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Discrimination Law: Women and their Legal Rights, 2005.
An analysis into the legal make-up of women and their rights in today's equality driven society.
3,293 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a study into the different areas of discrimination law affecting inequality amongst women. It considers whether equality really exists and what still needs to be done to ensure women are more accurately represented in today's society.
From the Paper
"Anti-discrimination legislation has been enacted in an attempt to eradicate the prevalent inequalities within the world of work. The law has developed two separate and distinct routes with respect to equality. One route expounds the equal treatment of men and women, a concept key to the liberal feminists; and the other is a specific rights based route which relates directly to pregnancy cases, which will be discussed further below. This latter is what the maternal feminists of the early nineteenth century would have chosen; that the law should accommodate the differences between men and women, with particular reference to women as mothers. The claim is that where women deviate from the male norm, the law should acknowledge this."
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Legal Rights of Black Americans, 2001.
A discussion regarding the legal rights of Black Americans from the time they were brought to America as slaves. Specific reference is given to the various laws that were passed during the 19th Century.
1,870 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the situation of Black Americans and assesses whether the abolishment of slavery has provided any greater protection under the law. The author starts at the beginning of the 19th century and looks at how Blacks were taken into slavery and brought to America. The author moves on to discuss the Missouri Compromise and the discussions that took place regarding ?slave free states?. The author then discusses then various laws that were passed during the 19th century and how the issue of slavery was eventually brought before the nation.
From the paper:
?For a brief period during Reconstruction, many African Americans voted, and some were elected to public office. In the late 1870?s, however, enthusiasm for ensuring black equality waned in both the North and the Republican Party, and by 1877, when federal troops were withdrawn from the South, blacks were left to the power of whites committed to restoring white supremacy.?
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Anti-Discrimination Employment Laws, 2004.
The paper describes the potential differences in the application of anti-discrimination employment laws.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the federal and state systems of government may differ in their application of employment laws. The author points out examples of an employment protection that is provided by the state of California, but not by the federal system. The paper discusses anti-discrimination employment laws, in general.
From the Paper
"Martin Jenkins in "Chain Store Age" explains that the Civil Rights Act of ... prohibits discrimination in a broad array of private conduct including public accommodations governmental services and education. Title VII of the Act prohibits employment discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion and national origin. The Act prohibits discrimination against the aforementioned protected classes in the areas of recruitment, hiring, wages, assignment, promotions, benefits, discipline, discharge, layoffs and almost every aspect of employment. In response to challenges in the Courts, ..."
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Gender Discrimination and the Law, 2008.
This paper discusses the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
971 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ensures that states cannot promulgate or enforce a law that violates constitutional freedoms. The paper discusses the three degrees of scrutiny that are applied by the courts in analyzing statutes challenged under the Equal Protection Clause. In particular, the paper looks at various gender-based court cases and focuses on a 1996 case, United States v. Virginia, and its outcome.
From the Paper
"Three degrees of scrutiny are applied by the courts in analyzing statutes challenged under the Equal Protection Clause. If a legislative classification disadvantages a "suspect class" or infringes upon the exercise of a "fundamental right," then the courts will employ strict scrutiny and the statute must fall unless the government can demonstrate that the classification has been narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest."
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A Bill of Rights in the Australian Legal System, 2002.
Closely examines whether or not Australia should adapt a Bill of Rights in their Constitution, looking at current protection of human rights in the legal system.
2,386 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the current ability of the Australian legal system in protection of human rights. It includes an examination of the Constitution, High Court, Implied Rights, Common Law, The HREOC (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission), international law, and federal and state laws in Australia. The paper questions whether or not current protection is adequate, and whether a bill of rights is needed.
From the Paper
"Human rights refers to those rights described as "basic and essential to the existence of human beings". These include a range of rights such as the right to life, freedom and security of person; the right to free speech; the right to a fair trial. Pressure for a bill of rights in Australia has been considerable over the last 10 years due to increased awareness of existing laws and to their inability to protect human rights, uncertainty about the High Court and interpretations of implied rights, and embarrassing challenges to the existing Australian laws. The Australian legal system has to be examined closely in order to conclude whether human rights are adequately protected. There are many means of protection in the Australian legal system, yet the actual effectiveness has to be examined as to what extent "little protection" is offered. There are many arguments in favor of the introduction of a bill of rights, however, if this would actually be appropriate for Australia in protection of human rights, and if the need is warranted, needs to be looked at in greater detail."
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Sit Lie Law and Discrimination, 2002.
This study focuses on the new Sit-Lie Law in Palo Alto.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
By recognizing the two-sided coin of discrimination for a law that was meant to keep the streets open, we have dual discrimination against possible people who might simply be waiting for a ride, or homeless. By understanding some of the details of this new law, we can see the problems that may arise from it.
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Human Rights Law, 2003.
An analysis of the protections of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as they apply to human rights law in the United Kingdom.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the history of the Council of Europe and The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, commonly known as the ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights). The paper analyzes the history of human rights in the UK beginning with the Magna Carta of the 13th century, and continuing into the 20th century, when legislation was developed to coordinate British law with the original ECHR of 1949 and its subsequent charters and protocols expanding European protections of civil rights. The paper reviews various sections of the ECHR and compares them to English Common Law and provisions of the UK's Human Rights Act of 1998. The paper discusses the difference between non-derogable rights and derogated rights, citing several relevant sections of the ECHR. It also examines several points of the ECHR and considers their acceptability under UK law. In conclusion, the paper finds that the ECHR laws are quite complex and that new British legislation only furthers the dissonance with their applicability to the UK.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Council for Europe had been originally established at the end of the Second World War and had an objective of the protection of Europe against totalitarianism and atrocities that were witnessed during the war. This council had the convention as a treaty within the actions it took. (European Convention on Human Rights) The United Kingdom was one of the founder members of this convention and also involved in the design of the law. It was also one of the first countries to approve the treaty. It has also appeals to be made to the European Commission for Human Rights since 1966. The influence of the Convention has been growing in the UK during the past ten years as the European Court of Human Rights are now taking quicker action about the appeals that are being made to it. (The European Convention on Human Rights)"
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Civil Rights Laws, 2007.
This paper discusses the emergence of civil rights laws in the 1960s and their influence until today.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the decade of the 1960s was one of the most momentous, since major anti-discrimination laws were passed to clarify the rights of all people. The paper relates that civil rights laws, passed in 1957, 1960 and 1964, promised voting and employment equality, but were enforced poorly or ignored. The paper discusses how the fight for equal rights for all individuals regardless of race, creed, religion, color or gender continues in the United States until today. The paper concludes that the decade of the 1960s will always be known as one of change and evolution.
From the Paper
"Some scholars say that because the framers of the U.S. Constitution were a relatively group of white men, many of whom had been educated at the country's best schools and were from some of the best families, the document produced was biased in various ways. For example, in 1987 Justice Thurgood Marshall said that the Constitution was "defective from the start," that its first words--"We the People"--excluded "the majority of American citizens," because it left out blacks and women."
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From Natural Law to Human Rights, 2006.
This essay explores how human rights grew from natural rights.
4,511 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer declares that early proponents of natural law argued that people have common sense and are born with an intuitive knowledge of right and wrong. This paper discusses that human rights are those rights that are based on human nature. The writer examines how human rights grew from natural rights. It argues that conceptions of right and wrong are not based on an unchanging, eternal order, but are negotiable; that is, open to revision as the years go by and times change. It is seen, for example, how women and children have used natural rights arguments to gain rights that formerly were denied them.
The writer concludes that human rights have evolved from natural law and natural rights and that human rights are intimately connected to morality and ethics.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Law and the Concept of Rights
Changing the Law in Response to a New Moral Awareness
Human Rights for Women
Juvenile Death Penalty
Rights versus Utilitarianism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"More than anyone else the philosopher John Locke influenced the shape and form of democracy in the United States. He argued that human beings have certain fundamental rights, which governments cannot take away. He argued that no individual has a natural right to rule over others, and that a person's natural state is a state of freedom. Freedom, he explained, was not the same as license or permission to do whatever one wants; rather, freedom is based on the "law of reason which places precise limits on our behavior". Not everyone is able to enjoy their natural rights because other people and the government sometimes violate them; therefore, Locke suggested that men assemble and choose leaders who can be trusted to protect their natural rights. The primary function of government ought to be to protect the natural rights of its citizens, to protect citizens from other states, and to establish and maintain internal order. He suggested that oppressive governments (governments that had broken trust with the people) could, and should, be overthrown; in other words, sometimes, revolution is justified--especially if the government violates the natural rights of its citizens. In questions where natural rights are not the issue, then the will of the majority should prevail. His ideas profoundly inspired the Founding Fathers and the Declaration of Independence; moreover, the Constitution was written mainly to protect the people's rights from government interference, to insure internal order, and to establish defense."
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Women's Rights, 2008.
A discussion on women's rights in the 20th century.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the history of women's rights over the past century in the United States. The paper holds that the road toward equality for women has been extensive and complex. It includes a discussion on their right to vote in 1920 with the Nineteenth Amendment and the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972, which made it illegal to discriminate anyone on account of sex. The paper points out that, today, women are active members of the military, belong to congress, play all sports and are successful in careers that were once only available to men. The paper concludes that the Equal Rights Amendment has been an important stepping stone towards equality for women.
From the Paper
"When women first were allowed to enter the United States military their roles were restricted to what at the time was considered to be a female occupation. "The government actively recruited women for the military service non-combative service only" (Ching & Ching, 2001). Before the acceptance of women in the military women created groups like WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) or WASP (Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots). These groups would assist in duties which sometimes were as dangerous as their counterparts however they did not receive the any military benefits, such as pension or insurance (Ching & Ching, 2001). The attitude towards women in the military did not change much an in the 70's the discriminations only amplified. In fact, well known Naval and Air Force Academies refused to allow women to enter using as an excused that it was not necessary since women were only able to perform non-combative service in the United States military (Ching & Ching, 2001)."
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Islamic Crime and Punishment and International Human Rights Law, 2000.
This paper is an in-depth look at Islamic law and how it frequently comes into conflict with international law and human rights.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 17 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper is a detailed discussion of Islamic criminal law, its sources, its application, and its conflict with international law and human rights. The author examines both primary and secondary sources of Islamic law, and describes Hudud, Tazir and Qesas crime and punishment. The paper also focuses on the historical background of Muslim law.
From the paper:
?Islam means ?submission? or ?surrender? to the will of Allah. For the more than one billion Muslims of the world, this means submission to a comprehensive code of law governing every arena of life: social, political, economic, and religious. In Islam there is no separation of church and state, no distinction between religion and politics; Government, law, and religion are unified. Some would argue that Islamic law is not fully practiced in any part of the Islamic world. While this may be true, twenty-three nations have either declared Islam to be the state religion or declared the religious writings of Islam to be the principal source of law.?
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Discrimination against Women, 2005.
This paper discusses discrimination toward women in the workplace.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that women are discriminated against in the workplace with lower salaries and fewer promotions compared to men, regardless of the education or experience they have. The writer questions why people take employers to court for discrimination. The writer notes that before discussing how women are discriminated against it is important to understand why discrimination is wrong.
From the Paper
"Four out of ten American women visit one of Wal-Mart's stores weekly ... Yet Wal-Mart is not only a horrifyingly stingy employer: Many workers say it is also a sexist one. Wal-Mart is not the only business discrimination against women. Five different areas of discrimination are race, sex, religion, age, and disability. Another large company that discriminates against women is Boeing."
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Civil Rights Laws of the 1960s, 2002.
A discussion of the origins, progress, aftermath and implications of the principal federal civil rights legislation passed in the 1960s.
5,172 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history behind the principal federal civil rights legislation passed in the 1960s, primarily the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the '64 Act) and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (the '65 Act) and their implications. The '64 and '65 Acts were enacted during the administration of President Lyndon Johnson and represented a culmination of a long struggle by the civil rights movement for recognition of the legal and political rights of African Americans. It analyzes how they revolutionized politics in the South and helped that region participate more fully in the nation's progress. It also looks at how blacks, other ethnic and racial minorities and women benefited greatly from the civil rights legislation of the 1960s, but how efforts since then by African Americans to participate more fully in American society have largely been thwarted.
Outline
Background
Origins of the '64 Act
Passage of the '64 Act
Johnson's Motivations
Legislative Strategy
Effect of the '64 Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Laws and White Backlash
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Further crises followed. The Kennedys negotiated with Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett to ensure the peaceful entry of James Meredith as a student at Mississippi University in September 1962, but they were forced to send in 500 marshals. After the marshals were overwhelmed by a local mob and had suffered 160 wounded, JFK sent in 5,000 Army troops. Both Kennedys felt that they had been double-crossed by Barnett. Weisbrot said "the events at Ole Miss did much to reshape President Kennedy's thinking about race, politics, and his role in civil rights reform." Next, anti-segregation demonstrations took place in Birmingham in the spring of 1963 where nationwide television audiences witnessed the brutality used by Police Chief Bull Connor on unarmed civil rights demonstrators."
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Discrimination against Women, 2002.
This paper is an essay that discusses discrimination against women in a capitalistic society.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The author expresses her view that while capitalism has benefits to some, it is a powerful pressure on women around the world. The paper states that despite all the advances women have made in American politics and attaining corporate power, globally, women are still the second sex victums. The paper discusses sexual stereotypes in advertising, prostitution, sex trafficking, package tours for sex and bride burning in India.
From the Paper
"The pressure of encroaching capitalism, which is slowly emerging in developing nations of Asia, for example, brings with it a resurgence in prostitution. Women in Asia, particularly, are regarded as a commodity. Due to the globalization, the effects of capitalism and their governments' inability to provide employment, many of the women from Southeast Asia adopt prostitution. Most of these girls and women come from very poor places and slums where they do not have any food, shelter even clear drinking water. Often they carry the burden of supporting their families as well, and it is common practice for daughters to leave their home in the rice fields to go to the cities to prostitute themselves."
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Abortion and Women's Rights, 2007.
A discussion of a woman's right to have an abortion.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the controversial subject of abortion from the perspective of women's rights. The paper is written from a pro-choice perspective, and argues that the right to abortion is essentially a women's prerogative. This study explores the various arguments that support the right of women to choose for themselves. Relevant literature is cited including studies that pertain not only to American women but also women in developing nations. The author concludes that women's reproductive rights should be seen in the larger context of class, race and economic discrimination.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"Reproductive rights, as the essential rights of women over their own bodies and sexuality, are not something separate from other issues relating to gender rights. One the central arguments put forward in this regard that it is the woman that must make this choice and not a society that is dominated by male views and prejudices. Considered in this larger context, the issue of abortion is seen in a more appropriate and rational way. "
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