| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "DISPOSABLE INCOME DOMESTIC TRAVEL": |
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Disposable Income and Domestic Travel, 2008.
An examination of the effects of disposable income on domestic travel.
1,262 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the main hypothesis of whether increases in disposable income, cause an increase in domestic travel, and the sub-hypothesis of whether domestic travel is a normal or luxury good. The paper explains that the main aim is to determine the true nature of the relationship between disposable income and domestic travel. The paper further explores the effect of disposable income on domestic travel. In conclusion, the paper shows that a complete model of domestic travel entails looking at all determinants of travel as a supposed explanatory variable before the relationship between personal disposable income and domestic travel can be analyzed and this is necessary so that the relationship coefficients are unbiased.
Outline:
Literature Survey
Theory and Hypothesis: What is the Effect of Disposable Income on Domestic Travel
From the Paper
"Research that has centered on domestic travel, began as early as the 1960's, especially in wake of the fact that in many developed countries citizens were spending excessively on travel. Empirical studies by Gray found that disposable income was a major determinant of travel. Gray's analysis was an econometric model that included explanatory variables such as the foreign exchange rate, fare payments abroad, and travel spending by local residents. Gray's work also included another element that was absent in other papers, that is, Gray found that the prices of goods and services while traveling were an important determinant of travel. This particular model is important to the testing of the relevant hypotheses since, it gives a clear picture as to what the complete model of domestic travel should entail as explanatory variables. It is therefore less likely to get a biased determinant if all the necessary independent variables are included in the model; Gray's research paper dictates what these variables should be."
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Domestic Travel in the US, 2008.
An examination of the correlation between disposable income and domestic travel.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper's aim is to determine the true nature of the relationship between disposable income and domestic travel. While examining the main hypothesis of whether increases in disposable income cause an increase in domestic travel, the paper also tests the sub-hypothesis whether domestic travel is a normal or luxury good. This paper examines both of these issues concurrently using demand and supply analysis. The paper concludes that the literature survey does suggest that there is a positive relationship between personal disposable income and domestic travel. The paper also notes , however, that it should be understood that a complete and unbiased model of domestic travel entails looking at all determinants of travel as a supposed explanatory variable before the relationship between personal disposable income and domestic travel can be analyzed.
Outline:
Literature Survey
Theory and Hypothesis: Effect of Disposable Income on Domestic Travel
Graph: Domestic Travel and Disposable Income
From the Paper
"Research that has centered on domestic travel, began as early as the 1960's, especially in wake of the fact that in many developed countries citizens were spending excessively on travel. Empirical studies by Gray found that disposable income was a major determinant of travel. Gray's analysis was an econometric model that included explanatory variables such as the foreign exchange rate, fare payments abroad, and travel spending by local residents. Gray's work also included another element that was absent in other papers, that is, Gray found that the prices of goods and services while traveling were an important determinant of travel. This particular model is important to the testing of the relevant hypotheses since, it gives a clear picture as to what the complete model of domestic travel should entail as explanatory variables. It is therefore less likely to get a biased determinant if all the necessary independent variables are included in the model; Gray's research paper dictates what these variables should be."
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Foreign Domestic Workers and the Domestic Sphere in Canada, 2002.
A review of an article by text by Arat-Koc on changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce and the part foreign workers play.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews a text by Arat-Koc that explains changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce, (as well as inadequate arrangements for child care, and how this has produced reliance on foreign domestic employees in the homes of those who are able to afford them. Arat-Koc estimates that the demand for domestic workers, often from Third World countries, will increase, and without careful examination of the conditions under which these women work or scrutiny of the implications of the temporary work visas under which they are admitted to Canada. Foreign workers continue to fill the gaps in the Canadian domestic sphere although there is need for clarification of their safety, working in relative isolation as they do, within private homes, and the likelihood of exploitation.)
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Domestic Violence and the Child: The Effects of Exposure of Domestic Violence in Children., 2002.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the effects of domestic violence on children living in households where such events occur. It is known that being witness to domestic abuse or being abused has a negative impact on the child's psyche, but the extent of this is not known. This paper works to find the extent of damage that domestic violence has on children and adolescents. 8 pgs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents' behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans' decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans' sexual behavior."
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Income Disparities in Latin America, 2002.
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
5,725 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes
What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution-resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
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Domestic Violence, 2006.
An in-depth case study on intervention programs for domestic violence.
10,072 words (approx. 40.3 pages), 81 sources, MLA, $ 203.95
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Abstract
This work is a case study of intervention programs for domestic violence abusers that specifically focuses on the intervention method known as transformational leadership. Research on this subject suggests that a correlation exists between certain forms of behavior and styles of leadership. It claims that the focus of today's attention in relation to dealing with domestic violence should be one that is squarely upon 'prevention' of domestic violence while at the same time continuing to maintain the crisis service organizations as well as the criminal justice programs. The paper explains that stopping domestic violence is important in the battle to end domestic violence but the ability to completely prevent the occurrence of acts of domestic violence should be sought through research. To this end, within the course of this study the 'transformational' style of leadership is reviewed. The transformational framework acknowledges that crime is a social problem and one that seeks therefore a social solution to the problem of domestic violence. The author includes methodology, research design, charts and statistics to quantify the study. It also offers an extensive review of literature.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One: Introduction
Overview of the Problem
Transformational Change- Cultural Change
Hypotheses
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Statement of the Problem
Chapter II: Literature Review
Statistical Data Related to Abuse, the Abuser and the Abused
Characteristics of the Abuser - From a FBI Report on Domestic Violence
Three Phases in the Cycle of Domestic Abuse
Characteristics of the Three Phases in the Domestic Abuse Cycle
Two Leadership Styles Compared - Toxic & Transformation Leadership
The Transformational Leader
Characteristics of the Toxic Leader
Similarities between the Toxic Leader and the Domestic Violence Abuser
Understanding How BPI Programs Work
Chapter III: Methodology
Summary of Thesis
Discussion
Research Design
Hypotheses
Questions of the Research
Presentation of the Data Collection
Rationale for Date Collection Plan
Limitations of Data Collection
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The research in this review of literature has illustrated that there are new methods of treating domestic violence and in fact of dealing with all types of conflicts and that the method is one of 'transformation' or of 'real' and 'actual' change instead of a mere covering of the problem this method strikes the root of the problem. Further this research has shown that domestic violence abusers and the individual with a 'toxic' leadership style have much in common insofar as their personal characteristics or traits which are used in controlling and manipulating those around them."
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Nursing and Domestic Violence, 2008.
A discussion of domestic violence and how community nursing policies need to change the perception of domestic violence within the United States.
1,778 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how community nursing policies need to change the perception of domestic violence within the United States. The paper looks at two different groups that dealt with domestic violence - a domestic violence support group and a court mandated support group for perpetrators. The paper explains that nurses are in the unique position to be at the forefront in a solution to this problem. Many times, the first person to see a patient within a hospital atmosphere is the nurse and the nurse should be trained to spot potential problems and symptoms of abuse and there should be adequate avenues that should be available to them in order to report suspected abuse. The paper also shows that the primary potential obstacle is the public perception of how domestic violence is seen and that nurses can be very beneficial by bringing the problem to the attention of the community and helping with the interactions between the victims who are their patients and the community and police programs.
From the Paper
"Within the community and hospital setting, a nurse is more likely to see physical and sexual abuse cases (Butler, 2005, p. 54). This means that many times nurses learn to notice the subtle clues that the patient is not willing to admit to, especially when the abuser accompanies the patient. Often, nurses are the primary caregiver to these patients because the doctors are focused on injuries and are often do not spend as much time with the patients. This makes the nurse a key instrument in the domestic abuse situation (Butler, 2005). The nurse often can tell something is not quite right and should be encouraged to convey any concerns that they may have. Nurses should also be on the lookout for more emotional abuse, which can be more difficult to spot. If someone is abusing a person in anyway including verbal or emotional abuse while in the care of the nurse, it should not be let go, the victim should be given adequate care including psychologists and social workers to help in the situation."
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Federal Income Tax Receipts and Overall Tax Rate, 2008.
An analysis of the significant relationships among the individual income tax rates and the federal income tax receipts.
2,533 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates whether and how the federal income tax receipts change given the overall tax rate for individual income taxes. The paper also investigates whether the tax receipts exhibit a diminishing return as marginal tax rates increase. The paper concludes that there exists a meaningful relationship between the marginal income tax rate and the marginal income tax receipts.
Outline
Introduction
Model
Model Results
Initial Model
Alternative Model
Alternate Model End Notes
Initial and Alternative Model Results
Data Mining
Data Mining Results
Conclusion
Appendix A: Figures
Appendix B: Data Sources
From the Paper
"Now, disregarding all the statistical minutia that may or may not be relevant the author will make the following observations regarding the alternate model. This model is depicting the predictive power of the variance of the marginal individual income tax rates among all five income quintiles to the income tax receipts at the federal level. It is apparent from the model that nearly a quarter of the variation in the marginal tax receipts can be predicted through the marginal tax rate, ceteris paribus."
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Income Disparity Measurement, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of measuring income disparity especially in the developing world.
5,390 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates
From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."
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Domestic Violence, 2002.
Research paper that attempts to prove that economic factors are a major issue in causing domestic violence in society.
2,229 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper tries to prove the hypothesis that economic prosperity is inversely related to domestic violence. It attempts to prove that better economic status will decrease the incidence of domestic violence. The paper also looks at the role of women in preventing domestic violence, the reason that a higher percentage of women are on the receiving end of domestic violence, power equations in the family that cause domestic violence, and whether a change in power equations increases or decreases domestic violence. Also examined is how the earning potential of a person can affect his/her status in the family, the role of the government or community services in mitigating domestic violence, and the role of the police or similar organizations in helping poor families deal with domestic violence.
From the Paper
"Domestic violence seems to be the biggest and gravest social problems in our society in the recent times. This is mainly because it is ubiquitous in occurrence and almost all types of societies, right form the poorest to the richest has been affected by it. While the modern world has considered women as equal to men at least in theory, it has also used that excuse to comfortably forget the chivalry and decency with which men were supposed to behave to women. Conversely, women also at times indulge in violence against men. It must be understood that domestic violence is not a term that is restricted to men committing crimes on women. In most cases it is seen that violence is directly related to absence of the basic requirements in life, which encourages either partners to pick up a fight with each other."
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Domestic Labour and Canadian Women, 2002.
This paper examines domestic labour and the status of domestic labourers.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Unpaid domestic labour is homemaking and childrearing. By definition 'unpaid' labour is exploitation. Paid domestic labour includes live-in nannies and other domestic servants. These are underpaid, overworked and frequently women of colour.
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Home Ownership for Low-Income Households, 2008.
An analysis of consumer choice and low-income housing.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper establishes a model to elucidate how low-income heads-of-households (LIHOH) decide to purchase a home. The paper explains that after the decision is made, the model will predict the outcome for the homeowners when certain variables are changed, such as interest rates and income. The paper then establishes a hypothesis, proposes a way to prove the hypothesis using social science work done in previous studies, and then examines the outcome. Next, the paper examines what additional evidence might be collected in new quantitative studies to bolster or challenge the hypothesis. This paper also argues that the boom in housing ownership in the United States during the 1990s was largely driven by lower-cost loans, rather than changes in consumer preferences amongst lower-income heads of household. The paper points out that recent interest rate rises and changes in the job prospects of low-income earners in the US should predict a lower rate of house ownership in the future.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Methodology
Income
Expectations of Income Continuation
Previous Home Ownership
Down Payment
Interest Rates
ARM's (Adjustable Rate Mortgages)
Reverse Mortgages
Increasing Housing Prices
Non-Financial Home-Buying Incentives
Completing the Model's Assumptions
Results Analysis
Critiques of this Model
Need for Further Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Heads of household in poor households--defined as up to two times the official US poverty level of $16,000 per household (2004) in the US, or $32,000 (DeNavas-Wait). The rate of home ownership has increased in this segment of the US population during the 1990's (Belsky E. S. and Duda 1-45). Although many LIHOH figures are clouded by the mix between Hispanic, Black and other lower-income classifications, the trend towards higher homeownership in the 1990's is clear. According to the Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances, more than 55 percent of lower-income households held debt in 2004, up from 45% in 1989."
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Domestic Interest Group Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses whether domestic interest groups are the principal explanation for the international economic policies adopted by countries. This paper is relevant to political economy, international relations, and political science studies.
2,166 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that domestic interest groups are not the principal explanation of foreign economic policies. There are other variables that are relatively important, such as domestic state actors, domestic institutions, and internationalization. First, the paper reviews the domestic interest group explanation, highlighting its explanatory strength and weakness. Second, the paper demonstrates that there is a domestic political process behind the formation of international economic policies, in which state actors and institutions play important roles. Third, the paper discusses the effects of internationalization on domestic politics and mentions the Putnam two-level game as a framework to move beyond the state-societal and domestic-international distinctions that give primacy to one explanatory factor. Prior to concluding remarks, the paper also notes the influence of exogenous factors, in particular, major crises. Finally, the paper provides concluding remarks.
From the Paper
"Political coalitions and cleavages could form based on factoral, sectoral or firm based interests. Ronald Rogowski (1989) grounds his analysis in the Stolper-Samuelson model to argue that factors that gain and lose from international trade flows form distinct political coalitions that mark the political cleavages domestically. Therefore the level of trade, given endowments of labor, land and capital, generate predictable shifts in the domestic political cleavages. Jeffry Frieden (1991) and Peter Gourevitch (1986) provide specific factor models in which coalitions are based on sectors rather than factors of production. Politics will pit towards cleavages such as those between producers of nontradables and tradables or multinational and national firms. Coalitions can also rest on firm interests and their convergence with one another. Helen Milner (1988) argues that different degrees of export dependence by firms affect preferences towards international foreign policies."
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The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children, 2006.
An outline of the problems caused by domestic violence.
1,656 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author outlines the issues surrounding domestic violence. He starts with a look at the history of domestic violence and the first institution that was set up to help protect against domestic violence, specifically for children. He then proceeds to discuss the statistics of domestic violence that are known today and continues with the devastating effects that domestic violence can have on children in later years. The author suggests ways of helping children who have suffered from domestic violence citing many examples of studies that have been carried out. In conclusion he suggests that communities can help by supporting and expanding programs to help and protect children. Visitation centers which are safely located and monitored can be established to allow the batterer time and space to visit the children while he or she is involved in intervention treatment, without causing either children or the victim fear for their safety.
Table of Contents:
When Did It All Begin?
The Cold, Hard Facts
The Cycle of Violence: Its Devastating Effect on Children
Breaking the Cycle of Violence
From the Paper
"Children across the country are struggling to survive the devastating effects of the violence they encounter in their own homes. (Children In the Crossfire v-vii). The key issues which surfaced during interviews author Maria Roy conducted of children in violent homes concerned physical and sexual abuse, psychological trauma, self-destructive coping mechanisms, assumption of parental or guardian role, educational neglect and poor school adjustment, auto-phobia, use and abuse of drugs and alcohol, peer paranoia, distrust of adults, unresolved conflicts and ambivalence about their parents, transition induced stress, accidental victims of abuse, confused values, violence between teen couples, and cynicism regarding their future."
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