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The Devil in "Meditations on First Philosophy", 2002.
Shows the problem of the evil demon scenario in Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy".
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In Meditation One of his "Meditations on First Philosophy", Rene Descartes introduces his "evil Demon" as a device in his logical proof for the coherence of his intellect and thereby the basis of his argument to extend his famous deduction of individual existence - "I think therefore I am" - beyond the boundaries of individual consciousness. However, the "evil Demon" scenario undermines Descartes' argument as the Meditations progress in that it represents a challenge to his argument for the existence of God and thereby for the assertion of the certainty of sensory apprehension in Meditation Six. Thus, it will be argued that although the device of the "evil Demon" functions effectively in the assertion of radical doubt, it also undermines Descartes' argument in the rest of his text.
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Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy", 1990.
This paper examines Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy", specifically the objections to the First, Second, and Sixth Meditations about the existence of God and man.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy, specifically the objections to the First, Second, and Sixth Meditations.
There are a number of objections to the arguments in the Meditations, some of which are technical and perhaps trivial, some of which are significant and which cut to the very heart of Descartes' arguments on existence.
Descartes argues, for example, "That which we clearly and distinctly understand to belong to the true and immutable nature of anything, its essence or form, can be truly affirmed of that thing. But after we have with sufficient accuracy investigated the nature of God, we clearly and distinctly understand that to exist belongs to his true nature. Therefore we can with truth affirm of God that He exists" . "
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?Meditations?, 2002.
A review of ?Meditations? by the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in his "Meditations", Marcus Aurelius seeks to make sense of the conflicting needs of being the sovereign of the Roman Empire and his own personal philosophy of Stoicism. It looks at how, although Marcus Aurelius glosses over important failings such as his treatment of Christians and the circumstances of his rise to power, the "Meditations" has much to offer. It shows how, by providing an ethical foothold, Marcus Aurelius's "Meditations" continues to resonate more than 2,000 years after its initial inception.
From the Paper
"For example, Marcus Aurelius believed that ideas about good and evil are not immutable. Rather, they are the products of human judgments, composites created by a person's preconceptions and mental habits. It remains up to a person whether or not to accept these impressions as true. Marcus maintained that a person has to ?examine everything all through, what is its material, what the formal part? (Marcus Aurelius, Mediations, 12, 29). Therefore, it is imperative that people rigorously examine their impressions, making sure they are not swayed by unwarranted value judgments."
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The Meditations of a Prince, 2001.
A compare and contrast paper looking at Marcus Aurelius's 'Meditations' and Niccolo Machiavelli's 'The Prince'.
1,079 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 37.95
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Abstract
A compare and contrast paper looking at Marcus Aurelius's "Meditations" and Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince". The author shows how both reflect the moral opinions of their respective times. They both delve into the good and evil in society and people in general.
From the Paper
"Everyone at some point in their life is called upon to give their opinions on moral and ethical issues we face. During two very different, yet pivotal time periods in human history, papers were written as a sort of guideline to aid people with this task. Both describe how we should conduct ourselves as a people. The first of which is Marcus Aurelius? Meditations, in which the values of virtue and tranquility are focused upon in a very stoic manner. The second, which can only be labeled as a polar opposite to the latter, is Niccolo Machiavelli?s ?The Prince?, where greed and dishonesty are the central philosophies. Both are relative to the time period in which they were written and reflect the ideals of the location as well. While being so different, both essays describe similar underlying traits of humans, being either good or evil."
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"Meditations on First Philosophy", 2004.
An analysis of Descartes's "Meditations on First Philosophy".
1,407 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Descartes's theories in his "Meditations on First Philosophy", as well as provides some criticism and weak links found within his theories of philosophy and theology.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes is now considered the father of modern philosophy. In his Meditations on First Philosophy, he threw out the Aristotle view of knowledge in that all knowledge comes from the senses. He asserted that truly justified knowledge comes from mathematical reasoning that can only be found in the human mind and that the senses are deceiving; his theory is groundbreaking at that, but does all knowledge truly come from inner thinking?"
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"Second Meditations", 2004.
An analysis of Rene Descartes's "Second Meditations," with a focus on his famous statement, "I think, therefore I am."
848 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that, while thoughts on the reality of our existence may seem very strange to some, possibly even a waste of time, as one reads Descartes's "Meditations," one does not only discover that his questions are valid, but that his famous statement, "I think, therefore I am," defines the source of reality insofar as it distinguishes us as independent beings, capable of thoughts, reason, and therefore, action and decision. In other words, while one may initially assume that there is no need to prove the reality of individual existence, in proving it, Descartes effectively defines us as independent "selves".
From the Paper
"As one reads through Descartes' "Second Meditations," one discovers that it is firstly filled with doubt concerning the nature of reality and existence. As Descartes writes, he can only resolve these doubts surrounding what reality is, and whether or not he exists through the following: "I will therefore suppose that all I see is illusion" (Descartes). In other words, he will begin with the hypothesis that he is not real and that reality itself is not real and that everything is an illusion. Then, he will proceed to test that hypothesis by looking at the evidence for reality and the evidence for his own existence."
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Descartes' "Meditations", 1973.
This paper discusses the thinking of Descartes as exemplified in his "Meditations", focusing on the existence of God.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Descartes, in his "Meditations", attempts to find one thing that he can know with certainty. He is impressed with false beliefs he has held since childhood. He wonders that he can hold an opinion to be true that later he regards as false.
He decides to adopt a doubting frame of mind to free himself of the methods of thought he has up to now been accustomed. He will reject everything he previously held as true as long as it contained any element of falseness in it. Then if he can find one thing of which he is certain, he can start anew and build from the foundations up.
Descartes is forty years old and living in Holland. He has put off this endeavor until he has reached a mature age but an age when he can postpone it no longer. He now has the necessary solitude to begin his pursuit."
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Descartes' "Meditations", 2002.
This paper examines Descartes' "Meditations" and his arguments for the existence of God.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Descartes' Cartesian arguments for the existence of God. The author points out the claims that this argument is flawed. The author structures an argument that will support our claim for scientific knowledge.
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"Meditations" ( Descartes ), 1999.
Analyzes the philosopher's development of his theory of rational reality based on the meditation on a lump of wax.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 2 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the section of Descartes's Meditations in which he develops a theory of mind by means of meditation upon a lump of wax. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context for a discussion that connects a lump of wax to philosophical theory, and then to discuss how he formulates a theory of rational (i.e., mind-based) reality that is the standard for measuring human experience of the material world. In other words, by what Descartes ultimately declares to be known about the wax, he arrives at a theory of innate mental concepts, which seems intended to explain in a methodical and systematic way what is real, or most real, about the physical world, or anyway the human experience of the physical world. Indeed, the fact that the title of the work as a whole is Meditations is a clue to Descartes's application of speculative ..."
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The Philosophy of Education, 2002.
An in-depth exploration on the origins and development of educational theory, including a thorough literature review.
10,835 words (approx. 43.3 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 215.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the philosophical and historical underpinnings of educational theory, also touching on theories about society, leadership, democracy, and personhood. It deals with the socio-political and anthropological significance of modern education and leadership styles, and with comparative styles throughout history. Finally, the paper selects and reviews books which deal with an array of perspectives involving educational methods.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Philosophical Approach to Education Leadership
Plato?s Counsel on Education & Socratic Education
Descartes, or the cultivation of the intellect
Hobbes: Truth, Publicity, and Public Doctrine
Locke on the Education of Paupers
Leibniz as a Theorist of Education
Rousseau?s Education Experiments
Condorcet and Adam Smith on Education and Instruction
Jeffersonian Ambiguities
Deweyan Pragmatism and American Education
Furtherment of the Will; Nietzsche and Education
?The Philosophy of Childhood?
?Pedagogy of the Oppressed?
Socio-politically Based Analysis of Education and Leadership
Civil Education in the Liberal State
?Dumbing us Down?
?The Stigma of Genius?
Kinderculture and ?Children of the Corn?
?Lying about the Wolf?
?Culture & Pedagogy? and Non-Western Traditions
The Japanese High School
Competing Answers to the Failure of the Modern School System
Creating the Future School
Technology: The Ideal, the Reality, the Devil Inside
The School Choice Debate
Changing Theories of Education
Rebellion and Resistance
Democratic Co-Regulation
Experiments in Democratic Schooling
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Entering the educational section of any decently sized library proves very quickly that the Western world entertains a glut of information regarding problems in modern education, teaching styles, leadership methods and prerogatives, and the politics and power struggles inherent in schools. Considering the availability and abundance of even simple, easy-to-read primers on educational and classroom theory, it is certainly a testament to the inefficiency and apathy created within our school system that there does not exist a more active debate both within the system and between the system and its students and parental figures over choice of theories and practices. Certainly, the populace has every appearance of being aware of the studies and statistics that make up the alarmist cross-cut of research. Many parents, teachers, and children will be able to volunteer the opinion that schools are decaying and inefficient, that America is a global failure in education, and that little learning takes place within schools. (A social cynic would point out that these lessons are often glossed in the evening news, and their alarmist nature requires little research to be believed by a gullible public)."
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Descartes' Meditations, 2006.
This paper argues that Descartes' evil genius theory reflects the same circular logic he used to prove the existence of God.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Rene Descartes used doubt to prove his beliefs to be true as presented in his most famous work "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which he enters into his most radical phase of methodological doubt when he introduces his evil genius hypothesis. The author points out that Descartes uses the evil genius hypothesis to help illustrate his total abandonment of his old beliefs, but he does not start at scratch when he tears down his thoughts; he decides to adopt the opposite of the ones he held before he started his experiment. The paper relates that Descartes proves the existence of God by deciding that everything he clearly and distinctly perceives as true must be certain because having ascertained that he exists and that he is a thinking thing.
From the Paper
"There is however, the difficulty raised with the case of deception by God, an example of this being geometry and arithmetic. These truths seem clear and distinct to Descartes, but there is still the possibility that he is deceived with respect to them. If God can deceive him of his clear and distinct perceptions, perhaps even the cogito can be cast back into doubt. Descartes seems to want to escape the problems involved in clear and distinct perceptions by relying on God's existence to make them true. However, Descartes also seems to want to prove God's existence by claiming it as a clear and distinct perception. Welcome to the Cartesian Circle."
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Descartes's Meditations, 2003.
Examines his attempts to resolve key philosophical questions.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Discusses basic philosophical questions, including "Do I exist?" and "Does God exist?" Examines Descartes's justification of the existence of God, his line of linear thinking, cause and effect argument, and use of thought to justify his own existence.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes, in his "Meditations on First Philosophy" endeavors to resolve the most enduring philosophical questions ever to challenge man, namely: Do I exist? And: Does God exist? His second and third meditations, translated by Donald A. Cress, ..."
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"Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy" by Rene Descartes, 2002.
An analysis of the book outlining the method of hyperbolic doubt and how it changed the relationship between philosophy and theology.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
Descartes aims to define a method of objective thinking by attempting to apply the precision of mathematics to all fields of knowledge. The paper explains that in prescribing this method for reasoning, Descartes laid the foundation for modern day psychology. Having determined a method of arriving at ?true? knowledge, Descartes strives to ?seek answers? to questions pertaining to the very nature of existence. This paper analyzes the book and describes its influence on the world.
From the Paper
"Descartes? Discourse on the ?Method for Conducting One?s Reason Well? is his attempt to apply the precision of mathematics to all fields of knowledge. Descartes? Method involved regarding the value of formal education in largely teaching the languages ??necessary for the understanding of classical texts?? (Part One, p 3), while the pursuit of true knowledge required independent thinking to ??distinguish the true from the false, in order to see my way clearly in my actions?? (Part One, p6)."
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Meditations on First Philosophy, 1993.
Summary & critique of rationalist's thoughts on reality, doubt, existence, God and mind/body duality.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Descartes, Rene, Meditations on First Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1979.
Descartes' place in the history of philosophy is solid because he was the first rationalist thinker to reject the ideas of earlier philosophers in order to start over from the basic building block of his philosophy---"I think, therefore I exist." Earlier philosophers such as Aristotle had postulated the "truth" at the beginning of their works, then examined that "truth" in depth, assuming that their original postulation had been correct. Descartes reversed this process, beginning with the acceptance of himself as a thinking being. From that point, he reveals to himself and the reader the truth as he understands it, including God and a dualistic reality. The purpose of this book is to demonstrate his process and his findings, to provide an extended.."
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Meditation, 2007.
This paper explains the relationship between mysticism and meditation and the manifestation of God through meditation.
5,960 words (approx. 23.8 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the essence of meditation practices, the particular forms in which God is revealed through meditation and how meditation leads to the discovery of the God within. The author points out the differences and similarities of meditation in various spiritual traditions especially Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism. The paper reports that, although meditation is an ancient practice, tracing more than 2000 years ago, many forms of meditation still exist today.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Phases of Meditation, Attention, Concentration, Contemplation
Forms of Meditation
Mysticism and Meditation. Finding God Within.
Tibetan Buddhist Meditation and Transcendental Meditation
The Differences between Yoga and Christianity
Finding God Within:
From Dream Sleep to Awakening
From Illusion to Realization
From Darkness to Enlightenment
From Imprisonment to Liberation
From Fragmentation to Wholeness
From Separation to Oneness
From Being on a Journey To Arriving at the Destination
From Being in Exile To Coming Home
From Seed to Flowering Plant or Fruitful Tree
From Death to Rebirth
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The yogi are also characterized by their adherence to a strict code of moral behavior and by their practicing of a set of physical exercises called asanas and breath control methods called pranayama. O distinct type of yoga is kundalini, focused on unlocking the reserve of spiritual energy that is thought to reside at the base of the spine. The released energy reverberates in the seven chakras or bodily centers which capture emotions and mental states. The energy, kundalini, has to be moved from the lower chakras - dominated by inferior emotions to more elevated chakras, located ..."
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