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DNA Science, 2008.
Looks at the discovery, relevance and controversies surrounding DNA science.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Francis Crick and James Watson are the only names associated with the discovery of the DNA molecule; however, many scientists were involved. The author points out that the technological applications of DNA-science have led to a wide variety of advances in crop production, livestock development, forensic sciences, law enforcement, paternity testing and practically limitless therapeutic medical uses. The author then discusses the latest and most controversial DNA-based research - stem cell science. The author of the paper contends that the primary impetus for the opposition to stem cell research from religious beliefs as well as their intrusion into secular law and bioethics, represents an entanglement of church and state in violation of U.S. constitutional principles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background and History of Discovery
Technological Relevance of DNA Science
Modern Applications of DNA Science
Ethical Controversies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to providing the organs themselves, stem cell technology will also revolutionize the entire organ transplant field by eliminating the need for careful screening and tissue matching, and especially, for anti-rejection drugs. Presently, organ transplantation - whether from living donors or cadavers - requires the recipient to take powerful anti-rejection medications to suppress the body's natural response to foreign tissue, usually for life. Immune-system suppression are a necessary and worthwhile consequence of foreign organ implantation, but only because the alternative is premature death."
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Forensics Science, 2005.
This paper discusses the various techniques used in forensic science, which is any part of science related to the law.
4,595 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, although forensic science appears to be a recent development, the modern medical-legal tactic to criminal investigations started in 12th century England when King Richard I enacted the "Office of the Coroner". The author points out that the scientific analysis of evidence left at the scene of a crime such as blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire treads and other physical evidence can seem more compelling to a jury than the evidence of eyewitnesses. The paper states that the purpose of crime scene investigation is to help understand what happened and to recognize the responsible person while carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and distinguishing all relevant physical evidence for further analysis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Forensic Techniques
Firearms and Tool Mark Identification
Bullet Matching
Tool mark Evidence
Forensic Psychiatry
Profiling
Examination of Questioned Documents
Handwriting Analysis
Forgery
Scientific Evidence
Personal Identification
Fingerprints
DNA
Other Disciplines
Forensic Photography
Fracture Match
Crime Scene Documentation
Chain of Custody
Locard's Exchange Principal
Entomology
Blood Spatters
Soil
Glass
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensics in Courtroom
Validity of Forensic Evidence--Some Doubts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Few areas of examination at trial can seem as intimidating as the prospect of taking on the prosecution's forensic experts. Crime lab reports seem to have this aura of invincibility about them that lead few trial lawyers to tackle their conclusions head on in front of a jury. Maybe it is because some part of us thinks that the reported results are based upon "science", and science, in turn, can be empirically experienced. Hence, we reason, if the stuff can be checked, no lab technician would put things in their report that could easily be shown to be incorrect. Alternatively, maybe, it is because we simply don't understand how tremendously vulnerable to challenge the crime lab work product really is."
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Forensic Science, 2002.
An insight into the methodologies employed by forensic science.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This discusses forensic science. Forensic science is science applied to law to correctly identify perpetrators and exonerate the innocent. It is accurate and meant to lead to resolution. DNA cloning is an important aspect of science as forensic science involves many different areas of finding evidence in the cause of justice. If misapplied, forensic science can become a curse. Genetic information plays a crucial role and perhaps the most promising role in forensic science.
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Science vs. Spiritualism, 2002.
Analyzes the controversy over DNA testing of Native American remains for the sake of scientific knowledge.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the controversy over DNA testing. The author uses the very recent case of Kennewick Man, the 9,300 year old remains, to discuss some of the issues involved. While science can learn a great deal from studying such remains, Native Americans are opposed to such testing because they feel it violates their beliefs. They do not like the idea of scientists studying and classifying remains, as they feel such studies are often racially motivated and damages their chances of reclaiming artifacts under the North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. While the Kennewick Man case ended up in court, DNA testing proceeded and failed to uncover any conclusive results, resulting in the return of the artifacts to five Native American tribes. Cases such as Kennewick Man and a similar aborigine case in Australia have no easy answers; however, non-destructive testing may allow for less invasive treatment of human remains. In any case, the decision to test remains should be left to Native American descendants, not government committee.
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Forensic Science, 2002.
An overview of the use of medicine in solving crimes.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of forensic science in criminal investigations. It begins by considering prominent Canadian cases. It also analyzes fingerprinting and recent advances in DNA analysis.
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Richard Lewontin's "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA", 2005.
This paper reviews Richard Lewontin's "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA", which challenges the popular conception of science.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Richard Lewontin in his book "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA" presents a view of science that challenges the popular conception of science as a methodical quest for objective knowledge, which exists outside of the political and social structures of human society. The author points out that the book, which is based on Lewontin's lectures for the 1990 Massey Lectures, focuses on Lewontin's area of scientific specialty biology with a particular emphasis on genetics. The paper relates that the book's component chapters each address and subvert popular myths of science that, for many people, render its practices and practitioners beyond the realm of social and political thought.
From the Paper
"Richard Lewontin, in his book Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA, presents a view of science that challenges the popular conception of science as an methodical quest for objective knowledge that exists outside of the political and social structures of human society. This book, based on Lewontin's lectures for the 1990 Massey Lectures, focuses on Lewontin's area of scientific specialty: biology, with a particular emphasis on genetics. The book's component chapters each address, and subvert, popular myths of science that - for many people - render its practices and practitioners beyond the realm of social and political thought."
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DNA Application, 2002.
A research project examining the application of DNA in solving cold cases in California with forensic science.
6,156 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 51 sources, APA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This research paper explains what DNA is and how it is used to solve criminal cases. Additionally, it discusses the implications of DNA fingerprinting in solving cold cases, with a focus on collection methods and applications in the state of California. The research analyzes and discusses the feasibility of DNA testing in solving cold cases and studies the impact that DNA fingerprinting has had on the forensic science community as a whole. The research is driven by studies and collection methods already implemented by the scientific community as well as future methods of collecting and testing DNA evidence as it relates to the investigation of unsolved murders.
From the Paper
"Adding to an already heavy burden, most states including California are attempting to take DNA samples from a prison population approaching 2 million. This DNA information is being used in order to create state and national DNA databases. ?All 50 states have passed laws requiring collection of DNA from convicted sex offenders, and 34 states have enacted statutes requiring that DNA be taken from those convicted of other crimes.? (Price) Although most are in support of creating such a database, others feel that it is a violation of the American Constitution. Additionally, many proponents of DNA in criminal murder cases feel that DNA is still an unproven science with many inherent flaws that could convict innocent people and allow some to literally get away with murder."
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"DNA and Destiny", 2002.
Examines the pathos of Gant R. Steen's arguments in his book.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue for the approval of the pathos stated by Grant R. Steen in his book "DNA & Destiny". It will discover, through analysis, how this opinion can be justified within current scientific thought on the subject of Nurture versusNature within human developmental influences on human beings. Examples will be brought forth to help support how the author has made a convincing statement about the nature of human structure from cells to behavioral sciences. The author seeks a balanced argument for DNA and the cognitive sciences, under the auspices of nature versus nurture and this paper will seek to prove that he is right in his analysis.
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Forensic Use of DNA in Criminal Cases, 2005.
An overview of forensic use of DNA and why, at times, the use of DNA evidence in criminal case is problematic.
3,482 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, in some detail, the way in which DNA is used for forensic purposes. The paper discusses DNA typing functions, its historical use in forensics and prosecution, the possible mistakes which may be made or encouraged by DNA typing, and the future of DNA in criminal and civic cases.
What is Forensics?
How DNA is Collected
How DNA is Read
Problems With DNA
Problems With DNA
From the Paper
"The forensic use of DNA has become widely accepted in America today as providing error-proof evidence for criminal cases. Many convictions are made on the strength of DNA evidence alone, and some fewer number of accused "criminals" have been cleared of all charges on the account of late-discovered DNA evidence. Depending entirely on one's perspective, DNA sequencing may be either a godsend or one of the most serious threats to an objective justice system to have surfaced in a hundred years. On the one hand, DNA evidence can accurately link a suspect to physical evidence left at the murder scene with a striking accuracy, with the probability for error being only one in five million when considered a (genetically) average suspect and an average gene pool."
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DNA Profiling, 2007.
This paper discusses the advantages of DNA profiling and DNA databases.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that a DNA profile refers to unique identifying characteristics of an individual. The paper relates that DNA profiling and the collation of databases that can be shared allow for a successful and effective way of combating crime. The paper offers a variety of other reasons why DNA profiling and the maintenance of DNA databases can be useful. The paper discusses how this technology is being constantly improved and there are indications that fast and more effective methods of profiling are being developed.
From the Paper
"The science of DNA profiling has many applications. The most common usage of this technology is to rapidly identify the criminal perpetrator in a crime. An article from the University of Utah states: "DNA profiling has helped to acquit or convict suspects in many of the most violent crimes, including rape and murder." (Can DNA Demand a Verdict?) DNA profiling can be equally effective in preventing an innocent person for being wrongly convicted of crimes."
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DNA Fingerprinting, 2005.
This paper examines the use of DNA fingerprinting by investigators.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that DNA evidence exists in biological materials, such as blood, semen and even perspiration and can be found on a variety of items from cigarette butts to eyeglasses, even decades old evidence can contain DNA. The author points out that one of the biggest disadvantages of DNA testing is, if it is not performed correctly, the results are worthless. The paper relates that in the field, DNA fingerprinting is one of the investigator's forensic tools but its use requires full training in the process for collecting DNA evidence.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of DNA Fingerprinting
Advantages of DNA Fingerprinting
Disadvantages of DNA Fingerprinting
What I Would do as an Investigator in this Field and Why I Would Choose DNA Fingerprinting
From the Paper
"Lastly, Smialek, Word, and Westveer note a primary disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting is the ease in which it's contaminated. Samples have to be collected and handled with gloves that have to be changed often. Disposable instruments, or those that are thoroughly cleansed can only be used. Even talking, sneezing or coughing over evidence can make it worthless. In addition, there is the backlog of DNA samples to be processed which lead to lengthy waits between collecting and interpretation."
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DNA and the Criminal Justice System, 2005.
An overview of DNA technology and how it has impacted the American criminal justice system.
3,495 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This research is an investigation into the way DNA technology has affected America's criminal justice system by detailing its uses, as well as the challenges that still lay ahead. Utilizing secondary resources, including the testimonies of several experts in the field such as the director of the Virginia Division of Forensic Science, the executive director of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence and the assistant director for the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as well as published resources from other experts, the author of the paper attempts to answer the question of how DNA has impacted America's criminal justice system.
Preface Statement
Statement of the Problem
Background
Overview of DNA
DNA as an Investigative Tool
Inception of the National DNA Index
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Anticipated Results and Conclusions
From the Paper
"DNA is organized as two complementary strands that are linked together with bonds that can be separated. Each strand of DNA is a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four kinds of nucleobases, often simply referred to as bases. These bases are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. Furthermore, these bases only pair up properly with one other base, A with T, C with G, and vice versa, on their complementary strand ("DNA")."
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DNA Sequence, 2005.
An analysis of a human DNA sequence.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author reports on an assignment she received where she was given a human DNA sequence composed of a series of letters such as 'accagacagt' and had to decipher letters and interpret the results.
Introduction
DNA
DNA and the Internet
DNA Sequence
Prospects for Diagnosis and Therapy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The internet has made so many sites and processes available to the average person that home DNA testing may actually be a reality in the near future. But, this plethora of information is actually a bit overwhelming and therefore confusing. Results obtained on one site may not necessarily agree with the results of another site which obviously leads amateur Genomics practitioners such as my self to begin to doubt returned results and thus require professional confirmation. The key is that DNA Sequencing and interpretation will alter mankind's ability to identify 'medicine less' cures and maybe even lead to the creation of completely altered super humans. "Initiation of DNA replication holds the clue to what controls cell division and hence growth and differentiation." (Adams, 1991) "
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DNA Profiling in Crime-Solving, 2002.
An overview of the use of DNA in the investigation of crime.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the structure and replication of DNA, and how these have been used to develop techniques that can be used to 'profile' the DNA of individuals. It is this DNA profiling that is used in crime-solving, by comparing DNA found at the scene of the crime with DNA taken from suspects.
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DNA, 2004.
Descriptive paper on DNA including ample use of graphs and charts.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of what DNA is and then describes its function, appearance, and structure. Next, the paper gives examples of good DNA and bad DNA and explains each form of DNA testing, how it is done, why it is done, and the results. Additionally, the paper explains DNA fingerprinting.
From the Paper
"Every human body is made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA. DNA the responsibility of DNA is to preserve, copy, and send out information within the cells from generation to generation. (Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution) In humans, DNA molecules are made up of two strands that wrap and twist around each other. (Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity) They look like a twisted ladder. When it looks like this, it is referred to as a double helix. DNA is enclosed in chromosomes. Chromosomes are the cells within the DNA that carry the gene information. (Inheritance of Mental Illness) (Genes and the Mind) They are located in the nucleus of every cell."
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