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Disparate Treatment.
This paper discusses disparate treatment, the differential treatment of individuals because of their membership in one or more protected classes, such as African-American, older, or disabled.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper uses two legal cases to illustrate disparate treatment in business: Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital Of Texas, which concerned health issues due to pregnancy, and Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, which concerned older workers. The author points out that Office Depot, to avoid charges of disparate treatment, provides chairs at the register for pregnant employees who are customer service representatives and has a community-supporting policy of seeking older employees. The paper concludes that employees have multifaceted rights under federal, state, and local statues; therefore, managers must not make judgments without consulting with their legal advisers and human resources experts.
Table of Contents
Disparate Treatment
Disparate Impact
Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital of Texas
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ms. Garcia became pregnant while working at the Women's Hospital of Texas. Ms Garcia was forced to convalesce at home by her doctor because of health related issues due to the pregnancy. Her doctor released her to return to work after a few weeks, believing she was fit to perform her duties. The hospital administration, consistent with hospital policy, required the doctor to certify on a prepared form that Garcia could perform a variety of ostensibly required tasks. Her doctor certified that Garcia could perform all of the listed tasks with the exception of pushing, pulling or supporting 150 pounds. (Garcia V. Woman's Hospital of Texas, 1996) Consistent with hospital policy, Garcia was not allowed to return to work with the above limitation, and after she was on leave for more than six months the hospital terminated her, again consistent with hospital policy."
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Disparate Treatment and the Law, 2005.
This paper discusses two legal cases of disparate treatment: "Smith vs. City of Jackson" and "Jespersen vs. Harrah's."
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the City of Jackson, Mississippi adopted a revised pay plan granting raises to all city employees in the police and fire departments under which officers and dispatchers with fewer than five years tenure received proportionately greater raises than employees who had more than five years tenure. The author relates that a disparate impact claim, "Smith vs. City of Jackson", under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was made; but the court, in an 8-0 opinion, rejected it because employees failed to identify any specific practice within the pay plan that had an adverse impact on older workers and the city's plan was based on reasonable factors other than age. The paper points out that the "Jespersen vs. Harrah's" in which Jespersen refused to comply with the makeup requirements, claiming disparate sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also was rejected because the requirement imposed equal burdens on both sexes.
From the Paper
"The question presented was whether a disparate impact claim, a claim alleging unintentional discrimination, can be made under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In an 8-0 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that ADEA authorized recovery in disparate-impact cases, but that in this case petitioners failed to set forth a valid claim. The Court relied on its 1971 decision in Griggs v. Duke Power, where the Court first authorized disparate-impact claims brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."
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Cases Reflecting Disparate Impact, 2007.
This paper describes disparate impact, which occurs when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper presents several cases that demonstrate disparate impact and treatment in the workplace. The paper defines disparate impact and treatment as when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class. Such practices can include tests, academic requirements, and physical necessities. The specific cases are highlighted for their importance to this issue and their verdicts are clearly presented.
Outline:
Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment
Case Overview: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
The Final Rule: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
Implications in Today's Business Environment: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
From the Paper
"The first case in history to examine disparate impact, Griggs V. Duke Power Co. made its way to the Supreme Court of the land. First heard in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, African American employees of the Duke Power Company brought a class action suit against their employer (Griggs, 1971). At the time, the power company required employees to hold a high school diploma and satisfactory scores on an intelligence test (Griggs, 1971). During times of heated racial debate, these requirements were put in place for positions previously held only by Caucasian employees (Griggs, 1971). While the District Court dismissed their case, Griggs V. Duke Power went on to an appellate court, where the decision was reversed, but the diploma and test requirement practices were upheld (Griggs, 1971). "
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Disparate Impact, 1992.
Examines the legal theory of discrimination and applies it to the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and public policy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Disparate Impact and the Civil Rights Act of 1991
This paper will first discuss the disparate impact theory and the respective burdens of the plaintiff and defendant under this theory as it was articulated up until Wards Cove v. Antonio.1 It will then discuss the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 19912 upon future disparate impact cases and public policy.
The disparate impact theory was first articulated by, the Supreme Court in 1971 in Griggs v. Duke Power Co.3 In this case, job applicants were required to take a general intelligence test and produce a high school diploma, the effect being to disadvantage black applicants. The Court said that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited practices which are neutral in form but discriminatory in operation unless they are ..."
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Income Disparities in Latin America, 2002.
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
5,725 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes
What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution?resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
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Income Disparity Measurement, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of measuring income disparity especially in the developing world.
5,390 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates
From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."
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Regional Economic Disparities In Canada, 2002.
Examines the regional disparities in Canada using data from 1966-1996 and argues that the disparity is growing.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Over the past thirty years, rather than improving, it is clear to see that the regional disparities, economic and otherwise, have been getting worse. Looking to census data over the circa 1966-96 period, we can see that Eastern Canada, in particular, has fared very poorly. This paper will bring this evidence to light, and argue that, not only have regional inequalities been exacerbated in the past 30 years, but that they will continue to get worse as globalization intensifies.
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Asthma Control and Treatment in Racial and Ethnic Minorities, 2008.
A literature review of asthma treatment in ethnic minorities.
2,607 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a literature review on the subject of asthma in racial and ethnic minorities. The review focuses on the risk factors that contribute to greater asthma prevalence and poorer asthma control and treatment in racial and ethnic minorities.
Outline:
Introduction
Asthma Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality
Factors Contributing to a Higher Prevalence of Asthma in Minorities
Disparities in Asthma Control and Treatment
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Minorities, the poor, adult women, and children under the age of 18 are disproportionately affected by asthma (ALA, 2007a). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (2007) African American children had a 17% prevalence of asthma, compared to 12% in Non-Hispanic Whites, 10% in Hispanics, 10% in Native Americans, and 6% in Asians. In adults however, Native Americans had the highest rates of asthma, with a 16% prevalence compared to 11% in African Americans, 10% in Whites, 8% in Asians, and 8% in Hispanics. Puerto Rican adults had a higher prevalence of asthma than most races, with an 11.6% prevalence (CDC, 2004). This fact is masked by the lower rates of asthma in other Hispanic subgroups.
Regardless of age, African Americans were more likely to be hospitalized and to die because of asthma complications compared to all other races, even when taking into account the higher prevalence rates of asthma in this group. Compared to Whites, African American children were 4-5 times more likely to be hospitalized due to asthma, while African American adults were 3-4 times more likely to be hospitalized, and they were also five times more likely to use the emergency department (ED) to seek asthma care (KFF, 2007). African Americans were disproportionately represented in deaths due to asthma even when socioeconomic status was accounted for --they represent only 12.1% of the population, but they account for 25% of all asthma deaths (ALA, 2007a)."
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Racial Disparity in Sentencing, 2006.
An analysis of the reasons for the racial disparity that is evident in the sentencing system in the United States.
1,792 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that there is evidence indicating a disparity between the sentencing of white and black individuals in the United States. The paper discusses the many reasons that exist for such a disparity, such as law enforcement strategies that target low income areas. It also discusses other reasons, including the ability to hire a private attorney versus having to depend on a public defender. The paper concludes with some suggestions for reducing racial disparity.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Reasons for Racial Disparity
Extra Legal and Non-Legal Factors in Sentencing Consideration
Suggestions for Reducing Disparity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A large racial discrepancy exists in the court system when sentences are handed down to individuals. There is sufficient evidence to support that a black individual is more likely to receive a harsher sentence than a white individual who committed what would appear to be the same crime. Many theories exist for the explanations of the racial disparity such as law enforcement strategies, disproportionate number of minorities involved in crime, the implementation of mandatory sentencing guidelines, and even how plea bargains are handled. As well as there are theories for the reasons why racial disparities in sentencing existing, so are suggestions as to how to attempt to remedy it such as restricting judicial discretion, and maintaining sentencing within certain guidelines."
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Discrimination versus Disparity, 2006.
An analysis of examples of the differences between discrimination and disparity within the criminal justice system.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between disparities and discrimination within the court systems and criminal justice system as a whole. The paper defines the differences between discrimination and disparity and gives examples of how they have been used in the past in the United States. It particularly focuses on areas of race, women and juvenile justice.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Discrimination v. Disparity: Definitions
Examples of Discrimination and Disparity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The juvenile justice area of criminal justice is another area where disparities are seen. In an adult court, preferential treatment may be given to those who have jobs in terms of how they are sentenced. (Rivera, 2006). However, the goal of sentencing in juvenile justice is geared more toward rehabilitation rather than retribution. Therefore, the opposite case may be seen here in terms of how a juvenile maybe sentenced. By this what I mean is, let's say that two juveniles have committed the exact same crime except one juvenile has a stay at home parent and the other one has a single parent who is working one or more jobs. The juvenile with the stay at home parent maybe allowed to go home because the parent has stated and demonstrated that they have the ability to monitor the juvenile. The juvenile with the working parent may not be afforded the same option because of the fact that he or she is in fact working and does not have the same ability to monitor the juvenile."
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Cardiovascular Disease Disparities, 2001.
An analysis of hypertension disparities and policy development in the African-American and Caucasian societies.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The number of existing cases of high blood pressure is nearly 40% higher in blacks than in whites and its effects are more frequent and severe in this population. Recent emphasis on racial/ethnic health disparities in the field of public health has led to a call for the development of socio-ecological approaches toward the elimination of cardiovascular disease disparities, however solutions to the problem are typically directed at health behavior change. This paper examines policies addressing hypertension disparities enacted at the federal level during the last five years, provides an overview of the problem definitions and solutions framed to set the agenda for these policies, explores the role of key policy actors in setting the policy agenda for the reduction of hypertension disparities, and makes recommendations for a different problem definition (less individualistic) with plausible solutions.
From the Paper
"African Americans are disproportionately burdened with disease morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension.1 The existence of these racial disparities warrants public health policy attention for two reasons: first, the constitution delegates the ?responsibility to protect and promote the welfare of the public? to the government (Scutchfield & Keck, 1997) and the existence of these disparities suggests that the welfare of some citizens is not being protected; second, the ethical framework for public policy development, which includes the egalitarian perspective of justice, holds that ?everyone should have equal access to both the benefits and burdens arising from the pursuit of health? (Longest 1998); however, current research on disparities highlights inequalities in access to employment, education, housing, and healthcare as underlying reasons for gaps in health status (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2000; Ren & Amick, 1996; Kawachi, Kennedy & Wilkinson, 1999)."
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Racial Disparity in Incarceration, 2004.
An analysis of racial disparity within prisons and corrections institutions.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that the rate of incarceration in the United States exhibits extreme racial disparity. The paper contends that the effects of racial disparity in incarceration reach much farther than the effects inside the social and economic structure of the prisons themselves and this disparity is likely to continue to feed itself through the societal effects to the whole population.
From the Paper
"It has been clear for decades that the rate of incarceration in the United States exhibits extreme racial disparity. There are significantly more African Americans in the prison system than there are in the general population in fact, almost 50% of those incarcerated at any given time are black men and yet the U.S. population is comprised of only 12% African Americans. (Clear & Cole 2002, Chapter 19) Cole and Clear give three main explanations for this disparity, differential criminality among minorities, racist criminal justice system and lastly a racist general population. (Clear & Cole 2002, Chapter 19) Within all three of these arguments there is some limited validity, yet it is also clear that there is still problem in need of serious address. Racial disparity within prison and corrections in general is the most serious issue facing the corrections industry today. "
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Exploration of Knowledge: Health Care Disparity, 2008.
A discussion of the agenda of "Healthy People 2010" in the US and critical social theory (CST) knowledge as it relates to health care disparities.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the goal of "Healthy People 2010" to eliminate health care disparity among different segments of the population. The paper points out that this national agenda of Healthy People 2010, in the United States, focuses on the importance of finding solutions to make health care access, disease prevention, and health promotion available equally for all in the new century. The paper's exploration of critical social theory (CST) knowledge as it relates to health care disparities exposes social inequities that prohibit people for reaching their full potential as healthy beings. The paper maintains that these disparities arise from environmental, social, political, and economic policy differences, therefore, the knowledge is biased. The paper asserts that equity in health implies that everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential. The paper concludes that future research and knowledge development is important in understanding what contributes to inequities so that problem solving can occur.
From the Paper
"Each year in the United States, the numbers of people who are underinsured and uninsured climbs. As the population of the United States becomes more diverse, minorities are more likely to be uninsured due to lack of education and cultural barriers to health care. The United States census bureau reports the number of uninsured rose by 1.4 million to 41.2 million (2002). Critical social theory is important because it fosters self-consciousness and empowerment which is lacking in many minority groups. Racial and ethnic influences are more likely to determine where one lives and whether health care resources are underserved. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994) cultural barriers to care include the lack of ethnic-specific and language appropriate prevention, care, and services. Minimal clinical trials, lack of services for certain groups, and insensitivity from providers occurs. For example, women are seventy percent more likely to live in poverty, be under represented in medical studies, and suffer cultural biases and violence which all contribute to poor health (Craft, 1997, p. 1154)."
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Racial and Ethnic Health Care Disparities, 2004.
Questions whether racial and ethnic health care disparities are really caused by insurance discrepancies and other patient-related factors.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses potential causes of racial and ethnic health care disparities. It explores the antithesis that disparities are not insurance-related or related to a patient's minority status. The paper rejects this antithesis and then asserts and provides evidence that, indeed, racial and ethnic health care disparities are due to insurance-related factors and the minority status of the patient.
From the Paper
"Almost all industrialized countries in the world implement a health care system that is run on a national level thus providing health care equally to all citizens of the country. The United States is unique in that respect. The U.S. does not provide a federally run health care plan, and as a result, equality of health care among all citizens is not assured. In fact, an individual?s access to health care often is correlated to one?s socio-economic status, and in many situations, to one?s race or ethnic background (Luhman 2002). As of 2002, over 400 clinical studies on racial and ethnic health care have provided evidence showing that across almost all medical areas, minorities generally receive a lower quality of care than do whites (Late 2003)."
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Wage Disparities in Canada, 2006.
An overview of the problem of wage disparity in Canada, the depth of the problem and the consequences of not dealing with it.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of wage disparity across Canada, which has long been a concern not only of the general population but also of the various federal government administrations throughout the years, as well as the provincial governments. The paper explains that a genuine concern of government bodies and researchers alike is that of ensuring not necessarily wage parity across professions, but of ensuring livable wages across all demographics. The paper maintains that discussing and properly framing the wage disparity issues for Canadians is important because the consequences of not addressing this issue are enormous and, ultimately, far more costly to ignore than to repair.
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