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Determinants of Total Fertility Rate, 2006.
A quantitative analysis and a look at policy alternatives to the achievement of global population stabilization.
4,087 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
There has been a polarization of viewpoints on the most effective way to achieve population stabilization. On one hand are advocates of population control - those who believe that only direct interventions to 'control' fertility can slow down population growth. They believe that using coercion to force individuals to restrict family size is entirely justified. The paper shows that, on the other hand, are those who respect the rights and freedoms of individuals to exercise individual choices and act responsibly while making family decisions. They argue that assuring people access to decent healthcare, education and reproductive health choices will significantly reduce unwanted pregnancies and lower birth rates. The paper shows that, from this perspective, enhancing people's capabilities and women's, in particular, is the just way to stabilize a country's population. Caught in the complex web of moral, ethical and social discussions, policy makers and citizens need to have a better understanding of the relation between population growth and well-being of the individuals.
The paper includes many tables.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
World Trends
(1) African Region
(2) South-East Asian Region (SEAR)
(3) Western Pacific Region (WPR)
(4) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)
(5) Region of the Americas (AMR)
(6) European Region (EUR)
References and Bibliography
From the Paper
There has been a polarization of viewpoints on the most effective way to achieve population stabilization. On one hand are advocates of population control-those who believe that only direct interventions to 'control' fertility can slow down population growth. They believe that using coercion to force individuals to restrict family size is entirely justified. On the other hand are those who respect the rights and freedoms of individuals to exercise individual choices and act responsibly while making family decisions. They argue that assuring people access to decent healthcare, education and reproductive health choices will significantly reduce unwanted pregnancies and lower birth rates. From this perspective, enhancing people's capabilities, and women's in particular, is the just way to stabilize a country's population. Caught in the complex web of moral, ethical and social discussions, policy makers & citizens need to have a better understanding of the relation between population growth and well-being of the individuals. Coercive methods as a state policy for population control has most of the times been unsuccessful in democratic countries like India and has fetched public unrest. They also raise the issues of human rights and individual freedom. Coercion as a state policy has, however, succeeded in China (One Child Norm Rule). However, adopting the rights-based approach, I have tried to establish this relation in case of various regions of the globe. This paper addresses the issue of the trends and levels of fertility in various Regions of the World, as classified by WHO . Countries with fertility around or below the replacement level i.e. 2.1 currently hold over 40% of the world's people. Some of the regions like Africa and certain regions in Asia still have very high level of fertility. However, the factors contributing to the fertility are differently related in different regions. The paper has examined various cross-country data of 117 countries around the globe and has tried to identify the factors responsible for variations in fertility in different regions. The paper then attempts to identify the relevant policy areas to be addressed by the respective governments of the countries as per their national goals and population policies. However, before we consider the outcome of the data and analyze them, let us consider two basic questions. (1) Why is fertility declining in the developing world? (2) And why do some countries now have below replacement fertility? One of the major reasons for decline in fertility is the mortality decline at birth. The Summary Output of the correlation between Total Fertility Rate and Infant mortality is reproduced below. F 0.044217116 Regression Statistics T-critical 12.70620473 Multiple R 0.858068213 R Square 0.736281059 Adjusted R Square 0.73400762 Standard Error 0.831341089 Observations 118 ANOVA df SS MS F Regression 1 223.830253 223.830253 323.8622239 Residual 116 80.17084868 0.691128006 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 1.57292125 0.119862012 13.12276692 1.13203E-24 Infant Mortality 0.036774037 0.002043437 17.99617248 2.29161E-35 There exists a strong correlation between infant mortality and TFR. The R-squared value is as high as 0.736. In other words, 73.6% of decline in fertility is explained by decline in infant mortality rate. The t-stat for Infant mortality 17.996 is well above the t-critical value i.e. 12.706. Hence, the relation is very significant. Moreover, the value of 'F' is very much higher than the FDIST value calculated above. Hence, the possibility of a higher F value (i.e. 223.83) by chance is negligible. Although declining infant mortality is one of the major factors responsible for decline in the TFR (Total Fertility Rate), another important factor affecting TFR appears to be the increase in the life expectancy at birth. The correlation of these two factors with TFR for 118 countries is as follows. Regression Statistics F 0.005936429 Multiple R 0.86310235 t-critical 4.30265273 R Square 0.74494567 Adjusted R Square 0.74050994 Standard Error 0.82111694 F Observations 118 167.9421613 ANOVA df SS MS Regression 2 226.4643036 113.2321518 Residual 115 77.53679813 0.674233027 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat Intercept 3.43748058 0.950741713 3.61557775 Life Exp.(F) -0.0232654 0.011770755 -1.976546526 Infant Mortality 0.0300313 0.003963711 7.576562297 Here we can observe that these two factors taken together explain the 74.5% of the decline in fertility across the globe. However, the comparison of t-critical values with actual t-values shows that increase in life expectancy is not as significant as the decline in infant mortality is. This is because the infant mortality and life expectancy at birth are not completely independent of each other. However, a negative sign before the correlation coefficient of life expectancy suggests that TFR decreases when life expectancy improves. Confronted with a major fall in the death rates, no society can remain with a TFR of 5 or 6 live births for more than a few decades. Because more & more cohorts enter into working age group, which has a depressing effect on wages, no society desires a fall in quality of life by maintaining high rate of fertility. They may not accept the effect of decline in mortality rate as the cause for decline in fertility; they argue that they cannot maintain bigger families. However, it will be a fallacy to believe that decline in infant mortality rate alone is the cause for decline in fertility, although it remains the remote causal force behind all fertility declines. Many factors -social, cultural, economic-influence timing and speed of the fertility decline response in particular populations. The answer to the second question is that because of fertility decline, women increasingly started behaving like men i.e. in places where fertility is low, and life expectancy at birth is high, women are not confined to rearing children only. They are employed and participate equally in economic activities. The gender differentiation, as claimed by Dyson (2001), is blurred in the low fertility societies. Education has a very vital role to play once the fertility decline is set-in. We can observe that literacy is among the major causes for steeper decline in fertility rates and hence in some parts of the world the fertility has been pushed below the replacement level. Another result of lowering fertility is weakening of the institution of marriage in some of those societies. Hence, there are huge cultural differences across the different regions of the globe, as we will examine below in the paragraphs that follow. Regression Statistics F -chance 0.000807553 Multiple R 0.88890617 t-stat 3.182446305 R Square 0.79015419 Adjusted R Square 0.78463193 Standard Error 0.74805806 Observations 118 ANOVA df SS MS F Regression 3 240.2077433 80.06924775 143.085338 Residual 114 63.79335844 0.559590864 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 3.87811429 0.870701114 4.454013242 1.9779E-05 Illiteracy(F) 0.02697635 0.005443407 4.955784499 2.5267E-06 Life Exp.(F) -0.0267386 0.010746329 -2.488159939 0.01428629 Infant Mortality 0.01631402 0.004549842 3.58562403 0.00049639 It can be seen from the above data that the rate of female literacy is highly and significantly correlated with decline in fertility. If we compare actual t-values with t-critical, we can observe that female literacy plays a more significant role in decline in fertility. Hence, the societies where the fertility levels are below the replacement level or where the decrease in fertility has been faster, both the factors viz. decrease in infant mortality and increase in female literacy have played the highest role. In advanced societies, women have become more equal to men than in the societies, which have lagged behind in one of the two factors. For example, in many South Asian countries, the female illiteracy has not come down substantially but they have seen reduced infant mortality, continue to have higher fertility rates. Hence, 'Female Literacy' is another very important factor affecting overall decline in the rate of fertility in many countries. Education of females gives an additional tool in the hands of females in making reproductive decisions. However, in many male-dominated societies, even now, the decision regarding the size of family is in the hands of the male members of the societies. Nevertheless, mortality decline and spread of education among females are not the only factors, which are responsible for decline in fertility. There are many other factors like reproductive health facilities available in the country (which depends to some extent on per capita expenditure on health), number of trained health workers available at village levels, nurses per 10,000 of population, percentage of females married in the age-group 15 to 19 years of age, maternal mortality etc. We will examine the effect of these factors on the TFR of the world as a whole (118 countries in the sample in the present study) and then we will examine which factors dominate in various regions of the world classified as per WHO classification. The classification of countries by WHO is based on the Global Disease Burden (GDB) regional classification. In this paper, the same classification is being followed & hence certain countries located in a particular continent may fall in a different WHO region, which may sometimes appear illogical. However, as the analysis made in the paper relates to demographics and health, the WHO classification of countries has been followed.
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Japan's Fertility Rate Problem, 2005.
This paper relates that Japan's declining fertility and negative population growth could potentially cause more damage than the slowing of the Japanese economy.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that experts have many theories on the dropping fertility rates in Japan: (1) People of Japan presently have stopped making families, (2) the large percent of elderly will become a burden, (3) the women's rights movement is a key reason, and (4) a change of attitude among young people, women in particular, that values such as marriage, divorce, and helping the elderly are not important. The author points out that, if marriage rates go up, and more people are getting married, then the fertility rates are bound to go up. The paper states that the U.S. had a similar fertility problem in the 1980s, but labor imported directly into the United States economy helped solve the fertility problem.
From the Paper
"The main problem with a declining fertility rate is what happens when the society becomes disproportioned with the much larger amount of elderly that will be present in Japan. Putting the situation into simple terms, each woman in Japan must give birth to an average of two babies in their lifetime. At a current rate of 1.38 added with the long life span of the Japanese people it is easy to see the problems that will arise. Also, adding to the problem that will leave the elderly with no support is the fact that Japan has very strict immigration laws that do not allow foreigners to help stabilize the birth rates. The main problem within the economy will be the pensions for the elderly that will not be there. Every generation in Japan has a responsibility to the generation before them to help with many things."
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Religion as a Determinant in Fertility, 2007.
A look at how religion affects birth and fertility in married or paired women throughout the world, with a focus on Austria, India and Canada.
4,777 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study with the hypothesis that religion accounts for, in large part, the number of children born to a woman. It looks at how most studies have found that women's fertility rate is determined by religion and other variants, sometimes equally, such as cultural, socioeconomic, age at time of birth, education, income and urban or rural position.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Socioeconomic Factors on Fertility Rate, Compared to Religion
Religion as a Factor in Fertility Rates Among Hindus and Muslims
Rural and Urban Effects on Fertility
Fertility Decisions and Desires in Bangladesh
Effect of Religion through Fertility Norms and Possibility of Dissolution
The Relationship Between Religion And Fertility: Evidence From Austria
The Religious Denomination Factor in Fertility in Canada
Results of the Multivariate Analysis
Discussion
Summary and Suggestions
Hypothesis
Data
Analysis of the Data
Discussion
Summary and suggestions
From the Paper
"After economic standing, a study by Lutz attempts to account for the effects of culture and religion on fertility rates. This study tries to assess the effects of culture and religion on fertility after accounting for a country's socioeconomic standing. Estimates for covariance models are analyzed for 128 countries between 1950 and 1975. The gross reproduction rate is the dependent variable and independent variables are infant mortality rates, aggregate standing of female education and gross domestic product per person. Categorical variables for religion and cultural region are taken into account as well. Surprisingly, even though socioeconomic standing is higher, European countries have lower fertility rates than Arab countries. Culture and religion have a measurable effect on fertility and in Arab countries it is positive. "
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How Do You Rate the Rating Enforcers?, 2001.
A look at the MMPA, The Motion Picture Association of America and their rating system.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 64.95
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Abstract
A paper about the problems with the MPAA, The Motion Picture Association of America and their rating system. The author describes what the MPAA is, their role, and strategies for rating, revealing their inconsistencies and inherent biasness in certain aspects.
From the Paper
"We finally reach a point where we have to ask if the MPAA is doing a ?good? job. I have found that the MPAA often has the right idea, but seems to continuously fall short when rating movies. By falling short, I mean that there are constant inconsistencies in film ratings dealing with moral aspects (homosexual content, violence, etc.) These problems need to be further addressed and solutions,such as the ones mentioned above, need to be considered. The effectiveness of ratings also needs to be addressed. As is, ratings are not as effective as one might hope they would be. Evidence has proven this by showing lack of consistency, bias, confusion, etc. Rating films is not a ?bad? idea, but their current state is not really working. The MPAA needs to focus more on just explaining what is in the films instead of over-rating them to the point of forcing film makers to edit their creativity."
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Fertility in Third World Countries, 2003.
An analysis of the fertility rate in Third World countries.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the fertility rate in Third World countries and its impact on consumers and laborers in both developed and Third World nations. The paper discusses the declining fertility rate world wide, and U.N. population projections. It includes an outline.
From the Paper
"A Expanding world population with declining average fertility rates B The majority of the world's population and the highest fertility rates are in the Third World ..."
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Capitalism and Fertility, 2002.
An examination of labor force reproduction in post-war Canada with the incorporation of women into the paid work force and its impact on fertility rates.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay will examine this process in Canada with a specific focus on the incorporation of women into the paid work force and the impact of this upon fertility rates in Canada. It will be argued that the interrelationship between processes of capitalist production and biological reproduction are complex, as they involve a variety of contributing ideological and cultural factors that have led to profound demographic change in Canada.
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The Effect of Education Attainment on Fertility, 1995.
This paper examines the effect of female and male educational attainment on fertility: Fertility rates in U.S. and world, theory, economic, developmental and ethnic issues and population growth. Tables.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 17 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the effect of educational attainment on fertility. Following this introduction, literature is reviewed and data are presented to illustrate what is known about this relationship. The gaps in the knowledge of the relationship between educational attainment and fertility are then identified. Lastly, the feasibility of conducting additional research to develop the information necessary information to close the knowledge gaps is discussed.
Current Knowledge of the Educational Attainment/Fertility Relationship
Conventional wisdom in both sociology and economics holds that the fertility rate declines as female educational attain ... "
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"The Politics of Fertility Control", 2004.
This paper presents an examination of a book called "The Politics of Fertility Control" by Deborah R. McFarlane and Kenneth Meier.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper explores several aspects of the book, including the context of the book in light of reviews, its impact on the public opinion, and other aspects. It summarizes the book, which provides an exploration into the history of birth control practices around the world.
From the Paper
"Throughout time, decisions about fertility control have been based in societal acceptance, religious allowance and political rhetoric. The fads that come and go often rest squarely at the foot of political climates which are often driven by religious pressures as well as public opinion. The political strength that decisions about fertility control carry should not be ignored. It is a field and topic that has been studied for many years and continues to be scrutinized. At first glance it can look like a convoluted mess, but on second pass the politics of fertility control can be clearly located and defined. Authors Deborah R. McFarlane and Kenneth J. Meier examined and wrote about the process and elements in a book called The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning & Abortion Policies in the American States."
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Fertility Problems in the Philippines, 2003.
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) policy in regards to improving the economic and social status of the Philippines.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of the lack of reproductive freedom in women in the Philippines. This is a problem of central concern for the country because it is imperative to the development of the economy and country as a whole for families to be planned and family sizes reduced to a manageable level. Women are currently having approximately 3.6 children, and the population is set to double within the next 25 years. The problem is also an urgent priority for the International Planned Parenthood Foundation because of a duty to provide care and support to those who do not have reproductive freedom. These women cannot choose when to have sex, let alone when to have children or how many. The first section of this paper provides an analysis of the root causes of reproductive servitude in the Philippines. The second section discusses the challenges to addressing the problem. The third section puts forth policy recommendations based on these challenges and where to renew the IPPF focus. The current policy has stalled and needs to rekindle the desire to plan families in the second fastest growing Asian country. The analysis concludes that the youth will need to be targeted, using field tactics and reinforcing the clinics already in place with necessary technology.
From the Paper
"?In the Second Session for the ICPD Preparatory Committee (in May 1993), the Philippines government strictly followed the Vatican?s orientation? (Correa 54). The next time they met for the Third Session, it was April 1994 and ?NGO?s were represented in the official Philippine delegation and the position shifted to support the reproductive health and rights framework? (Correa 54). Even though government policy may have shifted rapidly, real change takes much longer to take effect. Life in the slums of metro Manila have changed little over the past few decades, despite the advances in reproductive policy, including the creation of several family planning programmes sponsored by the government. ?The country has one of the highest population growth rates in Asia at 2.3 percent annually and an average population density which is nearly double the South-East Asian average and is exceeded only by that of Singapore? (IPPF Country Profile), so family planning has become a terribly important topic of interest. The population will likely double in the next quarter century, so we, as an international family planning front-runner, need to double our efforts as well in this country."
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Exchange Rates and Western Economies in the Post War Era, 2002.
A histiry and analysis of exchange rates in the post war era from the fixed rates established at Bretton Woods to the flexible rates of today.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue the reality of exchange rates in the modern world is much more complex than popular wisdom would suggest. Through a discussion of the history of exchange rates in the postwar era - from the fixed rates established at Bretton Woods to the flexible rates of today - it will be seen that exchange rates are one of the most complex features of modern economics. As the Canadian experience demonstrates, control of the exchange rates is beyond the power of governments to significantly influence in the long term. Indeed, given the complexities of the relationship between exchange rates and market forces, exchange rates are a feature of modern economics that defy easy analysis and prediction.
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Sovereign Ratings, 2006.
This in-depth paper analyzes the significance in assessing and rating a particular country's assets and liabilities as well as its overall impact on the global economy.
4,681 words (approx. 18.7 pages), 42 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
The writer of the well-researched paper examines the history of sovereign ratings which have been around since approximately 1979. This paper details the importance of sovereign ratings, which basically assess the financial worth of an individual country. This paper analyzes the methods in which countries are rated, which include calculating the financial history, current assets and liabilities of a particular country. Sovereign ratings are significant when calculating whether or not a particular country can repay its debt, or whether the country in question will choose to default on its debt, to the lending country. This paper delves into the relevance of these ratings, when dealing with international trade and currency. This paper explores the various risks involved in lending money to sovereign nations. This paper examines the methodologies that are generally used by rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's and Moody's. The writer discusses the various shortcomings that are associated with sovereign ratings, while discussing why certain countries, such as Korea and Malaysia do not have good ratings. This paper also supplies two tables relevant to this particular topic, including a sovereign credit rating, listed by country.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Introduction
History of Sovereign Ratings
Methodologies Used by Rating Agencies
Shortcomings
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"While sovereign ratings are seen to be very important, more recent history is still suggestive of the fact that lending to sovereigns remains very risky. A survey taken by Standard & Poor's that dealt with 72 governments and looked at the debt based on outstanding foreign and domestic currency indicated that 30 of these had defaulted at least one time on either foreign or domestic currency debt since 1970. None of these sovereigns had any type of sovereign rating by a rating agency that was recognized internationally before they defaulted but nine of them have been rated subsequently by Standard & Poor's and Moody's. The frequency of default for many of these countries has been relatively high and this has been something that has caused a lot of stress and concerns for individuals in those sovereign countries that are simply trying to conduct good business today without being held back by the past."
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Effects Of Overpopulation, 1994.
A discussion of the background, fertility rates, environmental degradation, economics, food production, water, energy and the future.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Population Explosion
Almost two centuries ago, authors such as Thomas Malthus warned that overpopulation could threaten human welfare. More recently, such growth has been occurring at increasingly greater rates. Demographers now project that, if current trends continue, the world's inhabitants could number 8.5 billion within 35 years, and possibly well over 10 billion by the year 2050. Such growth will have adverse affects on both nonrenewable and renewable resources. Moreover, it is certain to cause severe degradation of the environment. Unless humans prove capable of controlling their own reproduction, the species, Homo sapiens, may ultimately be faced with its own extinction.
In 1987, the number of human beings living on the Earth passed the five billion mark. Since about 1600, human population..."
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Childbearing Trends, 1994.
A look at the changing patterns in family, households, fertility rates, age and gender factors and socioeconomics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The patterns of childbearing in the United States have been changing in recent years along with the general demographic picture of the country, and the seasonality of childbearing throughout the life cycle has been shifting because of a number of forces. One of these is the aging of the population, coupled with major shifts in the emphasis women place on careers. The entire pattern of family structure in the U.S. has been in a state of flux as divorce rates increase, out-of-wedlock births increase, and patterns of work change as both husband and wife tend more and more to work outside the home, altering the timing of births and birth decisions for families. In the past, the seasonality of childbearing was more stable and clearly delineated, with women of a certain age marrying and starting..."
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Interest Rates, 2005.
This paper discusses the Fed's measured and deliberate increase of interest rates over recent months up to current rates.
1,813 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses what interest rates are, who controls interest rates, how interest rates affect an economy, the conundrum of why 30-year interest rates have not increased in spite of all contrary experience, and a conclusion concerning whether interest rates should be increased at a measured or quick pace.
From the Paper
"I wonder if when Nostradamus was predicting the end of the world and saw the world awash in flames, what he really saw was the world awash in debt. Presently, because interest rates in the United States are so low, Americans and American businesses have taken out loans at an increased rate to keep pace with their high demand of goods and services. The Bush administration's tax cuts have added fuel to this spending trend also. The purpose for these two actions was to jump start the United States economy; Policies that have been successful. The real GDP has continued to grow at a good pace and the fourth quarter of 2004 growth of 3.1 percent annual rate is an indication of this growth . But what are the consequences of this growth come?"
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In-Vitro Fertilization, 2006.
A defensive examination of in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.
Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "
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