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Development of Science, 2006.
This paper looks at the development of science and technology as it relates to the effects of World War II.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This essay examines and discusses the impact of World War II on the development of science and technology. The discussion includes several examples, mainly pertaining to the development of nuclear science, weapons, medical research and genetics. The writer points out that since the end of World War II there has been an almost complete merger of science and technology, and governments and the industry now support most pure science research. Further, the writer notes that according to McClellan and Dorn, the example of the atomic bomb development in the US during World War II marks a watershed in the history of modern science and technology.
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System Development, Art or Science, 2004.
A description of the systems development cycle.
783 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the author's view that systems development is an art by showing that the kinds of systems employed often depend on the system analysts and what they deem fit. It examines how the systems development cycle (SDLC) consists of project identification or selection, project initiation and planning, analysis, logical design, physical design, implementation, and maintenance.
From the Paper
"In recent times, a main goal of user-centered design has become critical in the systems development (Smith and Dunckley, 2002). This process places the user in a central position for both determining system requirements and ensuring they are met. The benefits of these systems include not only improvements in user efficiency, but also others, such as reduced training costs, reduced user errors, reduced maintenance costs, and increased customer satisfaction. However, the chief requirements in these kinds of systems become to understand the users? information needs. As we argued earlier, the systems analysts cannot determine information needs scientifically, rather the system analysts are required to obtain this needs by projecting an extrovert interpersonal style that fits more closely to an art form. "
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True Science and Pseudo-Science, 2003.
Discusses the notion of scientific discovery.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Looks at testing to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true or false. The paper examines the views of Thomas Kuhn and the "paradigm" and Karl Popper's contention that deductive testing is true science, and induction is false science.
From the Paper
"True Science vs. Pseudo-Science
Introduction and Purpose
True science and pseudo-science, it has been argued, can be distinguished from one another by an examination of the nature of scientific discovery, with particular attention to the use of a ..."
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"Common Science? Women, Science and Knowledge" by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke, 2000.
A review of the work on the nature of scientific study, objective truth and the alienation of women from scientific fields.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Science is a pervasive influence on human life today, though most people have only a vague image of what science means and may have complete misperceptions about certain scientific concepts. Many people simply have not been exposed to the information they need to judge science. Women, however, have been actively excluded, or at least discouraged, from science for some time, a factor much noted in analyses of academic statistics and in analyses of the job market in science. This is noted in the book Common Science? Women, Science, and Knowledge by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke as part of their primary emphasis on the fact that the scientific community remains largely unaccountable to the public. Part of their approach to this issue is to talk to non-academics to see what they think about science and about the issues surrounding the field."
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African Science and Technology, 2006.
An analysis of patterns of African development in science and technology.
3,232 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Africa's historical approach of accessing technology and how the effects of the colonial era have preconditioned Africa in the areas of future development of science and technology. It also looks at some of the possible solutions of how to convince Africans to become more involved in their development in regards to science and technology.
From the Paper
"The ecological and demographic features do help explain Africa's technological conservatism, but they are not all-encompassing theories. The additional aspects of Africa's conservatism can be found in its culture. The cultural aspects should be viewed independently because they are not tangible materials and can have influential effects in regards to adoption of technology. Three broad cultural views found in Africa that have historically suppressed innovation are: (1) lack of literacy, (2) preference for military and political rather than economic solutions to problems and, (3) patterns in sexual division of labor and child-rearing . Literacy was in some ways viewed as being a "magical" ability that was kept within the realm of religious activities. Although writing did exist in Africa, it was not until later that writing became internalized to aid in Africans' dealing with the world, and the subsequent technologies that went along with that. "
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Science and Religion, 2008.
A discussion on the relationship between the development of science and the teachings of religion.
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the great distance between the concepts imposed by science and religion. The paper relates that, in many aspects science and religion contradict each other or differ in the answers given to historical questions. The paper further relates that the contradiction between science and religion has always existed. This brings the question of whether religion is an ally or an enemy of science. The paper hen points out that there are many kinds of science and their relation to religion is different in each case. Furthermore, there are different kinds of religions and each finds a different relation to science and its studies. The paper then goes on to discuss how much science and religion contradict or complement each other. It begins this discussion with a look at not only how religions are very different from one case to another but also how science developed differently as well in zones where one specific religion was dominant.
From the Paper
"As much as the Christian version of creation left blanks unexplained and raised questions about its authenticity, the evolution theory may be criticized as inconsistent as well. For science it seemed illogical that the man was created in one day, copying the image of a being that supposedly has no face or body, and therefore, no image to create alike. The man is too strongly related to other animals as to be completely foreign to the other species. He has to be part of a group and live by the same rules that dominate the rest of the living creatures. There has to be a link between man and animals if there are so many similarities between all of the life forms on the planet, and there is a path than can trace man's origins to the same as animals'. But this theory leaves a great hole that makes it inconsistent and brings it to question as accurate."
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Sports Science and Sports Medicine, 2004.
An overview of sports/exercise science and medicine, two fields that have only recently begun consolidating into distinct professions.
2,272 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
Sports has become a multi-billion-dollar business, and the ever-increasing competitiveness and challenges, both mental and physical, faced by the modern sportsperson has increased the need for a medical and scientific support system for athletes. This paper discusses two fields that have developed from this need: sports science and sports medicine. The paper shows that they are interrelated, the former being more of an investigative and experimental area, while the latter deals with the implementation of the knowledge and techniques developed by sports science.
From the Paper
"High quality sports performance depends largely on an individual?s movement pattern and is usually referred to as technique. Good technique not only produces an effective performance but also reduces the risk of injury. The effect of physical forces on the movement and on the size, shape and structure of the body is scientifically studied by biomechanists today in an attempt to help optimize athletic technique. (Stein, 2003) Through qualitative analysis via direct observation on film or video tape, a biomechanist will study an athlete?s performance with a view to diagnosing any problems which might be limiting sporting potential. In close consultation with the athlete?s coach, training patterns may be altered to incorporate elements which may help to rectify the problem."
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Geo-Information Science, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of geo-information science on the developing region of sub-Saharan Africa.
3,982 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper refers to a number of sub-Saharan African examples and discusses the scope of what geo-information science (GIS) has yet to offer such developing regions. It suggests that GIS is no different than any other technological innovations available to Third World countries. The paper also describes the ways in which GIS is limited by matters of application, interpretation and general human error.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Development Complications
What Remains the Same
Post-1989 Restructuring and 'Growth'
Water and the Future
Beyond Economics - Important Development Factors
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" Also, geo-information science methods may be more applicable at some times in matters having little to do with development as discussed. For example, spatial information visualization techniques may be more useful, for the time being, in assessing refugee flows across national borders, as the purposes to which countries hopes to devote them and to provide but one of many examples, how does one plan development with or without GIS input for border areas of Congo now settled by refugees from Rwanda, invited and uninvited? In the case of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe's self-styled government has created a condition of relative starvation, accepted much military aid from the People's Republic of China towards an unknown but nerve-wracking political undertaking, the world waiting to know how much food aid may be permitted into the country, in the next year or so. In 2006, it was announced that with Chinese technology, Internet usage in Zimbabwe would be 'bugged' and modem use most limited on account of Mugabe's fears concerning his opposition. (BBC: 2006) Clearly, this kind of regime or overall environment does not bode well for any sort of development or studies towards future planning; earlier, like various other African regimes, Zimbabwe has forced foreign journalists and other observers and occasional NGO aid workers to leave the country."
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100 Years of Technical Advancement in Hair Science, 2006.
The paper examines the history behind hair science since Victorian times.
3,580 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how hair science is a direct result of commercial interest in the industry, and its important role in economics and the social world, which has fostered its profound development over the last century. The hair care industry is a multi-million dollar business with serious economic, technological, social, and fashion attributes. Hair styles have changed dramatically, serving as part of the socio-cultural process of identity construction, gender relations, and political expression. Likewise, they have been as influenced by the social constructions they nurture. The paper examines the last half of the century which has witnessed the most development in hair science, with technical advancement evident in the at-home focus of many products, the introduction of chemical understandings to hair care, and the infrastructural focus on speed and results that has characterized the digital revolution.
Outline:
Introduction
Social and Anthropological Changes
Fashion Follows Societal Norms and Recognition
Beauty at the Turn of the Century
The Great Depression
At Home Styling: Science and Industry in the Middle of the Century
Industrial Growth Spurs Technological Advancement
Market Responds to Social and Consumer Forces
Works Cited
From the Paper
"At the dawn of the century, the start of the 1900s ushered out the very end of the Victorian era. Known most for its political and revolutionary socio-cultural transformations, the Victorian era was also one of excess, superficial concentration, and popular culture. Hair was an integral part of the culture. "While women's hair, particularly when it is golden, has always been a Western preoccupation, for the Victorians it became an obsession." This infatuation with hair was neither a passing fad nor just an aesthetic attention, but it was a mechanism of societal imagery, assertion of gender norms, and the greater product of cultural symbols."
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Science Educators, 2004.
An analysis of teaching science in a 'Science/Technology/Society' (STS) context.
5,294 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether the attitudes of teachers have changed toward science teaching due to instructional focus or interventions such as STS (Science/Technology/Society), values and ethical issues and the nature of science. The paper contends that the emerging research is clear in illustrating that learning science in an STS context results in students with more sophisticated mastery and ability to use process skills. The paper claims that all students improve in terms of creativity skills, attitude toward science, use of science concepts and processes in their daily lives and in responsible personal decision-making.
Outline
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Four Pedagogical Issues
Findings
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Socioscientific issues (SSI) and Science, technology and society (STS) are distinct in that STS education in not 'embedded in a coherent developmental or sociological framework that explicitly considers the psychological as well as the epistemological growth of the child nor the development of character or virtue." However, the SSI movement holds its' focus on the empowerment of students in consideration of how issues based on science reflect the moral principles as well as the elements of virtue encompassing their lives, the physical world as well as the social world about them. (Zeidler, et al, 2000) Colleges and universities have recently undertaken initiatives to create Preservice teacher programs that better enable the instructional practices of the teacher. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) states that they view STS, "as the teaching and learning of science in the context of human experience."
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DNA Science, 2008.
Looks at the discovery, relevance and controversies surrounding DNA science.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Francis Crick and James Watson are the only names associated with the discovery of the DNA molecule; however, many scientists were involved. The author points out that the technological applications of DNA-science have led to a wide variety of advances in crop production, livestock development, forensic sciences, law enforcement, paternity testing and practically limitless therapeutic medical uses. The author then discusses the latest and most controversial DNA-based research - stem cell science. The author of the paper contends that the primary impetus for the opposition to stem cell research from religious beliefs as well as their intrusion into secular law and bioethics, represents an entanglement of church and state in violation of U.S. constitutional principles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background and History of Discovery
Technological Relevance of DNA Science
Modern Applications of DNA Science
Ethical Controversies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to providing the organs themselves, stem cell technology will also revolutionize the entire organ transplant field by eliminating the need for careful screening and tissue matching, and especially, for anti-rejection drugs. Presently, organ transplantation - whether from living donors or cadavers - requires the recipient to take powerful anti-rejection medications to suppress the body's natural response to foreign tissue, usually for life. Immune-system suppression are a necessary and worthwhile consequence of foreign organ implantation, but only because the alternative is premature death."
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Science and Technology, 2005.
A comparison of technological and scientific development in China and Europe.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the development of science and technology in two very different civilizations: China and Europe. The paper then examines how that development was influenced by the cultural, social, and political factors in both civilizations.
From the Paper
"It is easy to view scientific progress in a comparative fashion. Which power was 'better' at scientific progress, China or Europe, one might ask? But such a pairing of opposites is in fact a false dichotomy. Both civilizations saw, over the course of early modernity, tremendous technical as well as intellectual advances in their civilization's understanding of science. However, although Europe's religious and political intransigence to scientific discovery often presented itself as an obstacle, ultimately its greater openness and willingness to study and take into consideration advances of foreign cultures proved its 'making,' while China's geographical and political isolation, for all of its intellectual ferment proved its undoing in terms of becoming an early modern power of scientific discovery and innovation."
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Religion and Science in Literature, 2002.
An analysis of the elements of religion and science in "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria. By understanding how both of these books seek to tell us how the world may view theories in the scheme of religion and science, we may have a better understanding of the issues that are at hand with these modes of thought.
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Forensics Science, 2005.
This paper discusses the various techniques used in forensic science, which is any part of science related to the law.
4,595 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, although forensic science appears to be a recent development, the modern medical-legal tactic to criminal investigations started in 12th century England when King Richard I enacted the "Office of the Coroner". The author points out that the scientific analysis of evidence left at the scene of a crime such as blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire treads and other physical evidence can seem more compelling to a jury than the evidence of eyewitnesses. The paper states that the purpose of crime scene investigation is to help understand what happened and to recognize the responsible person while carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and distinguishing all relevant physical evidence for further analysis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Forensic Techniques
Firearms and Tool Mark Identification
Bullet Matching
Tool mark Evidence
Forensic Psychiatry
Profiling
Examination of Questioned Documents
Handwriting Analysis
Forgery
Scientific Evidence
Personal Identification
Fingerprints
DNA
Other Disciplines
Forensic Photography
Fracture Match
Crime Scene Documentation
Chain of Custody
Locard's Exchange Principal
Entomology
Blood Spatters
Soil
Glass
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensics in Courtroom
Validity of Forensic Evidence--Some Doubts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Few areas of examination at trial can seem as intimidating as the prospect of taking on the prosecution's forensic experts. Crime lab reports seem to have this aura of invincibility about them that lead few trial lawyers to tackle their conclusions head on in front of a jury. Maybe it is because some part of us thinks that the reported results are based upon "science", and science, in turn, can be empirically experienced. Hence, we reason, if the stuff can be checked, no lab technician would put things in their report that could easily be shown to be incorrect. Alternatively, maybe, it is because we simply don't understand how tremendously vulnerable to challenge the crime lab work product really is."
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Environmental Science, 2007.
This paper suggests that environmental science is a good science that is good for the environment, but polluted by politics.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green, in terms of their effects on the environment, because they lack catalytic converters. The writer discusses that the largest lawn and garden equipment maker in the country and a powerful Republican senator are hampering attempts by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators in California to clean up the way Americans clean up their lawns. Further, the writer shows how the battle over catalytic converters in lawn mowers shows how economics, politics and good environmental policy often come into conflict.
From the Paper
"Lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green in terms of their effects on the environment because they lack catalytic converters. Today, all cars must have catalytic converters to protect the environment. This means the dirtiest engines lurk, not in the nation's garages, but in the tool sheds across the land. And the debate over requiring lawn mowers to release the amount of emissions they can release into the environment is eerily reminiscent of Detroit's unsuccessful battle in the 1970s against environmentalists and consumer activists who wanted to reduce the effects of car exhaust upon the environment by installing catalytic converters."
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