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| Term Paper # 94889 |
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"The Crusades", 2004.
An analysis of Malcolm Billings' book, "The Crusades".
1,728 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the cause-and-effect patterns of the crusades are the most critical observations for the analytical observer and historian of the period. The paper explains that the crusades was a period of closely linked causes and effects. Malcolm Billings, in his historical work, "The Crusades: Five Centuries of Holy Wars," attacks and categorizes these causes and effects with gusto and relentless energy. The paper examines how Billings diffuses myths that the crusades was a dark ages type period.
Outline
Introduction
Cause/Effect in The Crusades
Change and Continuity
Ideas in The Crusades
Interpretations of The Crusades
From the Paper
"Another strength of the narrative is the way in which Billings deals with change and continuity and also the concept of ideas. The crusades period, after all, was a period of immense technological and social change against the continuity of five centuries of war, so any examination of the period must include an analysis and commentary on the juxtaposition of the two. Also, with that backdrop of religious fervor and the missionary belief structure, the crusades also were one of the first eras with respect for new ideas in western history. Billings deals with the concept of ideas and their ramifications and their acceptance or denial throughout the work."
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The Crusades, 2007.
This paper studies the goals of the Crusades and what they actually achieved.
3,074 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that although many people have romantic notions of the Crusades, in reality, the Crusades were a series of military campaigns. The paper describes the nine Crusades that were religious in nature. The paper explains that the Crusades began as a Roman Catholic effort to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims, but also targeted other religions and minority groups within Europe, including Jews and non-Roman Catholic Christians. The paper explains that while the Crusades were unsuccessful at their goals of ending Muslim occupation of the Holy Lands, they did play an important role in the history of Western Europe and the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Given the political events of modern times, it is not difficult to understand the type of religious fervor that would give rise to a religious-based military campaign. However, one can better understand the Crusades if one understands the developments that were happening in Western Europe throughout the Early Middle Ages. (Wikipedia). While much of the Dark Ages was characterized by constant struggles between European countries over borders, by the Early Middle Ages borders had stabilized. In addition, during the Dark Ages, much of Western Europe was still under the influence of pagan religions. However, by the Early Middle Ages, the Vikings, the Slavs, and the Magyars had been converted to Christianity."
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The Crusades, 2007.
Examines the influence that the Crusaders had on European and world history.
2,214 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The Crusades refers to a series of nine separate military campaigns, which took place during the Middle Ages, and were generally considered to be religious in nature. The paper shows that when the Crusades began, they were a Roman Catholic effort against the Muslims and were aimed at recapturing the Holy Land. However, later Crusades were directed against other Europeans. The paper argues that the only Crusade that accomplished its stated goal was the First Crusade. While later Crusades met with varying success, they also created a strong anti-West sentiment in much of the world.
From the Paper
"In fact, the First Crusade was characterized by a tremendous religious fervor. Not only were the Crusaders set to attack the Muslim occupants of Jerusalem, but they also violently attacked non-Christians on their way to the Holy Land. For example, Jews were massacred by mobs of Crusaders passing through Europe and Orthodox Christians were subjected to violence by Western Christians. However, these Crusaders were successful in reaching Jerusalem. Once there, they massacred the state's Muslim population. The First Crusade was the only successful Crusade, because the Crusaders achieved their objective, which was to recapture the Holy Land."
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The Crusades, 2002.
A look at the history, purpose and outcome of the crusades.
1,815 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Crusades, one of the major activities of Christianity during the Middle Ages which began in 1095, triggered by the desire to reach and conquer the Islamic believers who were occupying the Holy Lands. It attempts to understand what the purpose of the crusaders was and whether they were successful at achieving that goal. Through a literature review, it shows how historically, there isn?t even a complete agreement about what actually happened during the Crusades, or even exactly when they took place and what the overall impact of the Crusades was and whether or not they were successful.
From the Paper
"The Fourth Crusade, although technically under the Pope?s control, was actually never responsive to his authority. Their decision to take over the already Christian Constantinople made it abundantly clear that the goal of strengthening and uniting Christianity was not paramount. Although the Fifth Crusade was assembled with the deliberate aim of restoring power and authority over the Crusades to the Pope, it too was basically a failure. It was the diplomatic strategy of Frederick II during the Sixth Crusade that finally resulted in even a small gain of territory for the Christians. However, as we have seen earlier, the Crusades themselves had actually been considered a basic failure by this time."
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The Causes and Results of the Crusades, 2006.
A brief history of the Crusades, its causes and consequences.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the period in history, known as the Crusades, where Western European Christians led a series of wars against the Muslims in an effort to reclaim Jerusalem. The paper also explains that, while the term Crusades literally refers to the period when the Christians were fighting the Muslims over Jerusalem, it also has come to refer to the general efforts that Western European Christians led against non-Christian religions. The paper also describes the economic and social consequences of the crusades.
From the Paper
"The most significant effect of the Crusades was economic (Origins pp). Italian cities prospered, replacing the Byzantines and Muslims as merchant-traders in the Mediterranean as trade passed through Italians to Western Europe at a substantial profit (Origins pp). This commercial power became the economic base for the Italian Renaissance and also encouraged Atlantic powers such as Spain and Portugal to seek trade routes to India and China (Origins pp). The efforts of such explorers as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, helped to initiate and expand most of the world to European trade dominance and colonization, as well as to shift the heart of commercial activity from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic (Origins pp)."
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The Crusades, 2001.
This paper looks at the history of the Crusades during the Middle Ages, the military campaigns, the religious factors, the leaders, and the brutality.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an in depth history of the medieval Crusades, and reviews James Reston Jr.'s book on the "Crusades, Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade". The author discusses the brutal and savage events of the three Christian expeditions to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1192, and the two most famous leaders in the final campaign, Richard the Lionheart, monarch of England, and Saladin, the Moslem conqueror.
From the Paper
"James Reston Jr's Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade presents the Crusades as he sees it. In the past the books that present the Crusades have managed to create a glamorous and romantic image of a war that caused destruction for years. The book relates events in a manner that we realize that the crusades were among the most destructive wars on earth. In the name of God and civilization, massive expeditions created havoc on earth. Three Christian expeditions to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1192, took place each of which was cruel to any person that stood between the crusaders and the recovery of their religious shrines from Islam - especially those in Jerusalem . Reston clearly states that there was nobility involved nor was there even a hint of romance. The Crusades were just a massive butchering of people regardless, of caste, creed or race."
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The Early Crusades, 2007.
An analysis of the first and third Crusades from a Muslim perspective.
2,506 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the first and third Crusades in terms of their success and failure and ultimately their impact on Christian-Muslim relations in the Middle East. The author describes the first Crusade and the eventual internal conflicts among the Christians that allowed Muslims to rise up against the Europeans. Leaders on both sides are described, especially Saladin. The paper gives historic details of various battles, with particular emphasis on the fight for control of Jerusalem. The paper includes a discussion of anti-Western attitudes by Muslims that may have developed as a result of the Crusades.
From the Paper
" Generally speaking, the First Crusade was ignited in 1095 by predominantly French Christians whose main intention was to seize the sacred city of Jerusalem from Muslim control. This First Crusade was considered as a magnificent success in 1099, due to the crusaders conquering Jerusalem and maintaining control of the Holy Land for seventy-eight years despite much Muslim restlessness and bitter resentment. Internal conflicts among these crusaders then began to increase as a result of more nations joining in their actions against the Muslims. Some of these conflicts include arguments on leadership, political differences and war strategies."
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The Crusades and Islam, 2005.
This paper discusses that the tensions between Islam and Christianity extend back almost to the beginning of Islam, with some periods in history, such as the Crusades, showing open conflict.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the Crusades as expeditions undertaken, in fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny, with the tyranny more or less assumed because the nations involved were Islamic and not Christian; religion was both the reason for the Crusades and a tool to get the warriors to fight. The author points out that, in the Muslim context, the holy war is known as a "jihad" meaning "striving" and has nothing directly to do with war, but it has been taken over by those Muslims who want to give a religious tinge to their war against the West and against Israel in particular. The paper relates that the First Crusade provided the Byzantines with the opportunity to recapture lost lands by repelling the Turks from vast territories, which enabled the empire to last for three more centuries.
From the Paper
"The Crusades began with the departure from Europe of the People's Crusade of Peter the Hermit. Five groups marched east, and the first two committed such excesses along the way that they were annihilated by the Hungarians. The third group started to butcher Jews on the Rhine and was also scattered by the Hungarians. The final two groups reached Rome in 1096. Alexius received these Crusaders with caution, giving them food and money and urging them to wait for the next contingent of Crusaders outside the city walls. They began to loot the suburbs and even sacked churches, so Alexius sent them over to Civirot, a fort that he had built on the Marmara's Asiatic shore. They continued to maraude, however, and even began torturing Christians. They began to ravage in the Sultanate of Rum. Alexius had warned their leader to avoid contact with the Turks until support arrived, but he lost control of his followers. Some 25,000 were killed. Three thousand survivors were brought to New Rome to wait for the next Crusaders."
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Islam and the Crusades, 2007.
Description of the Crusades from a Muslim perspective.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a historic overview of the Crusades from an Islamic perspective. Additionally, the author considers the Crusades from political and religious perspectives. The paper traces the consolidation of the Muslim world and the mass conversions to Islam. Also presented are the changes in Islamic outlooks from being open to outside influences such as science to a more dogmatic faith. The paper concludes by contrasting the centralized European church with the more factional Islamic world.
From the Paper
"The Western powers fought the Crusades against the Muslims for several reasons, of which the religious element was only one. The Muslim world at the time was divided into factions, and Muslim Spain had started to go its own way in the eighth century. Much of the Muslim world was by then under attack from the Seljuk Turks, but the Muslims were also in control of the Holy Lands, the seat of Christianity. In the eleventh century, European Christians set out on the Crusades to recapture the Holy lands, especially the city of Jerusalem. The Crusaders saw an opportunity because of the divisions within the Muslim world at that time. The Christian world also suffered its own divisions, such as the splitting off of the Byzantine Empire because of the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. This left the Greeks in power in the East, while the remains of the Roman world were in power in the West. The Church now had eastern and western factions."
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The Crusades, 2005.
A discussion of the main motivators of the Crusades.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the main motivators of the Crusades. The paper further examines how the historian Riley-Smith reminds us that violence was normal and widespread during this historical period and how the Church was unable to distance itself from this violence. The paper analyzes the historical relationship between the Christians and the Muslims.
From the Paper
"The main motivators of the Crusades were many and various. The historian Riley-Smith reminds us that violence was normal and widespread during this historical period (i.e. the Middle Ages), and furthermore that the Church was unable to distance itself from this violence. He also points out that although the common people of the time had some prejudices against Muslims, regarding them as idolatrous polygamists, they did not have such a complete set of prejudices that they would have been motivated to go off and fight a long way from home. However, what was important was that over a period of centuries, society had become thoroughly militarized."
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"The Crusades", 2004.
An analysis of the book, "The Crusades", by Regine Pernoud.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
An overview of the book, specifically, its focus on the bloody aftermath of the Fourth Crusade to take Jerusalem, as chronicled and assembled by Regine Pernoud in pages 201-216 of his text.
From the Paper
"The text The Crusades by Regine Pernoud presents, in its overview of the events, two contemporary chronicled versions of the pivotal events that took place in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade to take Jerusalem by the Christian world. The first such a chronicle is by Geoffrey Villehardouin. The second is by one Robert of Clari. Villehardouin?s chronicle is perhaps the most famous contemporary, observed account of this long and bloody Fourth Crusade. Ultimately, the crusade ended in such terrible pillage of the siege of Jerusalem that even the Pope himself condemned its aftermath. Villehardouin went as a Christian, but also as a historian. Robert of Clary is mentioned by Villehardouin as one of the participants involved in the military action, although his words are also preserved by history to a lesser extent, and in lesser number than Villehardouin."
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The Papacy and The Crusades, 2003.
Discusses how the Crusades strengthened the power of the papacy and European royalty.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the decline of the Byzantine Empire and militaristic Islamic evangelism. It then looks at the effect of papal anointing of princes and the creation of the College of Cardinals.
From the Paper
"The Papacy and The Crusades
The religious wars of the Christian monarchies of Western Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were waged to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. When he called the First Crusade, Pope Urban II benefited from three ..."
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A Study of Crusades, 2005.
An historical look at the series of wars waged by Western European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims from the end of the 11th century to the late 13th century.
3,141 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the background, causes, and consequences of the crusades. In particular, the paper examines the First Crusade in detail and then takes a brief look at the other crusades.
Outline
Background
The Immediate Cause
Pope Urban?s Clermont Address of 1095
The First Crusade
The Second Wave
The Aftermath and Other Crusades
Consequences
From the Paper
"Following the death of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, in 814 A.D., the Empire fell into a steady decline. Christian Europe came under repeated attacks, from the Magyars in the east and center and from the marauding Vikings in the north. Islam, which was a growing power since the 7th century, posed an even bigger threat to Europe. Its forces had had conquered North Africa, the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and Spain by the 8th century. The Byzantine Empire, which had survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, to carry the torch of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization and Christianity in the east, was also threatened by the forces of Islam. In the 11th century A.D., however, Europe began to experience a revival in its strength. A growing population matched a robust economy. The power and influence of the Church was consolidated following a reform movement which reversed the previous practice of kings? appointment of important clergy members."
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Feminists, 2004.
An assessment of the ethical theories of three early feminist crusaders in American history.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the ethical theories of three early feminist crusaders in American history. The women are Abigail Adams, whose major concern was equality in education; Susan B. Anthony, whose major concern was advancing temperance to prevent harm to women and children; and Margaret Sanger, whose major concern was enabling women to have control over their sexuality and reproduction.
From the Paper
"In United States history Abigail Adams, Susan B Anthony and Margaret Sanger were all instrumental in advancing the cause of feminism. Adams was primarily concerned with equality in education. Anthony with advancing the ..."
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