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Human Development Stage Theories, 2002.
Examines how theories on human development are applied to the psychology of human behaviour.
2,212 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The stage theories are important tools in understanding the psychology of human development and they offer reasonably simple explanations of human behavior. The question that arises is how accurate a theory that is based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular person. This consideration is investigated in the paper by exploring one individual and how stage theories can be applied. The person chosen is a young adult who owns his own home, is married and is planning to have children in a few years. He has graduated from college, is working and is studying towards gaining a masters degree. This individual's development is considered by looking at three stage theories and how each of these apply to his life. The first stage theory is the social development theory of Erikson. The second is the cognitive development theory of Piaget and third is the moral development theory of Kohlberg.
From the Paper
"The next stage theory to be considered is Piaget's. While Erikson's focused on social development, Piaget focuses on cognitive development. Piaget's theory involves four stages an individual develops through from birth to adulthood, with the individual developing new skills at each stage. These stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. The sensorimotor period occurs from birth to age two. In this stage, infants "learn about their world through their senses and motor behavior? (Seamon & Kenrick 1994, p. 368). The preoperational period occurs between ages two and seven. This stage is defined by the individual's lack of ability to think logically. The concrete operational period occurs between ages seven and twelve. This stage is defined by the individual's ability to think logically. At this stage the individual is able to think about concrete problems, but not rational ones."
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Stages of Development, 2004.
This paper compares Freud?s five stages of childhood development with Erikson?s eight stages of development.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper details that five of Erikson?s stages line up roughly with Freud?s theory of human development, though they expand upon them and take much of the focus away from sex. The other three Erikson stages follow the continued course of an individual?s psychological life, something that Freud seemed to think terminates at early adulthood. The author believes that, while Freud?s work should be honored for its daring and its groundbreaking nature, Erikson?s is a more realistic and complete model. The paper continues that Erikson appears less committed than Freud to the idea that all dreams are a form of wish fulfillment and tends to read a more symbolic nature into them.
From the Paper
"The first stage of development according to Freud is the ?Oral? stage. This stage lasts between one and two years, and during it the child?s needs are most focuses around oral pleasure such as that derived from nursing or sucking. A child who is frustrated at this stage (not fed sufficiently, for example, or not allowed to breastfeed) will have a variety of future development problems stemming from his oral nature and characterized by sarcasm, envy, suspicion, and pessimistic ideas about the world and relationships."
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Erikson's Eight Stages of Development, 2006.
This paper analyzes child development expert Erik Erikson's eight stages of development in the childhood socialization process.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The writer of this well-researched paper lists and describes each of Erik Erikson's eight stages of development in the childhood socialization process. Erikson defined these eight stages based on his vast experience in psychological and therapeutic settings with children from all ages and all economic backgrounds and describes each stage as a psychological crisis which must be discovered and resolved before the child is able to reach the next stage.
From the Paper
"Much like the second stage, the parent's duty in the third stage is to encourage autonomy and self-initiation. This means providing the child with a setting in which to interact with other children. It also means providing them with plenty of stimulation, books, art projects, toys for physical play as well as for fine motor development that can be undertaken by the child without adult supervision. It is still important in this phase to be nurturing and supportive of the child's activities, but to balance that support with a reasonable amount of distance from the child."
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The Implementation Stage of the Development Process.
This paper analyzes a work-related project using a systems analysis tool for the implementation of a specific business and information system, focusing on the actual implementation stage of the development process.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 55 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a Web page may seem to be the most difficult coding problem but, in actuality, the use of Internet-bound software makes it fairly easy. The true difficulty is the coding and implementation of the Local Area Network and operating system for the organizational network layer and hardware systems. The author points out that the physical writing of software code entails many more steps of actual testing, which is performed before, during, and after each small programming task is accomplished; the key is to utilize a process of testing that is specific, detailed, and measurable. The paper stresses that one of the more critical things to accomplish in the implementation phase is the understanding of the new system or program through proper code documentation because it helps everyone get a grasp of exactly what is or was expected of a system or program and develops a blueprints for training.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Coding
Testing and Installation
Documentation and Training
Maintenance and Support
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The typical implementation process entails a project team installing applications and systems on a customer's or organization's production platform which usually is followed up with whatever training and acceptance testing is needed and therefore leads to customer sign-off on the application or system. This implementation is for International Lumberyards, Inc., who first did a detailed needs assessment which verified that the implementation of a new and more modern software and hardware approach was in order that could be financially justified in regard to the organization's overall return on investment. The company had successfully completed the necessary information-gathering as well as utilizing various other techniques in the reengineering project and was prepared to implement the new code and equipment."
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The Forming Stage of Group Development, 2004.
This paper explains the importance of the forming stage in producing proper group development.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various stages of group development and focuses on the forming stage. It explains that if the forming stage has not been effective, this reduces the effectiveness of all the remaining stages and, therefore, the performance of the team. The paper defines the forming phase, describes what is occurring in the forming phase, and explains what happens if the forming phase is not completed effectively.
From the Paper
"In 1965 psychologist Bruce W. Tuckman published a paper describing a model of group development. This model described the stages teams develop through to arrive at the point where they are performing, or actively working together as a team. Tuckman referred to the three initial stages as forming, storming, and norming. According to Tuckman, teams work through these stages to finally arrive at a point where they are performing. In addition, Tuckman noted that any problems in any of the stages will effect the ability of the team to function in the remaining stages. For example, a team can get through forming, and move onto storming."
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Piaget's Pre-Operational Stage of Human Development, 1991.
This paper examines Piaget's pre-operative stage from 2 to 7 years of human development: Language, socialization and egocentrism.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Piaget's cognitive theory of development encompasses four main stages: the sensorimotor from 0-2 years, the preoperational from 2-7 years, the concrete operational from 7-11 years, and the formal operational from 11 on. Piaget believed that older children not only know quantitatively more than younger ones, but actually think in qualitatively different ways. His theory focusses on how children think and represent the world, and how these capabilities change as the child matures. This paper will examine in detail the preoperational stage of development, including its characteristic abilities (such as language and socialization of behavior) and its limitations (such as egocentrism and failure to conserve, among other things).
In the preoperational period, sensorimotor functioning ... "
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Stages of Group/Team Development, 2005.
An in-depth exploration of the necessary stages and phases which are vital for the development of a good team.
4,100 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
Throughout recent years, researchers have outlined a proper structure of what is considered as systematic stages and phases in which a team grows and develops and becomes a success. This paper reveals and assesses the various stages of group and team development. The paper starts by assessing the features and characteristics that are considered necessary for the growth and development of a team. Understanding this aspect is important because the various stages and phases actually serve the development of the group's/team's characteristics. Subsequently, the paper highlights the works of various theorists and researchers on the subject of the various stages of group and team development.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Salient Features of a Successful Team/Group
The Stages of Group/Team Development
Ellen C. Davis's Model of Group/Team Development
Barbara O'Keefe's Model of Team/Group Development
Myers Briggs Models of Group/Team Development
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Maintaining quality is absolutely critical for the success of a team/group as quality is considered to be the measuring stick of a team's success. The complexity of this issue can be gauged from the fact revealed by many researchers that managers today tend to look at quality as doing the task correctly, the first time. This attitude has paved way for enhanced commitment and has also forced the team members to create and sustain values."
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Ginzberg's Tentative Stage of Adolescent Career Development, 2005.
A discussion of Eli Ginzberg's tentative stage of adolescent career development.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a specific theoretical approach to the study of career development. Specifically, the author expounds upon the work done by Eli Ginzberg in the late 1940s. In his theory, Ginzberg proposes that adolescents develop through a tentative stage of career development. This paper describes the nature of the tentative stage, its usefulness as a theory, and its application in the real world.
From the Paper
"The study of human development is complex and demanding discipline. It requires researchers to develop theoretical frameworks that are capable of accounting for a myriad of environmental, social, cultural, economic, and even genetic factors. This is no easy task. Therefore, the creation of a theoretical approach to development, in any specific regard, is important if that theory can stand up to critical scrutiny. This importance is evident when we consider the study of how career choices are made by growing individuals through the eyes of a developmental psychologist. The purpose of this study is to examine one specific element of Eli Ginzberg's theory on career choice. He and his research associates developed this theory and published their findings in 1949 (Frey, 2005). Ginzberg approached the question of how individuals choose careers for themselves by isolating the developmental process that leads up to the actual decision."
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Life Span Development, 2001.
A look at a human's physical, cognitive, and psycho-social development through each of the four stages of development.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 16 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
General summaries of the last four stages of human development: Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Late Adulthood. Examines physical, cognitive, and psycho-social aspects of development.
Adolescence
Definition
Reproduction
Risky behavior
Cognitive: Piaget (Formal operations), Elkind
Identity vs. identity confusion (Erikson)
Peer and Family relations
Young Adulthood
Cognitive: Postformal thought, Triarchic theory of
Intelligence (Sternberg), Emotional Intelligence
Personality: 5 factor model (Costa & McCrae)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)
Levinson & the Grant Study
Culture: Marriage, childbirth, remaining single
Middle Adulthood
Physiological changes ? hearing, sight, endurance,
metabolism
Ailments ? hypertension, osteoporosis, stress
Seattle Longitudinal Study: Fluid and Crystallized
intelligence
Cognitive ? Hoyer and Schaie
Jung ? Individuation
Generativity versus stagnation (Erikson)
Psychosocial ? identity style, assimilation,
accommodation
Late Adulthood
Biological aging ? genetic programming, variable rate
theories
Physical changes
Cognitive ? Metamemory, semantic, procedural, sensory
Ego integrity versus despair (Erikson)
Disengagement, continuity, and activity theories
Retirement
Marriage, family, peer relationships
Living arrangements
From the Paper
"Adolescence is the developmental transition from childhood to adulthood. Although its beginning or end is not clearly marked in Western societies, adolescence lasts about a decade from age 11 or 12 until the late teens or early twenties. Adolescence carries many risks to healthy development, as well as opportunities for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth."
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Adolescent Development, 2002.
A discussion of the development of humans at different stages of their lives, concentrating on adolescent development.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The focus of this paper will be on the adolescent period of the developmental stage of an individual. Developmental psychology uses various perspectives or approaches in explaining the patterns of development or change in a human being. It looks at issues such as sexual awareness, puberty, independence and self-image.
From the Paper
"One of the first approaches that will help explain the patterns of development of a human being is through the physical development stage. Physical development involves the bodily changes that young people have when they approach the puberty stage. Puberty is often referred to as ?a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence? (Santrock 2000 346). During the puberty stage, female and male individuals undergo several changes suitable for their physical stature and composition. Puberty among girls usually begins at age 9 to 12, while puberty among boys start at ages 11 to 14. Changes include the growth of hair in the genital areas and underarms of both male and female. Body proportions also change, with females developing bigger hips, bigger breasts, ovulation, and menstrual cycle begins. Males, meanwhile, starts producing sperms, erections and ejaculations, wet dreams, and darkening of the scrotum (Advocates for Youth 2002)."
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Developmental Stages and My Self Image, 2007.
This paper explores Sigmund Freud and Erik Erickson's stages of development and applies them to personal experiences.
2,262 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Sigmund Freud and Erik Erickson viewed the psychological development of a person as occurring in various stages. They both believed that problems in any stage of development would have lasting effects on adult life. The paper explains how Freud focused on the sexual aspects of development, whereas Erickson took a more holistic view on the development of the person. The paper explores the various stages of development as they relate to the writer's own life experiences. The writer examines his/her family and maintains that it is a prime example of what can happen under various circumstances in the different stages of development. The writer looks at him/herself and a sister and discusses how they were treated differently in their early years. The paper contends that this is an excellent example of learned responses to our environment.
From the Paper
"The first stage according to Freud is the oral phases where the physical focus is on the mouth, lips, tongue, and other mouth parts. This is that stage that determines the dependency level of the adult. Over-fulfilled babies have difficulty coping with disappointment. Those that did not get their needs fulfilled have difficulty developing trust. Erikson's first stage was similar. During the trust vs. mistrust stage the infant must feel that someone will respond to their needs. This creates a feeling that the world is predictable and can be trusted. Caregivers that are inconsistent or emotionally unattached cause the child to develop fear and a sense that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable."
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Child Development, 2008.
A comparison of the stages of child development as explained by Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the theories of child development by Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson. It shows how Freud's theory was based in the psychoanalytic perspective, Erikson's theory is from the psychosocial perspective and Piaget used a cognitive approach. The paper looks at their approaches regarding sensorimotor development, cognitive development and the different stages of child development.
From the Paper
"Piaget's stages are different to Freud's and Erikson's since Piaget only focused on the child to a point in adolescence. Also, Piaget is not concerned with psychosocial development except in terms of moral development. Piaget is somewhat similar to Freud in that during the sensorimotor stage the child learns about the environment through sensation and movement. Unlike either Freud or Erikson, Piaget concentrated on external influences such as the parents through which the child learns to shape behavior. During the preoperational stage, the child uses cognitive development and especially language to relate to what is in the environment (Issacs, 1972). In contrast to the bodily sensations that Freud described, Piaget maintained that the child gained pleasure from thoughts and fantasies. The stage of concrete operations is one of learning abstract thinking and rational judgments. The child's interaction with the world is completely on the cognitive level. The stage of formal operations provides a guide for the teenage years and for life because of fully developed reasoning powers (Issacs, 1972)."
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Child Development, 2006.
A brief overview of different theories for the stages of child development.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
Child development has always remained under tight scrutiny by various psychologists and sociologists. In this regard, a large number of theories exist which highlight various factors involved in the development of a child. This paper examines various theories of child development by analyzing view points of three important theorists Piaget, Freud and Vygotsky. It also encompasses the stages and factors affecting the child development.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Stages of Child Development
Factors Affecting Development of Children
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Various theorists have diverse opinions on the child development. Some theorists accord lot of importance to the developmental stages but there are theorists who contest the same. Erikson (1997, pp. 55-77) dwelled on a theory describing eight developmental stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. A person going through these developmental stages needs to master challenges being presented by that stage. A challenge of a particular stage not successfully completed reappear as problem in the next stage. According to Erikson, a child passing through the age of 6-10 years has to confront the Middle Childhood Stage which offers various challenges like acquiring of skills for and developing competence in work, developing friendships, self-evaluations, and team-play etc."
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Emotional Development and Self-Esteem, 2005.
A brief overview of Erickson's stages of social development up until adolescence and a discussion on the importance of self-esteem in the classroom.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines six of Erickson's eight stages of emotional development, including basic trust versus basic mistrust, autonomy verses shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, and identity versus role confusion. In addition to the stages of development, this paper also touches on the importance of self-esteem and includes suggestions on how educators can promote positive self-esteem in the classroom.
From the Paper
"Understanding the emotional development in early childhood through adulthood, leads us to understanding the importance of self-esteem. Through our experiences with the world, we as human beings, form concepts of causal relationships. We formulate opinions of ourselves based upon the collected experiences of life. Some are fortunate enough to grow and develop in positive nurturing environments that foster optimal beliefs systems. Others have a more difficult time remaining positive about themselves and life in general. Just as people form concepts regarding the behavior of inanimate objects, animals, and other human beings, they also form a concept of themselves, of what they are like, of how they will react in various situations. The concept people form of themselves stated positively or negatively, is their self-esteem."
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Moral Development and Gender Roles, 2005.
Examines L. Kohlberg's six stages of moral development and discusses how a teacher can address the issues that surround gender bias in the classroom.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis and brief review of L. Kohlberg's six stages of moral development which include punishment and obedience orientation; individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange; mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity; social system and conscience; social contract or utility; and individual rights and universal ethical principals. In addition to the stages of moral development, this paper presents suggestions on how teachers can avoid bias, especially gender bias, in the classroom.
From the Paper
"Lastly, there is level 3, stage 6; the universal ethical principles orientation which also occurs in the stage of adolescence. Here the individual is searching for and in turn living in a way that is consistent with the deepest set of moral principles possible. Adolescents who reason in this way assume personal responsibility for their own actions on the basis of fundamental and universal principles, such as justice and basic respect for persons (Kohlberg, 1978: Kohlberg et al. , 1990). These ethnical principles are part of an articulated, integrated, carefully thought-out, and consistently followed system of values and principles (Bee, 2002)."
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