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Deviance Theory and Criminology, 2008.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of deviance theory and its impact on the field of criminology.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although the theory of deviance helps to shed light on some of the reasons people engage in criminal actions, the theory is a social construct and is thus inherently flawed. The paper maintains, that this theory should, therefore, occupy only a minor role in the field of criminology. The paper also asserts that this theory only be employed as a means of interpretation of the criminal mind when there is no possibility that the root cause of deviance may lie within the society and not the individual.
Outline:
Introduction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Deviance and Criminology
From the Paper
"The theory of deviance is not organic. Broadly defined, deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a particular society. Thus, the theory is a creation of society, and a social construct that labels persons within a society as outcasts because they tend to display certain behaviors that society deems reprehensible. Deviance, then, is best understood as an artificial creation, which fits neatly into the realms of academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and social psychology to explain the unexpected actions of individuals. Most of all, the theory helps us to understand the most reprehensible among us: the criminal. "
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Bentham, Utilitarianism, and the Classical Theory of Criminology, 2004.
An examination of the contributions made by Jeremy Bentham towards criminology theories.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the criminology theories of Jeremy Bentham. It begins by providing a biographical background of Bentham and explains how his love for law and criminology pushed him to develop new theories. It discusses why these theories were controversial at the time and looks at some critiques of the theories.
From the Paper
"Bentham?s contribution to the classical theory came in the form of an idea he advanced called utilitarianism (Siegel, 2000). The theory of utilitarianism is based around the idea that lawmaking should be done with the goal of providing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people (Siegel, 2000). Bentham believed that empirical calculations could be derived to judge what laws would provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. As for the criminal application of this theory, he believed that individuals weigh the probabilities of present and future pleasures against those of present and future pain. This balancing of outcomes served as the deciding factor of whether or not an individual would commit an illegal act. Accordingly, Bentham believed that if the proposed pain was in excess of the pleasure derived from the crime, then no crime would result. This is utilitarianism in its simplest sense. In order to understand in a deeper sense (one that explains contexts, applications, and criticisms) one has to look deeper into Bentham?s ideas on legal duties, obligations, and powers, and how these contributed to utilitarianism, and finally, how utilitarianism contributed to the classical theory as we understand it today."
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Theories of Criminology, 2006.
This paper compares theories of criminology.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that criminologists believe that all theories that attempt to explain criminal behavior must contain dimensions relating to the society's conception of criminal behavior, some type of treatment and a particular research methodology. The author focuses on the biological theory, the psychological theory, the feminist theory and integrated theory, all of which share many similarities and differences while supporting each other in relation to the causes of crime and criminal activity. The paper concludes that the overall causation of criminal behavior does not draw upon only one of the theories in this paper; however, the integrated theory helps to fill in the gaps created by other theories and may help to shed new light on how the other theories might be improved.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Specific Criminological Theories
The Biological Theory
The Psychological Theory
The Feminist Theory
The Integrated Theory
From the Paper
"In essence, this approach leans heavily toward reinforcement, or in other words, "positive reinforcement or reward which increases the likelihood of the behavior which follows." Obviously, the psychological theory supports the assumption that genetics, particularly regarding brain development, is closely tied to criminal behavior and motivations; however, the psychological approach to crime causation contradicts itself in many ways, especially when one considers that fact that "all aggressive persons are not criminals and all criminals are not aggressive.""
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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Theories of Criminology, 2003.
Presents five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior.
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 9 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Examines classical or "choice" theory, strain theory, cultural deviance, social processing, and conflict theories. Applies the theories to seven scenarios of different types of criminal acts, including insider trading.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this report is to employ five theories of criminology to a series of seven scenarios involving some type of criminal behavior, identifying which of the theories is either most or least ..."
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Criminology Theory, 2002.
How criminology theories help police work.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper discusses the existence and history of criminology theory and how it can be utilized by police professionals in today's society.
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Gendered Criminology Theory, 2008.
An examination of the theories of crime and gender put forward in the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines gendered criminology theory. It specifically analyzes the article, "Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered
Theory of Female Offending," written by Emilie Steffensmeier. The paper discusses the content of the article and looks at the author's views and arguments related to theories of crime that take into account female and gender difference.
From the Paper
"Possibly the most significant of the key components is the focus on contextually. This aspect has been largely ignored by other theoretical approaches. The study is also significant in the incorporation into its theoretical framework of gender roles and stereotypes in the explanation of crime. For example, the significance and utility of the gendered perspective as advocated by this theory can be seen it its ability to explain why the reportage of female crime is highest in the category of minor offences, such as shoplifting ands passing bad checks. This aspect is seen against the tendency for women to focus on relationship aspects and protection of their families, whereas these crimes in a male context are largely the result of status protection. It is felt that this gendered theory holds a great degree of promise for future exploratory understanding of this complex issue"
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Criminology Theories, 2005.
A comparison of two theories of criminology: the classic and the positivist.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a comparison of the basic elements of these two schools of thought. It explains how both suggested that criminals could be redirected toward lawful behavior, but classical views stressed the need to recondition or redirect criminals through behavior modification and psychological and moral influences. Criminals must be rationally convinced not to commit crimes. It explains how the positivist views, in contrast, stressed the different nature of criminals, socially and, above all, biologically. Criminals had a different genetic makeup than law-abiding citizens, which drove them into social milieus that only reinforced these tendencies.
From the Paper
"Although 18th century classical views of criminology should not be conflated with later, modern notions of classical psychological conditioning like Pavlov?s dog being trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, there are certain similarities between the two schools of thought and even some of the methods used in classical criminology to reorient criminals back into society. First and foremost, later forms of classical conditioning and the early classical school of criminality both stressed the ability, through repeated positive reinforcement of socially desirable traits and negative enforcement regarding antisocial traits deemed criminal by society. (Adler, et. al, 2004) For instance, Jeremy Bentham?s vision of a ?panopticon? like prison in classical criminology suggested a prison in which individuals were constantly watched, and thus were forced to monitor and reform their behavior accordingly. Eventually, the reinforcement of watching would no longer be necessary, after individuals had been reinstalled with proper notions and more importantly, taught proper methods of behavior that could create a better method of society (Bentham, 1761)"
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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Deviance and Criminology, 2002.
A discussion on the relationship between crime and deviance.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper relates deviance to criminology and how some theories support deviance in the human society.
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses criminology theories and looks at how they help prevent crime and reduce criminal behaviors.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two criminology theories and holds them against the current social phenomena of adolescent substance abuse. The writer explores the relevant theories. The writer notes that as mankind continues to study the criminal element, it continues to develop theories that can be applied to criminal behavior. The writer then explains that two well known criminal theories are labeling and social bonding. In each of these theories there are markers to help explain some of the behavior patterns when it comes to adolescents and substance abuse. The writer points out that it is important to understand how these theories impact the problem, so that future attempts can be made to proactively prevent substance abuse.
Outline:
Introduction
Labeling Theory
Social Bond Theory
Relating Theory to Social Issue
Influence
From the Paper
"In a recent study regarding the labeling theory, adolescent participants were asked if they had received labels from professionals and asked if their families and friends had labeled them, and if so what the labels were. The adolescent's encounters with juvenile courts, social workers and substance abuse programs were also recorded to determine if the label theory supported the participants' background and labeling.
The study concluded that being labeled with a negative label, can create negative behaviors in adolescence.
In addition, the participants did record a higher level of drug use if they had received negative labeling from professionals and personal interactions."
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Personal Criminological Theory, 2007.
A description of the writer's personal criminological theory, explaining the occurrence of crime and why people commit crimes.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the writer's perspective of criminological theory. It focuses on why people commit crimes and why people act the way that they do. It then describes the variables that the writer would consider and the methodologies he would use in order to evaluate his theory. The paper concludes that there are many theories that can assist in determining the reasons why things happen and there will be many more theories that will either agree or disagree with previous theorists.
From the Paper
"Criminological theories in my perspective are theories from various individuals who have experience or education in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, science or biology. This is due to being able to read people behaviors and understand the mindset of why individuals would commit crimes. I believe everyone who had a theory studied and observed different cultures, communities, and family parenting to get the proof he or she needed to show that their theory has some merit. "Then others tested the theory and either added or improved the findings by using more sufficient information through their research. In other words, criminological theory is the study of criminal thinking and criminal behavior. If criminological and theory is broken down, it gives the definitions of theory is a speculation or abstract thought or contemplation, an ideal of or belief about something arrived through speculation, and a scientific principle to explain phenomena (Webster's New World, 2002). Criminological is the sociological study of crime, criminals and punishment of criminals (Webster's New World, 2002)."
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Criminological Theory, 2005.
An application of the criminological theories of several thinkers.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an application of the criminological theories of Glueck, Shaw, Mckay, Cullen, and Marx to a real world criminological issue facing a police department. The paper concludes there are a variety of approaches to understanding the manifestations of crime.
From the Paper
"This paper will attempt to solve a real-world problem facing a police department by analyzing it through the spectrum of some of the seminal minds in the field of criminology. The problem that will be analyzed is as ..."
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Criminology Theories, 2002.
A look at various theories expounding why juveniles commit violent crimes.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This research paper critically examines and contrasts a number of appropriate psychological and sociological theories concerning why young people perpetrate violent crimes.
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