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Difference and Deviance: Theories of Crime in Social Systems, 2002.
Considers some of the theories of deviance and criminality, emphasizing the complex work of understanding the relations of any people within a larger society.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Deviance is socially determined and culturally specific. Because criminal law is determined by the ruling class, deviance is subject to perspectives that represent the desired norms of a dominant class. As such, people who differ from these norms are subject to standards that can identify their differences as criminal. Difference is not deviance; however, this distinction remains difficult to include into the current structure of justice and criminal law.
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Theories of Crime, 2004.
This paper reviews and compares psychological and sociological theories of crime at the level of the society, the community, the group, and the individual.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the psychological theories of crime relate to the mental programming and functioning of the human brain and the way it is programmed; whereas, the sociological theories relate to the functioning of a society and its value system that can create criminals. The author points out that the psychological theories of crime are better at explaining some kinds of crimes, such as violence against women; but other kinds of crimes, such as picking pockets in a rough neighborhood, are better explained using the sociological theories of crime. The paper explains that biological theories are related to the inherited genetic influences and any abnormalities due to a defective construction of the brain or the body, such as a hyperactive thyroid gland or other malfunctions of the human body and their effects on the behavior of individuals.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Psychologist?s Theories of Crime
Sociological Theories of Crime
The Incompatibilities between the Psychologist and Sociologist Theories of Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If a person rejected by the society maintains contact through necessity with people constantly attempting to destroy that individual by making him develop a low ego and self-image and calling him a thief, killer or rapist; the person is likely to develop a criminal behavior. This behavior takes the form of a desire to take revenge on a society that gave him absolutely nothing. This process, called the Labeling theory, explains that, if a society is made up of people with sick deviant minds where they are constantly bent on destroying each other, then that society is likely to produce more criminals."
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The Efficiency of Deviance Theories: An Investigation, 2006.
This paper examines the use of deviance theories and evaluates their effectiveness and accuracy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper shall examine the argument that most theories of deviance are less efficient than they might otherwise be because they fail to take into account the extent of organization among those who commit various deviant acts. The following essay ultimately agrees with this contention, but it does raise a number of caveats which should be borne in mind when criticizing sociological theorists for what they have and have not done over time.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the efficiency of deviance theories has come under increasing fire from researchers. In particular, some scholars have argued that theories of deviance are less efficient (and precise) than they should be for the very straight-forward but important reason that they fail to take into account the extent of organization among those who commit various deviant transgressions. Simply put, this paper will explore such an argument by asking what precisely is meant by "taking into account" the "extent of organization" among those guilty of deviant acts. Beyond that, the paper will also argue that "efficiency" in any sociological theory may be next to impossible to achieve if mathematical precision is what is sought. Finally however, the paper does acknowledge that social deviance theories are not as informed as they could be because they do fail to take into account the extent of..."
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Subcultural Theories of Crime, 2004.
An assessment of the usefulness of subcultural theories in understanding crime and deviance.
1,631 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how subcultural theories provide an alternative view to the sociology of crime, by using the subculture of a particular social group to explain the acts of crime and deviance that are committed by the groups? members. It assesses the subcultural theories of crime and deviance, paying particular detail to sociological theory, including studies from the Chicago School of Sociology, Cohen, Merton, Cloward and Ohlin and Matza.
From the Paper
"Most of these studies are conducted by American sociologists and are consequently based on an American experience of society, which often appears inconsistent to British ways of life. Downes and Rock, however, argue that Matza?s theory is particularly applicable to the British context as British studies of delinquent subcultures, particularly with young people show that young delinquents were not in fact members of structured gangs, but they had become dissociated from mainstream society because they were uninterested in their long term future. Sociologists have however criticised Matza?s theory. Taylor Walton and Young argue that those who use the techniques of neutralisation do not challenge the dominant values in society."
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Deviance Theory and Criminology, 2008.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of deviance theory and its impact on the field of criminology.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although the theory of deviance helps to shed light on some of the reasons people engage in criminal actions, the theory is a social construct and is thus inherently flawed. The paper maintains, that this theory should, therefore, occupy only a minor role in the field of criminology. The paper also asserts that this theory only be employed as a means of interpretation of the criminal mind when there is no possibility that the root cause of deviance may lie within the society and not the individual.
Outline:
Introduction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Deviance and Criminology
From the Paper
"The theory of deviance is not organic. Broadly defined, deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a particular society. Thus, the theory is a creation of society, and a social construct that labels persons within a society as outcasts because they tend to display certain behaviors that society deems reprehensible. Deviance, then, is best understood as an artificial creation, which fits neatly into the realms of academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and social psychology to explain the unexpected actions of individuals. Most of all, the theory helps us to understand the most reprehensible among us: the criminal. "
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Theories in Youth Crime, 2007.
This paper analyzes a theory regarding youth crime in the city of Huberville.
3,042 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses a theory about youth crime in Huberville between the years of 1960 and 1990 and why this rate began to decrease after 1990. Furthermore, the writer attempts to explain how this theory of delinquency might have an influence on the legal ideology of juvenile justice in the city. Lastly, the writer discusses social policies which may stabilize or decrease the crime rate of the youth in Huberville. The writer concludes that Huberville's working and immigrant class may benefit from a program such as the one mentioned in the paper, which gives youth at risk someone whom they are close to and do not want to disappoint and who will encourage more conventional behavior.
From the Paper
"This theory of criminal activity however does not explain why the crime rate among the youth as well as the adult of Huberville increased from 1960 to 1990 and then began to decrease when the city was revitalized. Although the city changed from a more stable city environment before 1959 to a more transient environment after that date, many of the same youths who were present before 1959 were still present after 1959. If these individuals had self control before that date it would stand to reason that they still had self control after that date so there must have been something that changed other than the level of self control which the youth possessed that would encourage them to engage in more criminal behavior. One thing that had changed in Huberville shortly before the crime rate increased was that the largest employer in the city closed its doors. This action which plunged Huberville into a recession also led to high unemployment rate of people would did possess the self control to work for a living before the jobs left town."
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Theories on Crime, 2003.
A comparison and contrast of different theories on crime.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories.
Theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (of the Chicago School of Sociology), Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hobbes and Huschi and their thoughts about crime are also discussed.
From the Paper
"Theories on crime have been devised by numerous disciplines. Economists, Psychologists and Sociologists were among them. The idea that crime was a social problem, rather than a biological one was suggested by Emile Durkheim back in 1893 when he proposed that people were driven to crime by society."
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"Theories of Crime", 2002.
Discusses this text written by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti which addresses the psychology of crime and punishment.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 1 source, $ 133.95
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Abstract
Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti's work, "Theories of Crime" presents us with a tome in which the theories of crime are addressed with poignant and pointed research directly addressing the psychology of crime, punishment and victimization. The paper specifically covers elements of crime within the context of their argument. Crime and punishment, victimization and retribution are our natural and legislated balances. Romancing the outlaw goes part of the way toward explaining the desire not to speak of violent crime in social terms. A first step in breaking these rounds of crime-and-punishment, punishment-and-crime, is to recognize the fact of their existence.
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Theories of Crime, 2008.
This paper compares the Marxist perspective of crime with the left realist view.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the Marxist perspective of crime reveals vastly different ideals when compared to the left realist view of crime. The paper discusses how they are both conflict-oriented theories of crime and both have aspects which are at once compelling and unconvincing. The paper concludes that overall, left realism seems more suited to the analysis of crime in today's global society.
Outline:
Introduction
Marxist Approach to Crime
The Left Realist Approach to Crime
The Two Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Under the Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice, the fact under capitalist law is "exchange". The economic relation between the two bodies of an exchange is not a relation of wills, but merely the response of an economic exchange. There is utter freedom in the exchange, making it a free exchange. Crime occurs when coercive measures intercede, and the exchange involves capitalist ownership and worker ownership - an imbalance that is rectified by legislation (Reimen, 2003, p. 180). The law, in Marx's opinion, averages out the commonalities of exchange; and it is applied thusly, not on an individual case basis. According to Marx, criminal law remedy typically involves punishment in response to heinous action. Crime is the result of a violation of a normal exchange, whereby one's property (including his or her body) is violated. In response, the law is equalizing in that working classes and ruling classes are held equally accountable. Punishment matches the crime, and punishment is only allowable when the transgression was committed freely."
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"Theories of Crime", 2002.
A summary of this book by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Theories of Crime" by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti and discus the summary of the book's overall system of crime. By understanding the different elements of crime that seem to be a part of our society, these authors make a claim to the theories that lie behind societies horrors.
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Theories of Crime, 2004.
A discussion of the historical theory of criminology of Cesare Lombroso and how it was used as a basis for other theories.
1,141 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
A brief examination of various criminology theories. It begins by discussing Cesare Lombroso's theory, which used an analysis of facial and cranial features to detect those who were prone to criminal behavior. It then looks at how this science has matured and developed into a psychological science by considering the theories of Freud and others.
From the Paper
"The thing that makes these ideas so exciting to researchers is the possibility that, by using such factors and discover an underlying physical thread, we could predict who those most at risk for antisocial behavior were and then either contain them or medicate them in such a way that would be able, effectively, to stop crime before it occurs. The possibility of the use of these methods as a preventative is largely what keeps this research going, because it has produced relatively little in terms of actual benefit, but nonetheless the proponents argue for the possibility of a breakthrough."
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Social Learning and Social Control Theories On Crime, 1999.
Defines, analyzes and compares the basic concepts of two approaches to an understanding of the nature and cause of criminal and deviant behavior.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Why do people perform criminal acts? Is it something in their genes? Something in the hand of fate? Is it something that they learn the way that other people learn to recite the names of the presidents or their parents' trade?
From the Paper
"Social Learning Theory and Control Theory: A comparison of two models for criminal behavior
Why do people perform criminal acts? Is it something in their genes? Something in the hand of fate? Is it something that they learn the way that other people learn to recite the names of the presidents or their parents' trade?
Many criminologists, along with a high percentage of the sociologists and social psychologists that have studied criminal behavior, have selected this final explanation: People learn to be criminals in the same way that people learn any other kind of voluntary behavior. Scholars who believe this to be the case are adhering to social learning theories - or to related differential association theories - of criminality."
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Containment Theory Of Crime, 1999.
Defines and assesses Walter Reckless's theory that crime is caused by the individuals' trying to control, and being controlled by, their environment and their own minds.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
After bank failures during the Great Depression, and following the several "panics" that occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the American government has taken an active role in regulating the thrift industry.
From the Paper
"After bank failures during the Great Depression, and following the several "panics" that occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the American government has taken an active role in regulating the thrift industry. Reckless?s model is then compared to other ?control? models of crime and these control models are then compared to a set of related but differing rational actor and social learning models of crime. Finally, both control theories and social learning theories are placed within the broader psychological literature on human cognitive development. The purpose of this discussion is to bring to light the underlying assumptions of a model as well as to assess the usefulness of different established models to current criminological theory.
Reckless?s ?containment? theory of crime falls loosely into the ..."
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Crime, Deviance and Social Control, 2008.
An examination of crime, deviance and social control in South Africa as expressed in the article, "Guard in Court for Estee's Murder," written by Khethiwe Mabena and published in the Cape Times on April 11, 2008.
862 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the topics of crime, deviance and social control according to an article published in the Cape Times newspaper on April 11, 2008 titled, "Guard in Court for Estee's Murder,". The paper looks at the origin of crimes in South Africa and then relates the article to the overall situation of crime, deviance and social control in modern South Africa.
From the Paper
"The final priority is that of autonomy. This is better described as a resistance to control one's life and a desire for personal independence. The fact that the subject broke into a house and stole belongings which represent value and social status is a good example for this. It is a fact that money and belongings illustrate a sense of power over one's own life. Without these aspects one does not have a certainty that you will be in control of your own life. The fact that the subject stole particular items gives structure to the aspect of autonomy. The subject wanted control over his life and so he decided to commit the crime for personal gain."
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Crime Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses theories of crime within society.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that followers of the social organization theory believe the degree of a society's organization is correlated with violent crime. The writer maintains that if a community has strong social institutions or organizations, there will be less violent crime. Conversely, the writer points out that in a society where social organizations are under-funded, weak or ineffective, there will be higher instances of crime. The writer argues that social organization theories are right to emphasize the importance of institutions, which after all exist to serve public needs such as safety and education. It is also important to note, as social process theories do, that these institutions are made up of individuals, and as social creatures, these inter-relations fulfill basic human needs. Thus, the writer claims that a more comprehensive approach to preventing violent crime would be to ensure that institutions such as schools and law enforcement are well-funded.
From the Paper
"The strengths of the social organization theory of crime can be seen in the success of recreational programs targeted to at-risk youth. These programs are designed to meet the youth's problems in a positive way, encouraging them to form healthy attachments with their peers and mentors. One such successful project is the "Comin' Up" program in Forth Worth, Texas. Comin' Up is a midnight youth-oriented basketball league that was convened to give gang members an alternative activity to crime and violence. Since the program was initiated, Fort Worth police reported a 39 percent decrease in juvenile crime. Similarly, mentoring programs stress the need for mentoring programs for youths having difficulty at school. This requires concerted efforts on the part of teachers and other educators, as well as counselors and social workers. Athletic leagues, summer camps and similar recreation programs remain staples of community activities geared towards avoiding violent crime."
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