics, national interests, law and integration of actions and policies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.
Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 2006.
An overview of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the aftermath of the invasion, particularly with regard to American-Cuban relations.
2,846 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and discusses the Bay of Pigs invasion, implemented and designed by President John F. Kennedy, and the impact this failed maneuver had on American foreign policy and on American-Soviet, as well as American-Cuban relations. The paper describes the attempted invasion, the Cuban response to the invasion, the events leading up to the invasion and why it represents one of the worst political disasters in recent U.S. history. The paper further discusses the political repercussions that followed the attempted invasion and its long-lasting impact on American-Cuban relations.
From the Paper
"On the morning of the invasion, it was reported that the exile forces, together with the CIA, had literally destroyed numerous locations, had landed in several provinces within Cuba, had freed thousands of political prisoners and had driven inland, practically dividing the whole country into two separate parts, not to mention placing the Cuban Navy in revolt. In reality, however, none of these claims were true, for the exile forces in the Bay of Pigs encountered immediate difficulties. For example, the location for the first assault was suppose to have been an isolated area, a good place for a surprise attack, yet the forces discovered a militia patrol which destroyed the element of surprise; the beachhead was suppose to be sandy and free of obstacles, yet many reefs were encountered which sank some of the boats. Worst of all, Castro's men were lying in wait just north of the original landing point. Much gunfire then erupted and the exile forces found themselves pinned down; to make matters worse, reports soon came in the Russian tanks were moving closer with every passing minute."
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The Fur Trade in Early Canadian History, 2007.
An analysis of the impact that the fur trade had in defining the social, political and economic order of early Canada, with particular reference to the Native Canadians.
3,839 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the economic history of the fur trade in early Canada with particular reference to the Native Canadian peoples of the time. It argues that this fur trade profoundly reshaped the social and economic order of Native Canadian societies to an even greater degree than it shaped the economic relations of European settlement in early Canada. It then shows how the trade defined the social, political and economic order of early Canada in a manner profoundly different from that of the early United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Fur Trade and Early European-Indian Contacts
The European and Native Canadian Struggle for Control
The Impact of the Fur Trade on Indian-European Attitudes
Points of Contact: The Fur Trade and Inter-Racial Marriage
Later Developments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is clear that the fur trade played an enormous role in the early history of Canada. The economics of this trade not only provided the impetus for more enduring European contacts with Aboriginals, but also gave both sides good reason to maintain friendly relations for the sake of self-interest. It was the cycle of these trading relationships that led to Canadian traders to move further into the heart of the Continent in an effort to bypass their often sophisticated Indian trading partners. While such moves proved to be invariably in vain, they did support European settlement and expansion in comparatively peaceful interactions with the region's aboriginal populations. From this perspective, it may be said with little or no exaggeration that the economics of the fur trade defined the relations between Europeans and Canadian Indians and, in the long term, the fundamental characteristics of Canada today."
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Early America, 2005.
Critique of Colin Calloway's book about early American history, "New Worlds for All: Europeans, Indians, and the Remaking of Early America".
1,008 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques Calloway's book about the uniqueness of the American nation and how evidence of this uniqueness can be found in history long before the founding of the nation itself. The paper concludes that the book is valuable not simply because of the wealth of information it includes, but also because it shows that, from the beginning, there was no seamless and harmonious American identity, that America was a land founded on many cultures.
From the Paper
"When positing why America is unique as a nation, Americans often respond with references to American legal guarantees of freedom that date back to the founding of the Constitution, or, at the earliest, the 1776 Declaration of Independence. However, early American historian Colin Calloway contends that America's uniqueness as a nation extends far back in its history, long before the founding of the nation itself, to the plurality of nationalities and cultures that made up its early ethnic and cultural landscape during the first American settlements. Calloway challenges the idea that America was 'naturally' of the Native peoples and then impinged upon by European cultures. He also challenges the European historical worldview that Native culture was completely destroyed by immigration and European encroachment. Rather, he suggests that the varieties and pluralities of Indian culture were in dialogue with Europe in the so-called New World, and these cultural dialogues created a cultural landscape never seen before. Although the Europeans may have ultimately become the conquerors of the territory of what is now the United States of America, the cultural dialogue between native and conquering people is still in evidence. This has been true throughout history, from the Anglo-Saxon absorption through cultural "confluences" after the 1066 sacking of England, but is no were 'as true' as the European settlements' role in reconfiguring the culture of the Americas. (Calloway, 2)"
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Factors Governing State Formation in Early Modern Europe, 2007.
An analysis of the growth of European nation-states throughout the early modern period by means of political, financial and social restructuring.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the principal factor in state formation across Europe was the power of monarchs to centralise and increase their effectiveness to rule in European states. Specifically, the author makes the assertion that the monarchies of Europe created early modern state formation through the centralisation of government institutions, military expansion, financial restructuring, dynastic marriage and the use of tools created through the scientific revolution.
From the Paper
"This centralisation and increased effectiveness of tax administration in the Early Modern era allowed a larger revenue to be collected into the royal coffers, in turn meaning that more money could be pumped into the greatest expense for any Early Modern leader, the military. As military tactics and technology dictated an increased cost in the waging of war, so it was realised that the more effective a bureaucracy was, the more effective royal armies could be. The centralisation of resources for armies created a unique situation whereby relatively small countries such as England and the Netherlands were able to wage-war with more demographically prosperous countries such as France and Spain. 'Good' government also came through the scrupulous effectiveness of taxation: the less money that stuck to the hands of local barons and entered the royal treasuries, the more the central power of the monarch could spend on consolidating the state through standing armies and more charismatic schemes. This meant the population of a country would see both centralisation and state formation in a beneficial light."
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Early America, 2002.
An analysis of the origins of early America, looking at the influence of Africans, Native Americans and Europeans.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the beginnings of American culture and technology and seek to understand how Africans, Native Americans and the Europeans that colonized the North American Continent were influential in creating what is now called America. By revealing the different ways that this was achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this was created by the political, as well as ideological ramifications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world power was built on the principles that the early settlers created in their work.
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Rabbit Invasion, 2003.
A discussion of the rabbit invasion faced by Australia after the Europeans introduced them in the 1800's.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses the history, geography and ecology of the introduction of the European rabbit into Australia. Special focus on eradication techniques and a discussion on whether the complete eradication of rabbits from Australia is feasible.
Contents:
Introduction and subsequent spread
Implications of invasion
Previous attempts for control
The future
Is eradication feasible?
From the Paper
"Although European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were first introduced into Australia with the arrival of the First Fleet, they did not become feral until an English settler by the name of Thomas Austin introduced 24 rabbits on to his homestead near Geelong in 1858 (EPA, 1999). It is difficult to exactly quantify the rate of spread of European rabbits, since liberation occurred independently in Victoria, South Australia and northern New South Wales, however figure 1 shows a plausible suggestion as to the progressive distribution of rabbit populations in Australia over time (AGPL, 1996)."
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The Malthusian Trap and Early-Modern Europe, 2008.
This paper argues that the economic crisis experienced during the early-modern period of European history was not caused by a Malthusian trap.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that historians argue that the economic crises experienced during the early-modern period across most of Europe and the subsequent population growth, which led to an inability for many of these individual markets to support their respective populations, was a type of Malthusian trap. The author points out that the Malthusian trap is the principle, based on Malthus' theory of population and economics, which observes that man is inclined to propagate beyond his means to support the population. The paper relates that the application of this principle to early modern Europe is often a misguided attempt to redirect the historical research to a socio-historic perspective rather than a purely economic perspective. The author concludes that, while certain markets in Europe might indeed have become over-populated with respect to their ability to provide basic levels of sustenance for their populations, other countries, such as England, did not suffer such a population growth and, furthermore, managed to maintain relatively stable economic growth in spite of Europe's overall economic decline during this period. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Malthus on Population Growth
Technological Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In an artificial economy established in an economic lab such set ratios can be accurately predictive. However, in the natural environment, there are many external factors that would affect change on his model, and did affect change. Prices are a key oversight in his theory. While the basic premise that population growth may outstrip the growth in food productivity was true based on the circumstances within which he operated, he didn't account for the economics of food productivity to drive an increase in production worldwide that offset any local market conditions and shortages in supply."
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Plague in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 2007.
A discussion on how the responses to the plague in medieval and early modern Europe can be best characterized as early examples of the operation of disciplinary power.
2,291 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Michel Foucault's contention of the plague as a historical phenomenon, out of which a controlling, intrusive and discursively powerful form of modern rule emerged in Europe. The paper relates that, from a retrospective look at the responses to the plague in mediaeval and early modern Europe, it is tempting to conclude that the responses represented clear early examples of disciplinary power in action. Moreover, plague regimes appear to have been interventionist, controlling and totalizing. The paper then explains that this view leads to a distorted understanding of power as all-encompassing when, in reality, it was anything but. The paper concludes that it would be historically inaccurate to leave the impression that these plague regimes were omnipotent, for the simple reason that the enforcement of power was a messy, contested and negotiated process. There is also a limit to seeking examples of disciplinary power in a past period that Foucault himself did not necessarily see as completely emblematic of his theory.
Outline:
Introduction
Power as Interventionist and Controlling
Power as Limited and Hyped
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Certainly England did eventually move towards a continental style of control. But this move, instigated under the rule of Charles I, was quickly abandoned following the outbreak of the Civil War. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.100) Even if this plan had been carried out by the Crown, which had by and large succeeded in setting up pest houses throughout the rest of the kingdom, London would surely have resisted, for it rejected a system of pest houses in favour of continuous home quarantine, which obviated the need for "an extensive and expensive system of workers". (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) More significantly, London insisted on relying upon local and national charities as well as normal taxation to fund measures to cope with the plague rather than resort to a special plague tax that would have made the victims of disease wholly dependent on the benevolence of the state - to this extent inhabitants were not subject to the totalizing power of the state. (Naphy and Spicer, 2000, p.126) "
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The Early Development of Opera, 2005.
This paper discusses the early progenitors opera that began at the end of the 16th century and into the early part of 17th century.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the return to Greek drama within the musical trends of the end of the 16th century and into the early part of 17th century resulted in a multifaceted musical and theatrical combination, which is now called opera. The author analyzes composers, such as Caccini, Peri and Monteverdi, to reveal how this musical idiom developed from the medieval music tradition and Greek Classical revival of the Baroque period. The paper relates that, in the late 16th century, various forms of music were beginning to combine theatrical productions, arias and extended recitative verses, which would invariably be termed opera.
From the Paper
"This music study will present the early progenitors opera that began at the end of the 16th century and into the early part of 17th century. By understanding the return to Greek drama within musical trends of these time periods, a multifaceted musical and theatrical combination resulted in what is now called Opera. By analyzing composers such as Caccini, Peri and Monteverdi, one can realize how this musical idiom developed from the medieval music tradition and Greek Classical revival of the Baroque period. In the late 16th century various forms of music were beginning to blend theatrical productions and arias, as well as extended recitative verses that would invariably be termed opera through these initial combinations."
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