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Differential Association Theory, 2003.
A look at the Differential Association Theory as it relates to crime prevention, especially among juveniles.
1,984 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by analyzing the historical content in which differential association was created, the various influences attributed to assisting in the development of differential association, as well as some of the people who were instrumental in the development. After the presentation of the initial information about the theory, this paper examines the validity of the theory.
From the Paper
"Differential Association has all of the elements that are essential in eventually preventing the bulk of crime in society today. Edwin Sutherland introduced differential association theory which states that behavior is learned in one?s social environment from other people. By the term differential association, Sutherland meant ?the contents of the patterns presented in association? would differ from the individual to individual (Williams, 1999, p.79). Differential Association is appealing because the theory has simple implications and; if the theory is adopted correctly it will give law enforcement their best tool yet in trying to eliminate delinquency before it ever has a chance to take place."
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Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses the application of the sociological process theory of differential association-reinforcement theory in social policy initiatives for juvenile justice.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of the differential association-reinforcement theory to help re-adapt juvenile delinquents into new reward systems. The author points out the the plans of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP to observe this practical policy initiative for interacting and guiding families to support the children for environment reconstruction. The paper relates that this aspect of the learning theory proves the validity of giving hope to youths, who have become criminalized by peers or crime organizations, to find a new way of life.
From the Paper
"This sociological study will examine the role of sociological process theory within the policy formation initiatives that are now being used within social criminological programs. By understanding the theories that present these initiatives, one can realize how theory implicates policy in society. Also, addressing how social development theories play into Differential-Association-Reinforcement will be evaluated to show how effective this theory is in developing policies for institutions. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) uses a social development process for "preventing delinquency; intervening in early delinquent behavior, and responding to serious, violent and chronic offending" (254). In this manner, the process of rewards and punishments are being implemented to help families become more aware of how they teach their children, and what environment they are learning delinquency."
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The Differential Association Theory, 2006.
This paper explains Edwin Sutherland's theory 'Differential Association' about the causes of criminal behaviour.
4,164 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper details the extent of drug trafficking today and explains how it has major consequences on the entire country. The paper describes the various US policies on drugs and on drug trafficking and shows the weaknesses in them. The author continues by saying that international cooperation is necessary to really control offenders. The paper quotes the criminologist of the time Edwin Sutherland's theory 'Differential Association.' This theory states that criminal behavior is learned behavior and that it is generally learned through social interaction with others. The author explains that a drug abuser learns from his environment and thus by correcting the surroundings of an offender, the behaviour can be affected.
From the Paper
"The problem of drug trafficking in America today is indeed an enormous one, with severe repercussions and ramifications for the future of the entire country. When the retired General Barry McCaffrey, the Director of the White House's Office of drug Control Policy was on an official visit to Peru, Peru was in the midst of a long string of scandals that were having an adverse impact on the Peruvian administration. Facts and figures revealed that there had been discovered a shipment of about one hundred and seventy kilograms of the drug cocaine, on board the air force plane that Fujimori, the President of Peru normally used on his travels to and from his country. Soon afterwards, about forty-five kilograms of cocaine were again found on board a ship that belonged to the Peruvian navy, in Vancouver, in Canada. When accusations were flung at each other, it was eventually decided that it was the Peruvian Montesinos who had been protecting an entire drug clan, named 'Lopez Paredes' which was engaged in drug trafficking on a large scale. This organization was supposedly dismantled in the year 1995, but amazingly, in the middle of August, the accused individual, called Demetrio Chavez, also known to some as 'El Vaticano', revealed in a Court that he had in fact been paying the Peruvian Montesinos the sum of $ US 50,000 every month so that he would be protected from inquiry of all his various drug trafficking operations."
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Differential Association Theory, 2002.
An overview of Edwin H. Sutherland's theory on criminal behavior.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The theory of differential association by Edwin H. Sutherland states that "criminal behavior is learned behavior and learned via social interaction with others". The paper shows that Sutherland's theory is influenced by three major theories that he used in order to present a better formulation. These three major theories included the ecological cultural transmission theory, symbolic interactions and culture conflict theory. The paper shows that from the culture conflict approach Sutherland uses the different crime rates, while the symbolic interactions approach was used to describe the process through which individuals turned into criminals. The objective in doing so was the explanation of the individual criminal behavior as well as of the criminal behavior of the various societal groups.
From the Paper
"The main postulates of the theory note that criminal behavior is learned from the interactions individuals have with others and the values they gain during those interactions. The sources of these values are found in families, friends, co-workers, and hence individual may be supportive, or may altogether oppose criminal behavior. Another point noted by Sutherland was that individuals became criminals due to the sixth postulate, according to which individuals become criminals because of excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law, rather than definitions that are unfavorable to violations of the law. The greatest drawback in this postulate is that it emphasizes on the definitions of the associations of the individuals, and not the associates themselves. To support this contradiction, it is noted that once the techniques are learned, the values in support of the criminal behavior need not be from any one of our family, friends or co-workers. (Akers: 1996:229-230)"
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Criminological Theories, 2005.
A review and discussion regarding four different criminal theories: differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four critical theories that have been developed in order to study criminal behavior in human societies. Each of the theories discussed in this paper have been chosen from a wide list of options and are part of a separate classification group. The four theories that this paper identifies are differential association theory, strain theory, routine activity theory, and a feminist theory.
From the Paper
"Criminology is a wide field devoted to the theoretical study of crime, of its causes, of its relationship to the law, and of its relationship to human communities. In a way, crime affects all human societies at very fundamental levels. That such a powerful force should spawn a critical discipline devoted to its study is not surprising. Once it became an academic discipline it is even less surprising that critics and theorists have been unable to agree upon a theoretical framework that encompasses all aspects of criminology. Instead, criminology has been divided, over the years, into a number of critical theories that sometimes complement one another and other times are at odds with each other."
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Braithwaite's Social Learning Theory, 2004.
This paper explores social learning theories including the views of Bandura and Braithwaite.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the social learning theory and differential association theory, with empirical evidence for both. The paper offers views of various theorists, including Bandura and Braithwaite. The paper explores the connection to criminal justice and restorative justice.
From the Paper
"The following essay presents a description of social learning theory and differential association theory, along with empirical evidence for both. The role of structural variables to include social disorganization and anomie influences are discussed. Social Learning Theory: Social learning theory provides a focus on learning that occurs within a social context. Albert Bandura is the foremost promoter of this theory."
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Articles on Criminal Violence, 2006.
This paper discusses two articles on the causation of criminal violence based on Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association in crime.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association suggests that individuals learn criminal behaviors by imitating behavior and ideas about criminality from people with whom they routinely associate. The author points out that the R.L. Peralta and J.M. Cruz article, "Conferring Meaning onto Alcohol-Related Violence: An Analysis of Alcohol Use and Gender in a Sample of College Youth", emphasizes that many college males "learn" (1) to demonstrate violent or aggressive tendencies as "macho" behavior and (2) to abuse alcohol as a socially acceptable form of entertainment. The paper relates that the study by B.S. Fisher, F.T. Cullen and M.G. Turner, "The Sexual Victimization Of College Women", suggests that people "learn" to engage in acts of sexual violence by discovering (1) that violence can be used to overpower other people, especially women, and (2) that sexual violence can be a mechanism for alleviating their own chronic problems including stress or guilt associated with a history of sexual violence as a child.
Table of Contents:
Summarization
Theories of Crime and Delinquency Control
Reaction/Social Position
From the Paper
"I shared the information and insights gathered from this study with a friend of mine who works as a paramedic with an emergency medical team. Having witnessed many acts of violence and treated many women for sexual assault, the individual agreed that violence and substance abuse patterns often seem to be "learned" behaviors. He also felt that he could distinguish patterns of behavior among certain populations in particularly, including among those with low socioeconomic backgrounds or education."
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The ?Theory of Everything? and Stock Markets, 2003.
The application of science's "Theory of Everything" to understanding stock markets.
2,066 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton?s ?Laws of Motion? and Einstein?s ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge ?string theory? research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a ?Theory of Everything?. It also demonstrates how those with access to this theory can use the knowledge as power for anything, such as understanding stock markets using the premise that the stock market moving up over time means that these are not random movements and therefore should be explainable.
From the Paper
"Stock markets exist over time and space (the geographical markets) that we are able to quantify and understand to a degree. Therefore, as with Einstein, we are fairly comfortable with the stock market in its familiar four dimensions. We have become accustomed to inflation; the rising of prices of goods rise over time and this is obviously a major reason for at least part of the upward rise of share prices. However, what happens when we explore the smaller dimensions ? like the six unknown dimensions string theorists grapple with? Like the string theorists who know that subatomic matter exists but can?t explain or predict its behavior, we often know what influences the stock market but are usually unable to predict it."
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American Heart Association, 2008.
An analysis of the duties of the chief financial officer (CFO) for the American Heart Association (AHA) and suggestions for improvements of the organization.
2,445 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the major duties of the chief financial officer (CFO) for the American Heart Association (AHA). It looks at the background of the organization and highlights the strategic elements of the CFO's position. The paper also examines the duties and functions within a non-profit organization that are not being addressed by the AHA and thereby presents suggestions for improvement.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of the American Heart Association
Mission/Vision of the American Heart Association
Brief Description of Products and Services
The CFO of the American Heart Association: Job Description
Core Functions of the CFO
Financial Reporting: CFO at the American Heart Association
Strategic Planning: Reinventing the CFO at the American Heart Association
Budgeting, Forecasting, and Performance Measurement
Fraud Management
Fundraising
Conclusion: Suggestions for Improvement
From the Paper
"In conclusion as stated by Hope, CFOs can transform their roles and for organizations like AHA, it adds greater value (Hope, 2006, page 104). The AHA CFO needs to embrace being a freedom fighter, analyst and adviser, architect of adaptive management, warrior against waste, master of measurement, regulator of risk, and more importantly a champion for change (Hope, 2006, page 3). Nevertheless, there has to be balance for these activities, since the CFO has to focus on activities that increase the marginal value in research and upholds the mission of AHA."
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Family Systems Theory, 2002.
A discussion of Murray Bowen's groundbreaking family systems theory and concepts.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Discusses Murray Bowen's groundbreaking family systems theory & concepts. Bowen's discoveries as a psychiatrist that led to the deelopment of his theory. Treating the client as a system (a family) rather than as an individual in isolation. Emotional process that drives individual behavior & concept of differentiation of the self. Therapy & interpersonal conflicts. Therapeutic application of the theory.
From the Paper
"Murray Bowen (1913-1990) was the originator of family systems theory in which the "differentiation of self" in the face of the emotional unit of the family was the core concept (Hutten, 2001). This Bowenian conception originated in Bowen's psychoanalytic training, but psychoanalytic notions were modified by his incorporation of systems-theory and evolutionary ideas subsequent to his observation of family members' effects on each other's emotional states. Bowen's discoveries and his theory were groundbreaking efforts, opening the way to a novel approach to therapy. Prior to his innovations the individual had always been the focus of attention from analysts and psychologists, but Bowen's theoretical proposals and the effectiveness of therapy based on them, led the way to a new chapter in psychotherapy. His original ideas have been reinterpreted and modified by..."
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American Nurses Association (ANA), 2006.
This paper discusses the American Nurses Association (ANA), the only full-service professional organization representing the nation's 2.9 million registered nurses (RNs) through its 54 constituent member associations.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the American Nurses Association (ANA) advances the nursing profession by fostering high standards of nursing practice, promoting the economic and general welfare of nurses in the workplace, projecting a positive and realistic view of nursing and lobbying the Congress and regulatory agencies on health care issues affecting nurses and the public. The author stresses that ANA, as part of various nursing umbrella organizations, promotes a unified advocacy to any cause-oriented or socially relevant issues affecting the society and health care profession. The paper relates that a regular membership in the American Nurses Association requires a baccalaureate degree, Registered Nurse (RN) certification and a license to practice the nursing profession the United States; however, additional categories of membership are available for foreign, unemployed, student, disabled and elderly nurses.
Table of Contents:
Overview of the Organization
The Statement of Purpose of the Organization
Advantages and Disadvantages of Membership in the Organization
Requirements for Membership in the Organization
Why this Organization Interests You?
From the Paper
"A major drawback of the ANA is the membership dues - at $ 255.00 for the Full Membership Dues, some nurse practitioners, especially those in economically depressed areas of the United States, will find the amount steep! Although it is a prestigious organization to be part of, this stature costs a bundle. The ANA have Reduced and Special Dues though but these are for student, unemployed and retired nurses. Another possible disadvantage of joining the ANA is the political agenda they endorse; a particular member or a group of members may not believe or may be against some of the association's political agenda."
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Theory of Everything, 2003.
An overview of the theories that explain everything from the workings of the universe to the behavior of tiny vibrating strings.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton?s ?Laws of Motion? and Einstein?s ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge ?string theory? research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a ?Theory of Everything?.
From the Paper
"However, there is a fundamental discord between Einstein?s ?Theory of General Relativity? and quantum mechanics. Einstein saw the universe in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time). The gravitational force that binds matter to the earth stems from this space-time continuum. Since quantum mechanic?s subatomic particles only exist theoretically, they cannot be located in space-time and their motion can only be hypothesized. Thus, we have two theories that work individually but not together. There are also many unanswered questions. Relativity cannot tell us how the big bang created the universe or what black holes consist of. Similarly, quantum theory is not able to make order or sense of the assortment of miniscule matter it describes."
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The American Medical Association, 2007.
This paper discusses the American Medical Association and provides an analysis of the activities of organization's political action committee.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the American Medical Association (AMA) first arose as a loose association of medical professionals and scientists in 1847. The writer points out that the group was intended to increase the standards of medical and biological education in North America, but was considered both impractical and utopian by many. The writer then looks at the mission of the organization today and discusses the political action committee's activities. The writer maintains that from Medicare to animal testing to malpractice insure, the AMA and the American Medical Association political action committee, which are, for all intents and purposes, one in the same, have served their beneficiaries as well as possible, through lobbying and outward pressure. The writer concludes that their methods may have brimmed over the line of constitutionality at points, but that should not mar the AMA's record because, as a political action committee, it has done all in its power to legally and persuasively enact legislature to assist America's doctors.
From the Paper
"Current president of the AMA, Ronald M. Davis, gave a speech in 2005, which highlighted the organization's illustrious history more than any political or economic agendas. At Smith Davis's initial meeting, over two hundred and fifty delegates from twenty-eight states voted to elect Nathanial Chapman the organization's first president. His first actions included those that would be deemed necessary by burgeoning doctors; the condemnation of secretive and patent medicine, which robbed business, and the establishment of a code of medical ethics and the world's first Committee on Medical Ethics to enforce the doctrines. By the end of the nineteenth century, the groundwork had been laid for the organization's present political sphere of influence."
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Contingency Theory, 2005.
This paper discusses the contributions of contingency theory to management and organizational design.
2,460 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that contingency theory assumes that the successful management of an organization depends on, or is contingent to, the environment in which it performs; every decision, which managers undertake in order to achieve the organizational goals, is influenced by the specific environment. The author points out that differentiation and integration in the organizational structure are contingent on contextual factors such as size and technology of the organization and external factors such as its market with its competitors, customers, suppliers, stakeholders and the environment. The paper relates that contingency thinking affects leadership because leadership implies that managers need a certain degree of power and control in order to exert influence on their followers.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Contribution of Contingency Thinking on the Knowledge of Management
Contingency Thinking and Organizational Design
Environment
Technology
Size
Contingency Thinking and Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The contingency approach on organizational design is of great importance as it was this field of management whose detailed research led to the foundations of general contingency thinking. Organizational design, often referred to as organizational structure is regarded as the key to good organizational performance. Like the classical management view it also assumes that organizational "performance and structure are inextricably linked" (Fincham, et al., 1999:355). The main difference between both ways of thinking, however, is that classical management research tried to find the most efficient structure for universal use, i.e. a structure appropriate for every kind of environment. Max Weber, for example, defined bureaucracy as the most efficient mean for managing an organization. His theory was characterized by job specialization, strict hierarchy, plenty of rules and much impersonality."
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British Columbia Muslim Association, 2005.
An evaluation of the British Columbia Muslim Association's database.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and evaluates the use of databases at the British Columbia Muslim Association. The author finds that more extensive use of databases could be implemented and combined with the association's Web site.
From the Paper
"The British Columbia Muslim Association (BCMA) is a largely volunteer organization that operates a central Web site with links to Islamic resources in the BC community. The Web site is currently undergoing ..."
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