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Disparate Treatment.
This paper discusses disparate treatment, the differential treatment of individuals because of their membership in one or more protected classes, such as African-American, older, or disabled.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper uses two legal cases to illustrate disparate treatment in business: Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital Of Texas, which concerned health issues due to pregnancy, and Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, which concerned older workers. The author points out that Office Depot, to avoid charges of disparate treatment, provides chairs at the register for pregnant employees who are customer service representatives and has a community-supporting policy of seeking older employees. The paper concludes that employees have multifaceted rights under federal, state, and local statues; therefore, managers must not make judgments without consulting with their legal advisers and human resources experts.
Table of Contents
Disparate Treatment
Disparate Impact
Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital of Texas
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ms. Garcia became pregnant while working at the Women's Hospital of Texas. Ms Garcia was forced to convalesce at home by her doctor because of health related issues due to the pregnancy. Her doctor released her to return to work after a few weeks, believing she was fit to perform her duties. The hospital administration, consistent with hospital policy, required the doctor to certify on a prepared form that Garcia could perform a variety of ostensibly required tasks. Her doctor certified that Garcia could perform all of the listed tasks with the exception of pushing, pulling or supporting 150 pounds. (Garcia V. Woman's Hospital of Texas, 1996) Consistent with hospital policy, Garcia was not allowed to return to work with the above limitation, and after she was on leave for more than six months the hospital terminated her, again consistent with hospital policy."
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Disparate Treatment and the Law, 2005.
This paper discusses two legal cases of disparate treatment: "Smith vs. City of Jackson" and "Jespersen vs. Harrah's."
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the City of Jackson, Mississippi adopted a revised pay plan granting raises to all city employees in the police and fire departments under which officers and dispatchers with fewer than five years tenure received proportionately greater raises than employees who had more than five years tenure. The author relates that a disparate impact claim, "Smith vs. City of Jackson", under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was made; but the court, in an 8-0 opinion, rejected it because employees failed to identify any specific practice within the pay plan that had an adverse impact on older workers and the city's plan was based on reasonable factors other than age. The paper points out that the "Jespersen vs. Harrah's" in which Jespersen refused to comply with the makeup requirements, claiming disparate sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also was rejected because the requirement imposed equal burdens on both sexes.
From the Paper
"The question presented was whether a disparate impact claim, a claim alleging unintentional discrimination, can be made under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In an 8-0 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that ADEA authorized recovery in disparate-impact cases, but that in this case petitioners failed to set forth a valid claim. The Court relied on its 1971 decision in Griggs v. Duke Power, where the Court first authorized disparate-impact claims brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."
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Cases Reflecting Disparate Impact, 2007.
This paper describes disparate impact, which occurs when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper presents several cases that demonstrate disparate impact and treatment in the workplace. The paper defines disparate impact and treatment as when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class. Such practices can include tests, academic requirements, and physical necessities. The specific cases are highlighted for their importance to this issue and their verdicts are clearly presented.
Outline:
Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment
Case Overview: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
The Final Rule: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
Implications in Today's Business Environment: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
From the Paper
"The first case in history to examine disparate impact, Griggs V. Duke Power Co. made its way to the Supreme Court of the land. First heard in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, African American employees of the Duke Power Company brought a class action suit against their employer (Griggs, 1971). At the time, the power company required employees to hold a high school diploma and satisfactory scores on an intelligence test (Griggs, 1971). During times of heated racial debate, these requirements were put in place for positions previously held only by Caucasian employees (Griggs, 1971). While the District Court dismissed their case, Griggs V. Duke Power went on to an appellate court, where the decision was reversed, but the diploma and test requirement practices were upheld (Griggs, 1971). "
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Disparate Impact, 1992.
Examines the legal theory of discrimination and applies it to the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and public policy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Disparate Impact and the Civil Rights Act of 1991
This paper will first discuss the disparate impact theory and the respective burdens of the plaintiff and defendant under this theory as it was articulated up until Wards Cove v. Antonio.1 It will then discuss the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 19912 upon future disparate impact cases and public policy.
The disparate impact theory was first articulated by, the Supreme Court in 1971 in Griggs v. Duke Power Co.3 In this case, job applicants were required to take a general intelligence test and produce a high school diploma, the effect being to disadvantage black applicants. The Court said that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited practices which are neutral in form but discriminatory in operation unless they are ..."
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Labor Law, 2004.
This paper studies labor law and its ramifications for employers and employees alike.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explores labor law. The paper presents two cases illustrating disparate treatment and disparate impact and includes a brief description of the relevant facts, the ruling and reasoning of the court and finally the specific implications of the ruling for an employment environment. The paper answers these questions: What are some measures a company can take to reasonably accommodate people with disabilities, or those with a known drug abuse problem? Should factors like personality, attitude toward work and future upward mobility be considered when hiring?
From the Paper
"Discrimination can be the result of both intentional and unintentional motives. The willful intention to discriminate against an individual or group based on their race, gender, religion, national origin or disability is called disparate treatment. Disparate impact refers to a practice or policy that appears to be neutral on its face but negatively impacts a particular group, such as women or older workers. Disparate impact uses a circumstantial method to prove discrimination."
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The Benefits of Multimodal Treatment for ADHD, 2001.
A look at the form of treatment for ADHD known as multimodal treatment and how it can respond to the limitations of psychostimulants, the most common form of treatment for ADHD.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper delves into the form of treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) known as Multimodal Treatment and the research being done for Attention Behavior Deficit Disorder. The paper explains that multimodal treatment combines pharmacological treatment with physical accommodations and behavioral therapy to help individuals with ADHD perform at a higher level than treatment with medication alone.
From the Paper
" Imagine over 2 million children in the United States affected with a psychological disorder which is chronic and significantly disabling. Children who suffer from this disorder are frequently highly emotional, may be aggressive, tend to be underachievers and may feel highly agitated and frustrated most of the time. These children are often lonely and isolated from peers as a result of the unpredictable and erratic behavior that characterize this disorder. In their teens and early adulthood suffers of this disorder are more likely than peers to drop out of school, use illicit drugs (Garber, Garber, & Spizman, 1996), change jobs frequently and often experience depression (Solden, 1995). This is the landscape for the estimated 3 to 5% of United States children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)(Garber et al., 1996). The most common treatment for this disorder consists of medication to alleviate symptoms. However, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2000), multimodal treatments that consist of a combination of behavioral therapy and medication provide better outcomes for children with complex problems like ADHD. Specifically, The National Institute of Mental Health conducted the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (called the MTA Study)(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1999). The MTA Study documented 579 children over a period of 14 months. The children were divided into four groups; a control group, a group which received medication, a group which recived behavioral therapy, and a group which received multimodal treatment. This study demonstrated that after 14 months of treatment, children who received combined treatments performed better in six outcome areas ?social skills, parent child relations, internalizing symptoms, reading achievement, oppositional and/or aggressive symptoms and parent and/or consumer satisfaction- whereas children receiving only medication improved in only one to two of these areas and children in the control group and in the behavioral therapy groups showed clinically significant improvement in any of these areas (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). "
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Substance Misuse Treatments, 2007.
A comparison of treatment effectiveness for substance misuse with the use of different treatment models.
8,816 words (approx. 35.3 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 184.95
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Abstract
This trial investigates the models that are often used in the treatment of substance abuse in individuals that also have serious mental health conditions. The paper analyzes if dual diagnoses are common and how treatment is different from treating a singular diagnosis. It then compares the advantages and disadvantages of using the Integrated Treatment Model versus the Standard Treatment Model and the degree and incidence of substance misuse that is reduced with the use of both models.
Table of Contents:
Full Title Of Trial
The Need For A Trial
What Is The Problem/Question To Be Addressed?
What Are The Principal Research Questions To Be Addressed?
Why Is A Trial Needed Now?
How Will The Results Of This Trial Be Used?
Background Information
Implications for Treatment
Integrated Treatment Model
Standard Treatment Model
The Proposed Trial
What Is The Proposed Trial Design?
What Are The Planned Trial Interventions?
What Are The Proposed Practical Arrangements For Allocating Participants?
What Are The Proposed Methods For Protecting Against Other Sources Of Bias?
What Are The Planned Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria?
What Is The Proposed Duration Of Treatment Period?
What Is The Proposed Frequency And Duration Of Follow Up?
What Are The Proposed Outcome Measures?
What Is The Proposed Sample Size?
What Is The Likely Rate Of Loss To Follow-Up?
How Many Centers Will Be Involved?
Are There Any Planned Subgroup Analyses?
Will The Trial Address Any Economic Issues?
What Is The Estimated Research Cost Of The Trial?
Will There Be NHS Cost Implications For This Trial?
Over What Period Is Funding Requested?
Trial Management
Participating Centers
Application History
Ethical Issues
Future Work
From the Paper
" Lastly the standard treatment model acknowledges that significant others play a role in recovery. The institute asserts that during the initial stages of treatment family members complete a detailed questionnaire concerning the client's alcohol and/or drug use and the ensuing consequences (Owen, 2003). In addition counselors may have other meetings with family members during the assessment phase to gain more information about the client (Owen, 2003). In addition the families may be invited to participate in a separate family program where they will be taught more about the nature of addiction (Owen, 2003). There may also be a family conference that takes place near the end of treatment during which the counselor, the client, and the client's family discuss any concerning issues and review goals as they relate to discharging the client (Owen, 2003). The majority of families will also have to seek aftercare and may attend Al-Anon (Owen, 2003)."
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Treatment Planning in Psychotherapy, 2007.
This paper discusses the importance of treatment planning in psychotherapy.
2,301 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the critical elements of treatment planning in psychotherapy. It also provides a hypothetical case and proposes a treatment plan for the incumbent. Issues addressed include the importance of treatment planning and vital aspects of a quality treatment plan. The author concludes that ultimately a good treatment plan can be evaluated by examining the patient's response to treatment goals and outcomes.
Outline:
Treatment Planning Defined
Relevance of Treatment Planning in Psychotherapy
Treatment Plan Overview
Stages of Treatment Planning
Characteristics of a Good Treatment Plan
Hypothetical Treatment Case - Depression
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Bray, Falvey & Hebert (2005) define treatment planning, as a "frequent and universal judgment task" often required of mental health practitioners interested in promoting positive patient outcomes. During the treatment planning and conceptualization process, clinicians work to help problem solve and predict outcomes for patients using various clinical judgment strategies (Bray et al. 2005). This process while complex allows favorable outcomes for a majority of patients and improves clinical performance thus is vital to the success and well being not only of patients but also of the caregivers working with them (Bray, et al. 2005). "
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Income Disparities in Latin America, 2002.
This paper discusses income disparities in Latin America: The history, main causes, the different countries, high-income disparities, ethnicity and gender, and possible solutions.
5,725 words (approx. 22.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
This paper states that, although inequality and high levels of income disparity represent major challenges confronting economists and leaders in many parts of the world, the problem is particularly severe in the Latin American countries. The author believes that the root of this phenomenon lies in the region's colonial history and the exploitation of the indigenous population as slave labor for agriculture and tapping the mines. The paper concludes that these stubborn patterns of inequality can be overcome if determined efforts are made to open political and social policies to all and to provide access by the poorer sections to social services. Footnotes.
Table of Contents
Income Disparities in Latin America
Measuring Inequality: Some Recent Studies
Latin America: How Unequal?
Income Disparity in Latin America: Getting Worse?
Is Poverty and Income Disparity Related?
Historical Roots of Inequality in Latin America
Comparison with Colonization of North America
Persisting Patterns of Inequality
Social, Economic and Political Changes in the 20th Century
Roles of Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Income Disparities
Racial Identification
Ethnic Identification
Identity Formation and Discrimination
Assets of Households
Access to Services
Average Incomes
What do the Race and Gender-Related Income Statistics Mean?
The Consequences of Inequality
Considered Unfair
Results in Greater Poverty
Affects Economic Growth
Current Backlash
Solutions for Reducing the Inequality in Latin America
More Open Political and Social Institutions
More Equitable Economic Institutions and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Poverty and income disparity are not the same concepts. Poverty may decline in a country or region where income disparity is increasing. However, experience has shown that such a situation occurs rarely and inequality and poverty are closely related. This is because in a growing economy with stable levels of inequality, poverty invariably falls. As a result the Latin American region showed significant reduction in poverty levels in the 1970s, when its economies were growing with a corresponding drop in inequality. On the other hand, the 1980s saw a fall in incomes and more unequal income distribution?resulting in accelerated increase in poverty."
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Drug Treatment Programs, 2005.
This paper examines the Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC) drug treatment program.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how treating a drug offender's addiction is the best way to keep him from re-offending. The paper looks at Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC), a program designed to help offenders get treatment with the hopes of decreasing crime. The paper discusses the mission and components of TASC and looks at studies that compare TASC, an involuntary treatment program, with voluntary treatment programs. The paper also examines studies that analyze which types of offenders TASC is most effective in treating and reforming. The paper concludes that, overall, the TASC program seems to be effective by treating offenders longer and thereby improving recidivism rates.
From the Paper
"Researchers in the Criminal Justice field have discovered that treating a drug offender's addiction is the best way to keep them from reoffending to support their habit. The problem that justice officials face is that without outside pressure and guidance very few drug offenders will seek treatment for themselves. The solution to this problem is coerced drug treatment programs, whereby an offender is made to attend as a condition of their probation or parole, or as a form of diversion. One program designed to help offenders get treatment with the hopes of decreasing crime is Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime (TASC). TASC was started in 1972 as part of the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act (Satel, 1999). TASC attempts to coordinate the activities of the criminal justice system and drug treatment programs."
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Bipolar Treatments, 2002.
An analysis of Bipolar treatments and societal ramifications of treatment.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This study will seek to analyze a cohesive and balanced approach to understanding psychological treatment for bipolar mental disorders. In evaluating group therapy, individual care, and family care treatment options; we can see how a compliance between all of the forms of psychological care, through Self Management Programs, can help more on the whole. Also, we will examine how social characteristics influence treatment of bipolar adults in addition to the psychological treatment options.
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Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence Strategies, 2008.
A study to identify the treatment strategies which may be used in sub-Saharan Africa to improve adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment.
3,438 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The research paper examines different strategies that are being used within communities in order to determine the most successful ones in increasing the amount of patients who adhere and complete the treatment plan and therefore decrease the level of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The paper explores the reasons behind non-compliance with treatment and shows how successful strategies attempted to take a multi-faceted approach, addressing issues such as supervision,
economic factors, social support, drug availability, healthcare set-up and others. The paper includes a literature review as an appendix to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Appendix: Literature Review
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis remains a significant cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, a situation which is exacerbated due to the association of TB as an opportunistic infection of HIV. Despite there having been treatment programmes in place in many areas of Africa for a number of years there remain a large number of deaths from the disease partially due to poor adherence rates to the treatment programmes available. There has been a large amount of literature published which discusses the factors which may impact on adherence to these treatment programmes, and some which evaluates strategies to improve adherence."
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Leukemia and Alternative Treatments, 2002.
This paper provides a definition of Leukemia and a discussion of established treatments for Leukemia as well as promising alternative treatments.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay describes leukemia as a cancer that affects the blood production in bone marrow and the role that stem cells place in the growth of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets (which are clotting agents). The essay then considers three approaches to treatment of acute leukemia, and explores alternative treatments at the micro-cellular level as the most promising method of curing leukemic cancer.
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New Techniques in Cancer Treatment, 2001.
This paper looks at new treatments for cancer.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of many of the new techniques available in the treatment of cancer. The author refers to many different reports written on the subject and includes a detailed definition of the many types of treatments. These include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplant, peripheral bone stem cell transplantation, gene therapy and laser treatment. Each of these methods of treatment is detailed, giving both their positive and negative affects, including success rates and identifies the type of cancer and patient that is best suited to the treatment and its success.
From the Paper
"Bone marrow is the soft, sponge-like material found inside bones. It contains immature cells called stem cells that produce blood cells. There are three types of blood cells: white blood cells, which fight infection; red blood cells, which carry oxygen to and remove waste products from organs and tissues; and platelets, which enable the blood to clot. Most stem cells are found in the bone marrow, but some stem cells called peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) can be found in the bloodstream. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) are procedures that restore stem cells that have been destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The main purpose of BMT and PBSCT in cancer treatment is to make it possible for patients to receive very high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. BMT and PBSCT are most commonly used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. They are also used in the treatment of childhood brain tumors and other rare childhood cancers."
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Hepatitis C: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2007.
The paper focuses on the risk factors, diagnostic procedure and treatment of hepatitis C.
2,473 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that patients diagnosed with hepatitis C are often asymptomatic for many years. This paper explores the risk factors associated with the illness, the diagnostic procedures, as well as the efficacy of different treatment options. Side affects involved with the various treatment options are also explored. The writer concludes that it is clear that more research needs to be conducted regarding the prevention and diagnosis of this illness. The writer maintains that once diagnosed, there are standard treatments; however, the overall efficacy of these treatments is disappointing at best.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Adverse Effects
From the Paper
"According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), up to 80% of infected individuals are asymptomatic. There are a number of factors that increase ones risk of infection. The CDC recommends that individuals who have used intravenous drugs, recipients of clotting factors made before 1987, recipients of blood or solid organs before 1992, hemodialysis patients, anyone with undiagnosed liver problems, and infants born to HCV positive mothers be screened for hepatitis C. Health care workers who have been exposed to the virus should also be tested, however routine checks for individuals in the health care profession are not recommended. It is important that all health care professionals use caution when dealing with blood spills, including dried blood, since studies have suggested that HCV can survive at least 16 hours outside of the body."
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