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?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality? by Rousseau, 2002.
This paper discusses Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,? a philosophical work that explains how society came to be and how inequality emerged and existed in the society.
590 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 1 source, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Jean Jacques Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality of Man?, that focuses on how man came to be different from other animals because of two characteristics: Pity and the need for self-preservation. The paper points out that a careful study of Rousseau?s work shows that man?s natural tendency for survival and self-achievement will drive him to want to dominate others, and that inequality will become the product of humankind?s selfish and self- achieving nature.
From the Paper
"Rousseau defends his primary claim about inequality by explaining how inequality came to be. Of course, Rousseau discusses the nature of man prior to the establishment of the society. Prior to Rousseau?s society, humankind is egalitarian in nature, and survival is only the main reason why people live (self-preservation). However, as time passes, and as man become more acquainted with other people, the need to achieve betterment, or perfectibility, arises; man thus aspire to attain superiority above the others (?In proportion as the human race grew more numerous, men's cares increased. The difference of soils, climate and seasons, must have introduced some differences in their manner of living?). Through this kind of thinking and objective, man becomes unfair individual, and the society that Rousseau talks about is created through the inequality of man."
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Marx's Analysis Of The History And Dynamics Of Capitalism Compared With Rousseau's Arguments In His Discourse On The Origin Of Inequality., 2002.
A comparison of Marx's analysis of the history and dynamics of capitalism with Rousseau.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This three-page undergraduate paper compares and contrasts Marx's analysis of the history and dynamics of capitalism with Rousseau's arguments in his Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. It discusses various points that show a substantive difference between Marx and Rousseau.
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Origin of Inequality, 2002.
Examining Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality".
1,894 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the philosophical writings of Rousseau where he examines the natural state, the state of nature, from which man has been removed by civilization. Rousseau states that the idea of morality comes with the formation of civil society and precedes the formation of political society. In this work, Rousseau distances himself from the optimistic, enlightened, and progressive attitudes of the eighteenth century. The paper shows how Rousseau characterizes modern society as not only incorporating, but fostering and demanding, deep and hateful inequalities between people, leading them further and further into corruption and misery.
From the Paper
"With the creation of private property, there developed a sense of insecurity and conflict leading to the creation of political society through the social contract. This was conceived of by Rousseau as a real contract between the governors and the governed, with the governors selected by the governed. This precludes a despotic form of government, at least at this stage, for such a form of government returns people to the state of nature in which all are the same and all moral distinctions vanish under the power of the despot. The social contract requires some form of consent. If we have become slaves, it is because we have ceded too much power to the despots and have allowed them to void the social contract."
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Locke and Rousseau on Economic Inequality, 2008.
A comparison of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality".
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This essay compares and contrasts two theoretical models regarding economic inequality. The first is presented by John Locke in his "Second Treatise of Government", which addresses the origins of economic inequality. The second, which is in sharp distinction to these views, is presented by French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality". The paper outlines the strengths and weaknesses of both. It argues that, while both works are very similar in their imagined origins of economic inequality in the early history of property, they differ radically in how they represent property and the justifications for its differing accumulations that ultimately give rise to economic inequality. The paper concludes that Locke envisions property and moderate levels of economic inequality as a good thing, while Rousseau condemns this inequality as a corrupting influence upon human society in every respect.
From the Paper
"However, while there is a superficial similarity between how Locke and Rousseau each conceive of the state of nature, there is one important distinction between the two: property. While Locke conceives, as noted above, of an equality of property as existing in the state of nature, Rousseau contends that the innovation of property itself marked the ending of the state of nature and the beginning of human society.
"This is an important difference, and it goes to the heart of how each philosopher conceives of economic inequality. For example, it is clear from the outset of Rousseau's description of the state of nature and its defining characteristics that he sees property as not only a negative aspect of human society but as being fundamentally illegitimate as well."
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Rousseau on Inequality, 2002.
A look at Jean Jacques Rousseau's concepts on inequality.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Rousseau's discussion of the various causes of inequality. The author evaluates whether a similar approach could be taken to explain sexual or racial inequality and includes Simone De Beauvoir in the analysis.
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Rousseau's Second Discourse, 2002.
A close analysis of Rousseau's 2nd Discourse on inequality.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
A close analysis of Rousseau's 2nd Discourse on Inequality, basically a history of man's social evolution and the development of governments, which places private property at the root of all conflict between humans.
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Rousseau's General Will, 2005.
This paper examines the subject of general will that is discussed in Jean Jacques Rousseau's works 'The Social Contract' and the 'Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men'.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that Rousseau uses 'The Social Contract' and the 'Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men' to evaluate the evolution of human thought from the primitive; to the advanced ideals of virtue through compassion, which has created modern forms of Democratic and Republican government. The writer further discusses that by realizing the basis for cooperation between the individual will and the general will, both offer avenues that provide liberties, but curtail the excessive nature of humankind's tendency to selfishness and/or, in a polarized perspective the rule by the many.
From the Paper
"This political science study examines the nature of "general will" within the political and social writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau. By analyzing the dictates of social rights and obligations within 'The Social Contract', one can realize the power of the individual to express his or her own will, but must abide by the general will for the greater good. Also, one can evaluate the writings of Rousseau's 'Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men', and begin to understand the necessity of the general will to help ensure individual freedoms within the larger society as a whole. The laws of human nature appear to depict a distraction from the rights of the individual, which should always be taken into account within the larger societal responsibilities of the general will."
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The Philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1985.
This paper is a critical analysis of two of the major works of 18th Century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "The Social Contract" and "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality": The individual in social relations, emphasizing political realm, na
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 7 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This study will provide a critical analysis of two of the major works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.
The study will concentrate on these two works in order to isolate for investigation the essential steps in Rousseau?s reasoning about the individual in his social relations, especially with regard to the realm of political thought and practice.
As we shall see, A Discourse contains a portrait of how social conditions create for men a basic dilemma for the establishment and exercise of their individual identities. A Discourse in that sense serves as a preliminary portrait of the fundamental problem of society, which is addressed more fully in The Social Contract. In the latter work, Rousseau describes ... "
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Socio-economic Inequality, 2002.
An examination of some of the causes of the current socio-economic inequality in the world, with a focus on several philosophers and their theories.
3,472 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
Inequality among human beings has been an issue of concern from times immemorial and some of the greatest thinkers in human history have sought to narrow the gap between the haves and the have-nots through their philosophy, teachings and efforts. The paper shows that, ironically, religion has contributed more towards the inequality of mankind than any other ?philosophy? in the recent past. It is not only religion however that has been responsible for the inequality. The paper shows that the whole economic and financial structure of capitalism, international financial rules and globalization is loaded in favor of the rich and has resulted in widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. We are now living in a world in which this gap is so pronounced as to be positively grotesque. The saddest part of the dilemma is that inequality in our world is increasing by the day. This essay is about the background, reasons and the present state of socioeconomic inequality. It includes a discussion of the theories of some of the leading philosophers in history who have deliberated on the issue such as Karl Marx. It examines the leading economic theory of our times?capitalism, and looks at its pros and cons. The present state of inequality in the world, the reasons behind rising inequality and its possible effects are also discussed.
From the Paper
"In the Western Christian world, inequality was accepted as a way of life due to the widespread feeling that the existing social structure based on equality was impossible to change. The early Christian Church teachings emphasized that somehow living in sin had created inequality and misery for mankind, and a life without sin would solve all injustices. It was only in the 17th and 18th century that philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau began to teach the inherent equality of man and belief in the possibility of social transformation began to spread. This was followed by the spread of socialist and communist thought that predicted social transformation and the demise of inequality through violent revolution."
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The Question of Inequality, 2002.
A comparison of the views of philosophers Locke and Rousseau on morality and human injustice.
3,470 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the philosophies of John Locke in "Second Treatise of Government" and Rousseau in "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality". Locke believed that humans, in their natural state, and prior to the creation of civil society, would have been a kind of sovereign entity, possessing a set of natural rights prescribed by God and nature, and those rights would have afforded individuals the opportunity to protect themselves against the transgressions of others. Rousseau argued that modern systems of morality and law were at the heart of economic, social, and political inequality, where Locke saw such systems as the basis of civil society and as the protector of individual rights.
From the Paper
"Locke saw things differently. While both he and Rousseau developed a primary distinction between the state of nature and civil society, Locke was less accepting of natural freedoms or natural states of liberty where political authority did not exist. He argued that a state of nature was not the same as a ?state of licence.? Locke wrote, ?though man in [a state of liberty] have an uncontroulable liberty to dispose of his person or possessions?he has not liberty to destroy himself, or so much as any creature in his possession? (9). In other words, humans do not live in a moral vacuum, unresponsive to moral and social requirements. While they may have natural freedoms, humans do not have the absolute license to exercise their natural impulses in any way that they might wish; they are obliged, in fact, to act in a way that affirms the equal status and rights of others. Locke went on to say, ?[t]he state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions? (9). "
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Critical Discourse Analysis, 2005.
This paper is a methodological study using critical discourse analysis to interrogate the assumptions underlying critical race theory in educational research.
25,870 words (approx. 103.5 pages), 92 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses critical discourse analysis (CDA) as used to analyze a Critical Race Theory (CRT) case study, which investigated reflective discourses of three co-directors of a Canadian summer institute on multi-culturalism and diversity. The author points out that CDA analysis of the discourses was undertaken using Clegg's six criteria of language-power discourse within groups and organizations as variables for the analysis: (1) Values, (2) rules, (3) power, (4) discretion, (5) organization and (6) paradox. The paper concludes that CDA, when used in its pure form for CRT analysis, represented a very slow and painstaking task; however, using Cleggs criteria was efficient and yielded flaws in the methodology of the case study approach.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Research Question
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Assumptions
Limitations
Delimitations
Literature Review
Introduction
Literature on Educational and Qualitative Research
Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Definition, Types, and Uses of Qualitative Research
Overview of Critical Race Theory (CRT): Its Purposes, Assumptions, and Limitations
Descriptive CRT Literature
Origins of Critical Race Theory (CRT)
The Power of Storytelling
Descriptive Literature on Race and Multiculturalism
Enter "CRT-Light": Public Education Trends of the 1970's and 1980's
The 1990's and Beyond
Review of Critical Race Theory (CRT) Case Studies
Case Study 1: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Patti's Reflections: 'Walking on Quicksand'
Shahrzad's Reflections: 'Marginality of the 'Subject'; 'Subjectivity' of the Margin
Andre's Reflections: 'The Personal is Pedagogical'
Case Study 2: 'A Critical Race Analysis of Latino(a) and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools'
Case Study 2's Methodology
Case Study 2 Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusions
Case Study 3: 'Understanding Cheating in Nepal'
Case Study 4: 'The Acceptance of a Multicultural Education among Appalachian College Students'
Survey Instrument Content and Methods
Survey Distribution Methods
Case Study Survey Results
Other CRT Case Studies, Briefly Described
Conclusion
Research Methods
Introduction
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a Method
Origins of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Conclusions
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Used to Interrogate Two Critical Race Theory Case Studies
The Case Study: 'Thinking the Practice': Academic Adult Educators' Reflections on Mediating a Summer Institute as a Multicultural Learning Journey for Graduate Students'
Values
Power
Rules
Discretion
Organization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The researcher for the present study also believed that ethnographic research elements were strongly present within secondary data for the study. This was because various pieces of both descriptive and case study literature, used as data for the present study, consisted of analysis and interpretation of other researchers' observations of day-to-day activities, over time, of particular groups that were observed first-hand (e.g., graduate students attending a summer institute on diversity; middle school students in Nepal; students in university basic writing and college composition courses). In addition, results of previously-conducted (by other researchers) ethnographic research, e.g., participant observation accomplished by the researcher over time were used, within the present study, as secondary data."
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The Rise of Inequality in China, 2008.
An analysis of the historic development and implications for China of its growing economic inequality.
3,702 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the issue of growing economic inequality in China. It discusses the issue in terms of its historic development and how it has shaped China today. It also describes its implications for China's future social and economic evolution and discusses the reason that this problem has been masked in the popular view of China today as an economic superpower.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Ideology of Equality in Communist China
China's Economic Reforms and Increasing Inequality
The Scale Inequality in Contemporary China
Inequality and Political and Migration Pressures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the increasing levels of inequality in China - not only in terms of rural vs. urban, but also inland vs. coastal - present a clear and present threat to the legitimacy of the Communist government given its ideological origins in socialist egalitarianism. While the economic development of China and its opening to world trade has brought great wealth and development to parts of the country, other parts have suffered even more so. The geographic localization of this problem in rural/inland areas, as well as the discontent of many migrant workers in the urban areas, represents a disturbing prospect for the future of not only stable economic development in China, but for the continued rule of the Communist party and political stability in China as a whole."
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Inequality and Immigration, 2008.
A discussion of the ways that inequality can be seen in immigration in Canada.
2,289 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper argue that inequality today can be seen represented primarily in immigration, that has been exploited for the purposes of the elite of society. The paper provides a theoretical exploration of inequality and then explores how inequality manifests itself in terms of immigration in Canada. It demonstrates how this manifestation of inequality serves the purposes of the powerful, usually leaders of business and various industries, in Canadian society as a means of controlling and dividing the labor market.
From the Paper
"This insight is important, as it allows us to understand the critical importance of vulnerability in the role of the immigrants in western economies. From this point of view, it is of critical importance that immigrants are both politically and economically vulnerable and dependent, for this ensures the docility of the immigrant labor force, as well as its potential to be used against indigenous labour in countries such as Canada. Through this process of "divide and rule" business interests influence the direction of government policies in areas such as the recognition of academic qualifications from non-Western sources. By the denial of recognition of these qualifications, business leaders ensure that the immigrant work force will remain docile and vulnerable to the influence of business for as long as possible. While we may acknowledge that immigrant entrepreneurs often succeed despite these barriers, this success does not deny the reality of the barriers themselves, and how they are used to foster inequality and the vulnerability of the immigrant work force in countries such as Canada."
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Locke and Rousseau, 2002.
Examines the different perceptions on economic inequality by Locke and Rousseau.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper will address the theories of both Locke and Rousseau in relation to these factors and will present a coherent synopsis of their very different views. The ideas of both philosophers will be compared, but not contrasted, as this issue is dependent on personal beliefs and is therefore an internal variable.
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Social Inequality, 2004.
Discusses whether social inequality is inevitable, looking at the theories of several social theorists.
1,889 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
Every facet of human investigation, from spirituality to mathematics, suggests the inevitability of inequality. Stasis, in the natural order, does not last eternally; every natural system is always in danger of descending into chaos without intervention. This paper argues that should equality ever be achieved, it, too, would be in danger of disintegrating into inequality. The paper shows that, while a number of social reformers, including Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx, espoused a society without inequality, in fact, it seems that each believed inequality was inevitable. The paper also uses an analogy from the series "Star Trek" to discuss a utopian society.
From the Paper
"It is easy to conclude, then, that Marx?and to a lesser extent, Durkheim and Weber?were erroneous in their thinking that inequality could be eradicated. Indeed, from the unworkable premises they set forth?with their inherent quandaries about who is in charge of determining equality, and does that make the decider unequal??it is apparent that in human society, no less than in the porcine society of George Orwell?s Animal Farm, inequality is inevitable."
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