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Defining Artificial Intelligence, 2006.
This paper examines the modern day debate that questions whether artificial intelligence (AI) is a reality or merely an extension of expert systems (ES) application programs.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the terms for both artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) which to a limited degree is currently making its way towards the fields of accounting and auditing. This paper explores the lingering doubt and disagreement over whether AI truly exists or if it's merely a highly sophisticated ES application. This paper contends that AI's history is traceable backward through the millennia to the point where humankind first walked upright and attempted to make tools an extension of themselves.
Topics covered in this report include:
Thesis Statement
Defining the Topic
The Artificial Intelligence Side
Prehistory
The Modern Birth of AI:
Enter the Pseudo Science of Psychology
The Chinese Room
Can Computers Be Creative?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The technological advances and particularly their rapidity in the just past half century - and particularly the last decade - began as an effort to build a digital computer for military use. This use was, to not only help in the guidance of munitions but also to help decode secret messages coded by several clever schemes all created within the minds of men and women. The Nazi Germany's Enigma Machine is the classic example and indeed the code was broken, however by intelligent personnel rather than a machine, digital or otherwise. Ironically, the Japanese military codes were broken early on in the war by the U. S. Navy Code-breakers located in Pearl Harbor."
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The Possibility of Intrinsically Intelligent Artificial Intelligence, 2001.
An analysis of Searle's argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.
From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
An overview of the definition and use of artificial intelligence.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the topic of artificial intelligence. What is artificial intelligence? Computers use artificial intelligence. There are many ways that artificial intelligence has been used in many different fields ranging from farming to the President. Artificial intelligent is not a thought or philosophy, but it is something that makes a difference in people lives.
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Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
An insight to the concept and theory of artificial intelligence through the works of the theorists Allen Turing and Sherry Turkle.
2,462 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of artificial intelligence, the ability of computers to 'think' like humans. The writer looks at the works of famed theorists Allen Turing and Sherry Turkle and using their ideas, beliefs and works, creates a viable belief that artificial intelligence is a possible and positive occurrence. It shows how although many argue that artificial intelligence is an impossible concept because it takes humans to program the computers, artificial intelligence is already here to stay and is being improved every day.
From the Paper
"Turkle presents her belief that artificial intelligence is really nothing more than the marriage between biology and parenting. When those who do not believe in artificial intelligence capabilities debate the issue they argue that it will never been a reality because no matter how much a computer can do it still has to be programmed. Turkle and other advocates of the topic argue that even intelligent beings have to be programmed. Many times the example is brought up that the programming of children by the parents is similar to the programming that occurs with computers and their programmers."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2005.
A look at the implications artificial intelligence has for humanity.
2,241 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the philosophical and scientific implications of artificial intelligence for humanity. The paper traces the original connection made between human thought and computer processes and then goes on to explain how the question of artificial intelligence then became not whether an advanced computer can be built, but rather what is intelligence. The paper also looks at the evolution of computer capabilities and how they are now more capable of intelligent thought than ever before, but are still not capable of common sense or an understanding of what they are for or the limits of their applicability. The paper concludes with the observation that, while newer and more advanced technology will bring major changes to the level of artificial intelligence, whether these changes will actually approximate human intelligence is still an unknown.
From the Paper
"Not even a century ago?in fact, not even a half-century ago--few people could have imagined the present-day world with computers operating most of the government and business processes and the Internet running in millions of homes. Thus it would have been nearly impossible to comprehend artificial intelligence (AI) and that scientists would try to create a machine (AI) to learn, adapt, reason, correct or improve itself. Whether or not this will become a reality is still unknown. AI pioneer Chris Langton says that this ?intelligent entity? will never be possible. He believes, ?when scientists are faced with the choice of either admitting that the computer process is alive, or moving the goalposts to exclude the computer from the exclusive club of living organisms, they will choose the latter.? Is this true? Will humans never admit that a computer can actually function as real life? Or will they instead decide there is nothing special about life, and humanity can therefore be designed, built and replicated? At least for the time being, there is no answer to this dilemma."
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Artificial Intelligence: The Present and the Future, 2005.
The paper looks at the issue of artificial intelligence.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the affects of artificial intelligence on future businesses. The paper examines how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. The paper further reviews the background behind artificial intelligence and analyses some of the "every-day" consequences it has produced in this generation. The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this science and engineering of making intelligent machines.
From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence will affect the next generation of businesspeople even more so than it has affected this generation of businesspeople. In the pages that follow, this paper will examine how the arrival of artificial intelligence ushers in an era of improved business efficiency - and an era of heightened job insecurity and unemployment. In contextualizing the issue, the paper will review the modern history of artificial intelligence as well as some of the "every-day" consequences it has already produced. In the final analysis, what should emerge out of all of this is the recognition that technology giveth, but it also taketh away."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2005.
This paper provides an analysis of moral and ethical implications of artificial intelligence.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines why as computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. The paper maintains that these issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels, will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The paper explains that the philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life.
From the Paper
"As computer technology continues to advance towards the development of artificial intelligence, it is inevitable that human society will ultimately find itself confronted with profound and unprecedented moral and ethical issues. These issues, which have thus far been confined to the plots and themes of speculative science fiction films and novels will no longer be abstract; they will be real. The philosophical implications of artificial intelligence will be impossible for society to ignore, for intelligence has always been equated with life."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
An analysis of recent research in the field of artificial intelligence.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
A look at the limitations of artificial intelligence and how scientists are working towards creating the perfect android that will be confused with humans. The paper explains that while computers can be programmed to respond and react like human, they cannot cause themselves to do this on their own. This is the goal of scientists and their quest for pure artificial intelligence.
From the Paper
"Human beings are not nearly the fastest or strongest creatures on the earth, yet they rule the planet. This is because of their intellect. They learn to farm, to hunt, and how to create and use tools. Their intellect, their ability to reason, is what separates humans from all other beings. Recently in the world of science, researchers have been trying to create computers that can reason, and in essence think for themselves. This ability in computers is called Artificial Intelligence, and is often referred to as A.I. "
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Artificial Intelligence: Are Men Machines and Vice Versa?, 2002.
A philosophical discussion of the the issue of artificial intelligence and a comparison of the human mind and body to machines.
2,166 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the contemporary issue of "artificial intelligence" by looking at potent arguments provided by leading philosophers of the mind and body question. It explains the personal position and philosophy of the author concerning the question of artificial intelligence and whether, in the end, men and machines are more alike or are in fact different living machines running on a kind of evolutionarily-advanced software or indeed something much more than that.
From the Paper
"This contemporary issue, the question of humans and beings and machines, has a tendency to pull at me from both sides in the debate. On the one hand, I want to believe that humans are wholly physical beings and a kind of living machine. I see the work of writers like Hugh Elliot and Christopher Evans, who make me feel better by giving me special status as a physical being due to the complexity of the trillions of interconnected neurons that make up my brain, and it all seems so logical. I add my own scientific, concrete mind and non-religious background, and the comparison of man and machine seems clear. On the other hand, these philosophers are really just guessing when they explain how our mind and consciousness work, for the real problem is that despite scientific progress we still do not understand enough about ourselves."
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How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Us, 2006.
An in-depth look at artificial intelligence derived from computers.
3,102 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author centers on the progress that has been made in computer technology, allowing the computer to make decisions for its user, more commonly known as artificial intelligence. He examines the three main applications that are being used to advance artificial intelligence; neural networks, fuzzy logic and chaos theory, looking at the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The author details very clearly the limitations of each system and how, in his opinion they can be developed further. In conclusion, the author reminds us that computers are the future of the world and time needs to be spent experimenting with them in order to reap the benefits.
From the Paper
"Now that each type of implementation of AI has been discussed, how do we use all this technology? Foremost, neural networks are used mainly for internal corporate applications in various types of problems. For example, Troy Nolen was hired by a major defense contractor to design programs for guiding flight and battle patterns of the YF-22 fighter. His software runs on five on-board computers and makes split-second decisions based on data from ground stations, radar, and other sources. Additionally it predicts what the enemy planes would do, guiding the jet's actions consequently (Schwartz 136). Now he and many others design financial software based on their experience with neural networks. Nolen works for Merrill Lynch & Co. to develop software that will predict the prices of many stocks and bonds. Murry Ruggiero also designs software, but his forecasts the future of the Standard & Poors index. Ruggiero's program, called BrainCel, is capable of giving an annual return of 292%. Another major application of neural networks is detecting credit card fraud."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2004.
This paper examines seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper explores seven components of artificial intelligence and provides an overview of the field itself. The paper considers the outlook for artificial intelligence and discusses the critical role A.I. plays in medicine and business.
From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence has held considerable promise for enhancing the lives of humans for many years and has even taken hold of our imaginations. Movies such as "The Stepford Wives" and "A I" play on the fears of how humans would interact with intelligent machines and the television show "Star Trek The Next Generation" explored the issue of the relationship that humans and intelligent machines would have through the character of Data."
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Artificial Intelligence - Is the Church For or Against?, 2007.
A discussion on artificial intelligence and what possible threats it presents to Christianity.
1,467 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the position of the Christian Church in relation to artificial intelligence. The paper begins by exploring the issues concerning the progress of artificial intelligence (AI), which has made incredible advances throughout the past couple of decades. It then discusses the potential implications of AI for the human race, and what, if any, threats it poses towards Christianity.
From the Paper
"Throughout two thousand years of church history, believers in Christianity have tried, often over-zealously, to defend and protect the Christian faith. Throughout each era of world history contemporary issues have been addressed, challenged, or defended, with the intent and worthy purpose of guarding Biblical truth, moral and social standards, and a 'correct' image of God, through the outworking of personal faith in the believers life, and through the Church's position on these various issues."
"This, however, has often led to confusion and misunderstanding among those who do not believe, due to the often mis-informed opinions by those within the Church, who sometimes do not have a full understanding of the subject matter."
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HCI and Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
A discussion about Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and artificial intelligence.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper describes HCI as the process by which the human enters data into a computer and the computer processes that data and returns new data to the person, and this HCI assists in the perceived artificial intelligence that computers have. The writer explores the ways humans interact with their computers and how that is tied to the concept of artificial intelligence.
From the Paper
"Artificial intelligence can be promoted as the result of HCI because it is what the computer does with the information and that information cannot be input with anything but human support and foundation(Tenner, 1994). There are many instances that underscore the artificial intelligence and human computer input and their team efforts. The HCI is involved when a pilot sees visually that there is fog on the ground that is so thick he cannot possibly see the terminal to land. He then programs some coordinates and data into the computer and the computer takes over and lands the plane for the pilot."
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Artificial Intelligence and Children, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of artificial intelligence on children.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social impact of robots on children, particularly in terms of how the child relates to the robotic nanny, communicates and socializes. The writer examines how artificial intelligence affects social behaviours of children. Further the writer looks at whether robotic nannies can afford for increased isolation and alienation from society or whether artificial intelligence will prove to be advantageous to humans alike.
From the Paper
"Technological advancement has played an integral role in society and is continuing to shape culture and society in the 21st century. Some experts suggest that technological advancement is directed by social change. In other words, society will "step up to the plate" in times of technological challenges (i.e. the stone age and the invention of the wheel). As technology advances, innovative computerized products will become more readily available to the public as the need for living assistance increases due to the necessity for dual income earning family structures of the millennium."
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Artificial Intelligence, 2002.
Examines the use of artificial intelligence systems and how these in modern computing can vastly reduce the manual processing of information in decision making processes.
525 words (approx. 2.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 21.95
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Abstract
The first artificial intelligence programs primarily were simply capable of handling a series speeded up computations of the "if-then" and "yes-no" process. With the development of systems which work much more like the matrix of the synapses in the brain and thus can make complex inter-relational choices, however, the functions which these systems can fill are quickly increasing.
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